611 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
611 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
Online Troubleshooting Resources: HOWTO
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Jean-Philippe Guérard
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Version 1.7
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2006-05-25
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Revision History
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Revision 1.7 2006-05-25 Revised by: JPG
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Two updates following suggestions of Oguz Yarimtepe (the Basic Unix Tutorial
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of Idaho State University is not available anymore, update of the link to the
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Why use Google page). Added a section listing translations of this document.
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Revision 1.6 2005-08-06 Revised by: JPG
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Added FOLDOC (thanks to Howard Mann for suggesting this). General document
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update and cleanup. Added the text of the Open Publication Licence at the end
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of the document.
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Revision 1.5 2002-10-20 Revised by: JPG
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More dead links removal & URL updates. Author and copyright updated as per
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Horward Mann request.
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Revision 1.4 2002-03-04 Revised by: JPG
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Dead links removal. Outdated links update. Revision of the HOWTOs and FAQs
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sections.
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Revision 1.3 2000-07-24 Revised by: HM
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Update.
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Revision 1.2 1999-11-20 Revised by: HM
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Added "Introduction to Unix" to Unix section.
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Revision 1.1 1999-11-08 Revised by: HM
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Added Geocrawler.com to Mailing List Section. Convert to DocBook.
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Revision 0.5 1999-09-18 Revised by: HM
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Initial release.
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Troubleshooting a Linux-related issue is often perceived as a difficult
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task. But, often, the solution is just a few clicks away on the internet.
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This document will direct Linux users to resources available on the Internet
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that provide access to a vast amount of Linux-related information useful in
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the troubleshooting problems.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Table of Contents
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1. Introduction
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1.1. Document Updates
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1.2. Copyright and License
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1.3. Feedback and Corrections
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1.4. Translations
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1.5. Document history
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2. Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQs)
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3. Online Support Sections
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4. Internet Search Engines
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4.1. Google.com
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5. Usenet Newsgroup Archives
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6. Mailing List Archives
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7. HOWTOs
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8. Online User's Manuals
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9. Online Unix References and Tutorials
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10. Miscellaneous Resources
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10.1. Release Notes and Available Documentation related to the X Window
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Server
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10.2. GNU Software and Manuals
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10.3. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
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10.4. An online dictionary of computer and technology terms
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11. Concluding Comments
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A. Open Publication License
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A.1. Requirements on both unmodified and modified versions
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A.2. Copyright
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A.3. Scope of license
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A.4. Requirements on modified works
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A.5. Good-practice recommendations
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A.6. License options
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1. Introduction
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The traditional means of troubleshooting computer-related problems involves
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consulting user's manuals, books, friends - probably enticed with goodies -
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and, when all the former do not yield a solution, calling the technical
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support service of the vendor of the product in question. And, we all know
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pleasant and reliably efficacious the latter stratagem is. Unfortunately,
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this is the norm in the sphere of commercial proprietary products.
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In contradistinction, Linux, and related distributions, utilities and
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applications software, have largely been developed according to the [http://
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www.opensource.org] Open Source model, wherein developers have used
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electronic communication over the Internet - typically in the form of
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publicly-accessible Mailing Lists - to collaborate with their peers in the
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refinement of the associated source code. Such collaboration has also
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traditionally involved the online publication of user's manuals, lists of
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Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQ's), knowledge bases, release notes, formal
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guides such as this document (HOWTO's) and tutorials. In addition, users
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often assist others through the forum of Usenet and other newsgroups and the
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posted messages are readily accessible in the form of searchable archives.
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These Linux-related newsgroups are renowned for their high level of user
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participation. In significant measure, Linux may be considered a product of
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the Internet.
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Considered together, these resources enable access to a large,
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ever-expanding factual database, and my intent is to encourage and direct the
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reader to utilize these repositories when faced with an issue not addressed
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in the documentation that is included with each distribution of Linux. Linux
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veterans who assist newcomers through the forum of Usenet soon become aware
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of the frequency with which certain technical questions are repeatedly posted
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- questions the answers to which are readily available in one or more of the
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existent online repositories. So, to diminish the likelihood of being
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"flamed" in response to your posted question on Usenet or irc, read further!
