2500 lines
158 KiB
Plaintext
2500 lines
158 KiB
Plaintext
Linux + Windows HOWTO
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Jonathan Katz
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<jkatz@in.net>
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Dr. Robert J. Meier
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<robert.meier@fanucrobotics.com>
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Eric Womack - Conversion from HTML to DocBook 4.1 (SGML)
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Revision History
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Revision 0.1.1 2001-12-28
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Conversion to SGML
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Revision 0.1.0 1999-11-04
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Collected from LDP
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Revision 0.0.2 1999-10-21
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First draft of Linux+Windows-HOWTO
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Revision 0.0.1 1995-11-01
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Wrote Linux+Win95
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This HOWTO is aimed at assisting those who wish to use the features of both
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Windows and Linux on the same host.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Table of Contents
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1. Overview
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1.1. Copyright and License
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1.2. Disclaimer
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1.3. Intended Audience
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1.4. How to Use This HOWTO
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1.5. Concepts
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2. Procedure
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2.1. Reference
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3. Choices
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3.1. Architecture
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3.2. Filesystems
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3.3. Linux Distribution
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3.4. Backup Tools
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3.5. Compaction Tools
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3.6. Repartitioning Tools
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3.7. Formating Tools
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3.8. Boot Managers
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4. Actual Experiences - Adding linux to New Computer Preloaded with Windows
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98
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4.1. Configuration
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A. Appendix
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A.1. Frequently Asked Questions
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A.2. Caveats
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A.3. Tips and Tricks
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A.4. Reference
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Glossary
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Bibliography
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1. Overview
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1.1. Copyright and License
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This document, Linux+Windows HOWTO, is copyrighted (c) 1999 by Dr. Robert J.
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Meier. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any
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later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
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Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of
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the license is available at [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html] http://
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www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.2. Disclaimer
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No liability for the contents of this document can be accepted. Use the
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concepts, examples and information at your own risk. There may be errors and
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inaccuracies, that could be damaging to your system. Proceed with caution,
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and although this is highly unlikely, the author(s) do not take any
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responsibility.
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All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless
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specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be
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regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Naming
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of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.3. Intended Audience
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[Nancy] Nancy just bought a new computer. It came preloaded with Windows 98.
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Nancy wants to run accounting software supported by Windows 98 and
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mathematical research software. Nancy is an accountant and donates her time
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as the accountant for the local chapter of a charitable organization. The
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charitable organization requires the chapters to use standard software that
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they have chosen. This software is only supported on Windows 98, so Nancy
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must have Windows 98 to donate her accounting services. Nancy also teaches
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mathematics and personally pursues research mathematics. She is not a
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programmer amd doesn't want to waste unnecessary time doing system
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administration nor working with inflexible software. She believes that
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octave, c++ and the best research software is supported by unix. As a unix
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dialect she wants linux.
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[Lisa] Lisa is shopping for a new computer to replace her aging host. Her
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computer will be preloaded with RedHat 6.2 linux. Lisa is a professional
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programmer, who plans to run a server and firewall on her old computer. Lisa
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wants a low maintenance machine that reliability does her bidding.
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Occasionally she needs to read and write files for Macintosh and/or Windows
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users. She plans to remove Windows 95 from her old computer and run a
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dedicated server and firewall under linux. In accordance with her Microsoft
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End User License Agreement she will transfer Windows 95 to her new computer.
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Since she plans to spend most of her time in linux, it isn't worth buying a
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second Windows license to run Windows on both hosts.
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[Oscar] Oscar is a system administrator for a large corporation that uses
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Windows NT and Irix workstations. One of the Windows NT workstations has just
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crashed and won't boot. Oscar has to recover critical data from the host
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which was not backed up. He needs tools to script searches and filter files.
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Oscar wants to use the panolpy of unix commands to low-level examine the hard
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disk in his search for the lost corporate assets. Last year Oscar configured
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a "dual booter" but he no longer remembers the details.