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Armed with a browser, Linux users may rapidly become adept at
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troubleshooting their systems. The key is knowing how and where to look. My
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objective is to guide the user - particularly the Linux newbie - in this
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quest.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.1. Document Updates
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The [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Online-Troubleshooting-HOWTO/] latest
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version of this document will always be available at the Linux Documentation
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Project. The document will also be available in SGML, PS, PDF, and other
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formats at that website.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.2. Copyright and License
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Copyright © 1999-2005, by Jean-Philippe Guérard. This material may be
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distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open
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Publication Licence, v1.0 or later (see Appendix A).
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.3. Feedback and Corrections
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I always welcome feedback and constructive criticism. You can reach me at <
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jean DASH philippe DOT guerard AT tigreraye DOT org>. In particular, I wish
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to be notified about any errors in this document and resources you believe
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deserving of inclusion, but not presently covered herein. Because the
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assessment of the value of a particular resource is inherently subjective, I
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do not guarantee that I will include it, but I will certainly give any
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suggestion thoughtful consideration. In anticipation, Thanks.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.4. Translations
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This document has already been translated in several languages. If you have
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made a translation of this document, please e-mail me and I will add your
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translation to this list.
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* A French translation has been made by Benoît Sibaud, of the [http://
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www.traduc.org] Traduc.org project.
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* A Turkish translation has been made by Oguz Yarimtepe, of the [http://
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docs.comu.edu.tr] docs.comu.edu.tr project.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.5. Document history
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Howard Mann conceived and formulated the first version of this HOWTO. He
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kept managing and updating it until version 1.3. Maintainership was then
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taken over by Jean-Philippe Guérard, who is now in charge of this document.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2. Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQs)
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Users of Internet Newsgroups and Mailing lists soon discovered that some
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basic questions were being asked over and over again. To provide an answer to
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these questions, and to avoid them being repeated continually, FAQs were
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developed, listing the most classical questions and their agreed answers.
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A list of FAQs is also a traditional accompaniment to Linux-related
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software. The FAQ is the first document to peruse when troubleshooting a
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particular application. It provides answers to typical questions, and is a
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good place to start troubleshooting a specific problem. In addition, FAQs
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exist for Linux distributions, window managers, and the so-called desktop
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environments (KDE and Gnome).
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A FAQ is typically provided online by the developers of the product in
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question, and enterprising users sometimes host an "unofficial" FAQ as well.
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Search for the latter with an Internet search engine.
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For Linux newbies, I provide links to two FAQs that collectively address
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many of the questions posted to the Usenet newsgroups:
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* [http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/] The Linux FAQ
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* The Linux Kernel mailing list FAQ
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. Online Support Sections
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These sections are typically found at the websites of Linux distributions,
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and often contain a variety of helpful documents with information not easily
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encompassed within a FAQ. This is the second place to go when troubleshooting
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a problem. Look for sections with one or more of the following titles:
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* Installation Support
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* Knowledge or Solutions Databases
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* Tips and Tricks
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* Errata, Fixes and Updates
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* Security Information
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* Bug Tracking System
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* Bug Database
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* Hardware Guide or Compatibility List
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* Technical Guides
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* White Papers
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Some websites provide a site search engine that will facilitate your quest
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for a solution.
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If you have a problem with a newly installed distribution, look here first
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as bugs and their fixes are typically posted here. You may find a detailed
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guide that will help you accomplish a task such as upgrading your kernel or
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the version of the X Window System you are using.
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I have often been able to solve problems with my Linux distribution by
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looking into the bug report database, and finding that another user already
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has offered a solution to this issue.
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I recommend you spend some time at the website of the distribution you are
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using, familiarizing yourself with what is available.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. Internet Search Engines
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I frequently use a Search Engine to retrieve helpful or necessary
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information from the 'net. These engines catalogue pages from commercial,
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personal and academic websites, as well as Mailing Lists and the like.
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There are several good search engine. It is worthwhile becoming very
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familiar with the operational details of at least one non-directory engine to
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maximize the efficiency and efficacy of your search efforts. You probably
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already have a favorite - I like Google.com, and will discuss it in a little
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more detail.
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The key to a successful search is to use a good set of keywords. If you're
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getting a specific error message, you might search for its text. Otherwise,
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you need to find a few relevant words describing your problem. Then, by trial
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and error, you should be able to find some pertinent information.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4.1. Google.com
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This [http://www.google.com] engine has several novel features that are
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described in its [http://www.google.com/technology/] Google Technology page.
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In particular, the engine often returns the most useful pages first; in fact,
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I have often found that the first listed page contains the information I
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need. Because it caches web pages, it is relatively fast at displaying
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requested items. It has a so-called GoogleScout?? feature, activated by
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clicking on the "similar pages" links, that provides additional relevant
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links with each item returned.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5. Usenet Newsgroup Archives
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The ability to search for and retrieve information from archived posts to
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the Linux-related (Usenet) newsgroups represents a powerful means of
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troubleshooting in Linux.
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Search engines permit one to search the archives by stipulating the forum,
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keywords, authors, dates, language and combinations thereof. Because the
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number of Linux-related newsgroups is large, the likelihood of finding useful
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information is high.
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The main web site that currently provides access to Usenet archives using a
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search engine is [http://groups.google.com] http://groups.google.com. The
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most effective way to do a search is to use its Advanced Groups Search page.
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I would like to relate a brief anecdote to demonstrate the efficacy of this
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approach. The first time I attempted to build a kernel, I was presented with
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this error message when I invoked a "make" command:
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make[1]: as86: Command not found
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make[1]: *** [bootsect.o] Error 127
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make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot'
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make: *** [zImage]
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Error 2
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I had no idea what as86 was, but I entered it as the keyword in the Subject
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field of the Advanced Groups Search page at groups.google.com, and was
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presented with a large number of posts from folks who had encountered the
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same problem. Respondents had provided the reason and solution: I did not
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have an assembler/linker necessary to create machine code, and the bin86
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package provided it. I downloaded and installed a RPM package of the latter
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and was on my way. This entire process took about 10 minutes!
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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6. Mailing List Archives
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As you might expect, there are a very large number of Linux-related Mailing
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Lists that enable developers and users to communicate and collaborate on
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projects. These Lists cover every conceivable aspect of Linux, from the
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technical arcana of kernel development to the relatively unfocused discussion
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of issues at the newbie level. Subscribers to a particular Mailing List are
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generally very knowledgeable in the List's topic, and detailed and useful
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information is often retrievable. The communications are publicly accessible
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through Internet search engines and in the form of online Mailing List
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Archives. You will typically see archived pages when you conduct a search
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using an Internet search engine.
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Usually, you will not need to look directly in a Mailing List Archive.
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Search engines like Google.com include these archives in their databases. If
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you can't find anything with a search engine, it might be worthwhile to
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browse or search in an appropriate Mailing List.
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Also, not all Mailing Lists are associated with an online archive, but this
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is increasingly the case. Similarly, not all archives have an associated
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search engine.
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Initially, try locate the Mailing List Archive you are interested in by
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typing keywords and "mailing list archive" in an Internet search engine.
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You may also find Mailing List archives at the following locations:
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* The website of the distribution of Linux you use.
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* The website of the Window Manager or Desktop Environment you use.
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* The website dedicated to the application or project in question.
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* The Mail Archive
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* Mailing List Archives
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This is not a complete listing of archives and you may find additional
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sites with an Internet search engine. But, this should certainly get you
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going.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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7. HOWTOs
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HOWTOs are detailed reference documents on a specific subject, usually
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following a step-by-step approach. A HOWTO is a good document to help you
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discover a task or a topic you don't know. It will provide you with the basic
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steps and the major references.
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These documents are particularly useful when you decide to provide or
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access a new service with your Linux system, or when you embark on a
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technically complex project. For example, you may have the option of
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accessing the 'net with a DSL or Cable Modem service - excellent guides are
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available in the form of HOWTOs.
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Authors of these documents often include references and links to sites that
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they have found useful. You may find the information you need at one of these
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hyperlinked sites rather than in the HOWTO itself.
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To find HOWTOs, the first place to go is the [http://www.tldp.org] Linux
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Documentation Project (LDP). The LDP includes a HOWTO Index Page that I
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suggest you bookmark in your browser.
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These HOWTOs are written by Linux users and are periodically updated by the
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authors. Many authors provide the latest version at a personal website and a
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hyperlink to the latter is typically provided in the document. This version
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may be newer than the one available at the LDP website.