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[Tom] Tom is a graduate school teacher. Tom also teaches continuing education
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at the local community house. Nancy is a friend of Tom and asked for his help
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with her new computer. Tom is happy to oblige and this HOWTO is one of the
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consequences.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.4. How to Use This HOWTO
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This HOWTO is focused on a general step-by-step procedure. You should first
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read which character among the intended audience that you most nearly match.
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Follow along as Tom helps each characters configure their systems. Before
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doing more than skimming, you should at least skim the critical concepts.
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Some of the words used may be unfamiliar, obsolete, or applied differently,
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so it is important to understand their usage in this HOWTO. Please write the
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maintainer with your experience good or bad.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.5. Concepts
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Understanding this HOWTO depends on understanding its use of the following
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concepts.
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Disk and Format
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Partition and Filesystem
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Operating System
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2. Procedure
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2.1. Reference
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1. [Nancy] [Tom] Backup your software and data
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2. [Tom] [Lisa] [Oscar] Compile a catalog of hardware component models and
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software versions.
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3. [Oscar] Attach new disks.
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4. [Nancy] [Tom] Compact the existing software and data.
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5. [Nancy] [Tom] [Lisa] Repartition the disk.
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6. [Nancy] [Tom] [Lisa] Format the new partitions.
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7. [Nancy] [Tom] [Lisa] Load the new operating systems.
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8. [Nancy] [Tom] [Lisa] Install the boot manager (uc).
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9. [Nancy] [Tom] [Lisa] [Oscar] Cross mount the devices.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.1.1. Backup
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[Nancy] Installing linux on Nancy system will involve repartitioning. Any
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time you repartition a hard disk you run a significant risk of losing data on
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the disk. More precisely repartitioning does not actually cause data loss,
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but does tend to discover data that was lost piror.
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[Tom] Tom warned Nancy that she should backup everything before starting.
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Familiar with pluming repair, Tom knew that whey you shut off the water for
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10min to replace a dripping faucet, you often find that the pipes in the
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floor were rusted and leaking. Nancy knew nothiing of plumbing, but she had a
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good book collection and had moved several times. She knew that bookshelves
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often break when you move them.
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Since Lisa is buying a new computer, she has nothing yet to backup. When
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Oscar asked for the backups of the crashed computer he was met with the usual
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blank expressions. His job is essentially ot make a backup of the otherwise
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lost data.
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This version of this HOWTO does not detail how to backup. If you wish to see
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more information on backing up or if you wish to provide information please
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contact the maintainer.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.1.2. Catalog
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During installation, the size of disks, and other accurate specifications
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will be necessary. Entry of slightly wrong values will result in subtle
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problems that may not show up immediately but will often be chronic,
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frustratingly difficult to diagnose, and maybe impossible to fix.
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Windows and your linux distribution may not support the same hardware. You
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should see the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO for a list of what is known to be
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compatible or incompatible.
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In general Windows is the more restrictive with exception of WinModems/
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WinPrinters/.... Any hardware supported by Windows will usually be supported
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by linux, though not necessarily included in your distribution. Much
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hardware, especially the old and the cutting edge, may be supported by linux
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but not by Windows. If not included in your distribution, you can usually
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download linux drivers and or modules from the Internet.
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Winmodems, Winprinters, Winscanners, etc. are not supportable under linux.
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These devices are actually firmware that depend on proprietary Windows
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software. In the United States it is illegal to sell a linux distribution
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that supports these devices.
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[Lisa] Lisa has dealt with software long enough to know the value of
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specifications. Even before purchasing a computer, Lisa has already created a
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log. For each computer being considered from each prospective vendor, Lisa
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has a list of each component, its model and capabilities.
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[Tom] Tom knows that one of the least expensive means to support reliability
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in any complex system (computer, airplane, car, etc.) is by keeping accurate
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maintenance records. Many (if not most) of the compatiblity problems reported
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by Tom's students would be prevented if accurate records were kept and
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consulted.