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Note also that other HOWTOs are available, the authors of which have not
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submitted them to the LDP. It is definitely worthwhile trying to find these
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with an Internet search engine, using the "howto" keyword.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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8. Online User's Manuals
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Some of the major Linux distributions, Window Managers and Desktop
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Environments publish their user's manual online. If the entire manual is not
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online, installation and configuration guides are typically found at the
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relevant website. This also applies to major applications like the Gimp (GNU
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Image Manipulation Program) or Apache.
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So, for those users who do not have the printed manual, a wealth of
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installation and configuration guidance is generally available online.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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9. Online Unix References and Tutorials
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As Linux is a Unix-like operating system, a general familiarity with
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fundamental Unix concepts such as the Unix directory hierarchy and file
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permissions is essential. Fortunately, there are many Unix tutorials online
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that collectively cover everything a user might need to know to use Linux. I
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suggest you bookmark the following as an online reference library:
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* The Wikipedia Unix article is a good place to start. It includes an
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Unix history, explains some Unix concepts and includes an explanation of
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basic commands and some relevant links.
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* Eric S. Raymond's The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO is a good
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document to learn about the Unix concepts.
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* The UNIX Tutorial for Beginners of the University of Surrey is a good
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step by step tutorial for beginners.
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* The Command and Shell User's guide from Digital Equipment Corporation
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is an excellent guide to the Unix Operating System. Bookmark the Index
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Page linked there as an online reference.
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* [http://star.pst.qub.ac.uk/help/unixhelp/] UNIXhelp is mirrored on many
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servers around the world. It is a useful resource for newbies.
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* Introduction to Unix also contains a useful Unix Command Summary page
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with brief, but useful, explanations of commonly used Unix commands.
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* Unix is a Four Letter Word... is another resource suitable for newbies.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10. Miscellaneous Resources
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In this section, I provide a number of links to websites that I have found
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useful while learning to use Linux. This is an eclectic collection, but keep
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these handy.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10.1. Release Notes and Available Documentation related to the X Window
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Server
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Depending on the X Window Server your distribution is using, you will need
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to look at either the XFree86 website or the X.Org Foundation website.
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Whenever you have trouble with your X environment, peruse the notes
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applicable to your videocard and chipset. These typically provide details
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about the configuration of the X Window System relative to your card, and
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will enumerate any "options" you have to include in the XF86Config file that
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governs X.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10.2. GNU Software and Manuals
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Many important programs that are frequently utilized by the Linux user are
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GNU utilities - for example, the tar (archive) and gzip (compression)
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programs. Descriptions of these programs are located at the [http://
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directory.fsf.org/] FSF Free Software Directory where many Online Manuals may
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also be found.
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These manuals typically provide a lot more information than is found in the
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corresponding man page on your system. For example , compare the man page and
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online manual for the tar utility.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10.3. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
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The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) is a huge encyclopedia of
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computing terms and concepts, maintained by Denis Howe. It has very detailed
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articles, with a lot of cross references. It's a very good reference to
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understand anything related to computing.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10.4. An online dictionary of computer and technology terms
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The [http://www.pcwebopedia.com/] PC Webopedia consists of a large online
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dictionary of computer-related terms and a search engine that provides links
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to documents that discuss each item in more detail. For example, I used this
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site to learn the differences between ISA and PCI buses.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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11. Concluding Comments
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If you are a Linux newbie, you may want to create a Troubleshooting folder
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in your browser's bookmark list, into which you put the hyperlinks I have
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included in this document, as well as those pertinent to the distribution of
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Linux and the Window Manager or Desktop Environment you use.
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As you use these links, you will quickly become adept at troubleshooting
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online.
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Cheers and happy searching!
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
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A. Open Publication License
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||
|
||
v1.0, 8 June 1999
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
||
A.1. Requirements on both unmodified and modified versions
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||
|
||
The Open Publication works may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in
|
||
part, in any medium physical or electronic, provided that the terms of this
|
||
license are adhered to, and that this license or an incorporation of it by
|
||
reference (with any options elected by the author(s) and/or publisher) is
|
||
displayed in the reproduction.
|
||
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||
Proper form for an incorporation by reference is as follows:
|
||
|
||
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||
Copyright (c) <year> by <author's name or designee>. This material may
|
||
be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the
|
||
Open Publication License, vX.Y or later (the latest version is presently
|
||
available at [http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/] http://
|
||
www.opencontent.org/openpub/).
|
||
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The reference must be immediately followed with any options elected by the
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||
author(s) and/or publisher of the document (see section VI).
|
||
|
||
Commercial redistribution of Open Publication-licensed material is
|
||
permitted.
|
||
|
||
Any publication in standard (paper) book form shall require the citation of
|
||
the original publisher and author. The publisher and author's names shall
|
||
appear on all outer surfaces of the book. On all outer surfaces of the book
|
||
the original publisher's name shall be as large as the title of the work and
|
||
cited as possessive with respect to the title.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A.2. Copyright
|
||
|
||
The copyright to each Open Publication is owned by its author(s) or
|
||
designee.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A.3. Scope of license
|
||
|
||
The following license terms apply to all Open Publication works, unless
|
||
otherwise explicitly stated in the document.
|
||
|
||
Mere aggregation of Open Publication works or a portion of an Open
|
||
Publication work with other works or programs on the same media shall not
|
||
cause this license to apply to those other works. The aggregate work shall
|
||
contain a notice specifying the inclusion of the Open Publication material
|
||
and appropriate copyright notice.
|
||
|
||
SEVERABILITY. If any part of this license is found to be unenforceable in
|
||
any jurisdiction, the remaining portions of the license remain in force.
|
||
|
||
NO WARRANTY. Open Publication works are licensed and provided "as is"
|
||
without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited
|
||
to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
|
||
purpose or a warranty of non-infringement.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A.4. Requirements on modified works
|
||
|
||
All modified versions of documents covered by this license, including
|
||
translations, anthologies, compilations and partial documents, must meet the
|
||
following requirements:
|
||
|
||
1. The modified version must be labeled as such.
|
||
|
||
2. The person making the modifications must be identified and the
|
||
modifications dated.
|
||
|
||
3. Acknowledgement of the original author and publisher if applicable must
|
||
be retained according to normal academic citation practices.
|
||
|
||
4. The location of the original unmodified document must be identified.
|
||
|
||
5. The original author's (or authors') name(s) may not be used to assert
|
||
or imply endorsement of the resulting document without the original
|
||
author's (or authors') permission.
|
||
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
A.5. Good-practice recommendations
|
||
|
||
In addition to the requirements of this license, it is requested from and
|
||
strongly recommended of redistributors that:
|
||
|
||
1. If you are distributing Open Publication works on hardcopy or CD-ROM,
|
||
you provide email notification to the authors of your intent to
|
||
redistribute at least thirty days before your manuscript or media freeze,
|
||
to give the authors time to provide updated documents. This notification
|
||
should describe modifications, if any, made to the document.
|
||
|
||
2. All substantive modifications (including deletions) be either clearly
|
||
marked up in the document or else described in an attachment to the
|
||
document.
|
||
|
||
3. Finally, while it is not mandatory under this license, it is considered
|
||
good form to offer a free copy of any hardcopy and CD-ROM expression of
|
||
an Open Publication-licensed work to its author(s).
|
||
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
A.6. License options
|
||
|
||
The author(s) and/or publisher of an Open Publication-licensed document may
|
||
elect certain options by appending language to the reference to or copy of
|
||
the license. These options are considered part of the license instance and
|
||
must be included with the license (or its incorporation by reference) in
|
||
derived works.
|
||
|
||
A. To prohibit distribution of substantively modified versions without the
|
||
explicit permission of the author(s). "Substantive modification" is
|
||
defined as a change to the semantic content of the document, and excludes
|
||
mere changes in format or typographical corrections.
|
||
|
||
To accomplish this, add the phrase `Distribution of substantively
|
||
modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit
|
||
permission of the copyright holder.' to the license reference or copy.
|
||
|
||
B. To prohibit any publication of this work or derivative works in whole
|
||
or in part in standard (paper) book form for commercial purposes is
|
||
prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder.
|
||
|
||
To accomplish this, add the phrase 'Distribution of the work or
|
||
derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form is prohibited
|
||
unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder.' to the
|
||
license reference or copy.
|
||
|
||
|