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Tom usually recommends avoiding WinModems, etc. because their performance
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limitations are too severe for most people..
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[Oscar] Oscar's company keeps records on the hardware components of each
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computer. Before trying to fix any problem, Oscar examines the log and often
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finds that intractible problems becomre easily solved when you know the model
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details.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.1.3. Attach
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One of the useful features of linux is the wide range of diagnostic and
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repair tools that it supports. The easy ability to write scripts also makes
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it easy to write worms and do other recovery operations.
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[Oscar] Oscar has easy access to a spare hard drive. He checked the Hardware
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Compatibility HOWTO to select a hard drive model.
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Oscar grounds himself with a wrist strap to avoid accidental
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electrostatic damage.
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>He opens the case according to the service manual.
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>He slides the disk into the secondary drive slot and attaches an IDE
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cable.
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<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Oscar closes the case and ungrounds himself.
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This version of this HOWTO does not detail how to attach new drives. If you
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wish to see more information on attaching or if you wish to provide
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information please contact the maintainer.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.1.4. Compact
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Most new computers preloaded with Windows are delivered with a single FAT32
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partition that occupies the entire disk. Before loading a second operating
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system on a shared disk, it must be split into at least two partitions, since
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Windows and some linux distributions will not tolerate another operating
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system on the same partition.
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[Tom] Software is normally stored distributed across the disk partition.
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Before splitting a partition, all the data must be moved to the start of the
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partition, so that when the partition is split, the old software and data
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won't be lost. Tom warns Lisa, Nancy, and especially Oscar that compacting is
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not reversible. If the partition is error-free, no active files will be lost,
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but disconnected (deleted) files may be lost. If the partition has errors,
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tools exist that can often (but not always) recover disconnected files before
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compaction. After compacting , the disconnected files are probably
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unrecoverable.
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The fips included in tomsrtbt-1.6.335 is 0.9e and Tom has used it directly
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with Windows 95. Windows98 requires fips-2.0 or later which (at press time)
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was not included in the archived tomsrtbt distributions.
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Nancy is unafamiliar with open source code and the Internet, so Tom offers to
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create her fips disk.
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1. Download fips-2.0 and expand in the directory $FIPSROOT
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(This may require privelege depending on Tom's linux configuration)
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(The address will probably change by the time you read this.)
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|bash> FIPSROOT=/opt/packages/fips-2.0 |
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|bash> mkdir -p $FIPSROOT/original |
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|bash> cd $FIPSROOT/original |
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|bash> wget ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/system/installl/fips-2.0.zip |
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|bash> cd $PIPSROOT |
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|bash> unzip -d oritinal/fips-2.0.zip |
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+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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2. Insert and mount the startup disk from Nancy.
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(This may require priveleges depending on Tom's linux configuration)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|bash> mkdir -p /floppy |
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|bash> mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /floppy |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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3. Follow the instructions for fips. At press time, this means copy 3 files
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to the startup disk.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|bash> cp restorrb.exe fips.exe errors.txt /floppy |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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4. Unmoun the floppy and return it to Nancy.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|bash> umount /floppy |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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[Nancy] Nancy's new machine was delivered preloaded with Windows 98 on a
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single partition occupying the entire disk. The installation was already
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compact, but Nancy used scandisk and defrag anyway just to be safe. When
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splitting the partition with fips, it warns that the physical partition
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length does not equal the logical partitin length. Tom explains that this is
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expected since her disk has more than 1024 cylinders. Tom suggests that Nancy
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record the current partition info in case it is needed to recover from a
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disaster. Following Tom's suggestion, Nancy reduces the first partition to
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approximately 30% of the total disk size.
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1. Create a statup disk and give it to Tom.
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[Start][Settings...\Control Panel] [[Add/Remove Programs] [Startup Disk]
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[Create Disk ...]
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2. Verify that the disk has no detectible errors.
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(There may still be hiddent errors.)
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[My Computer] {(C:\)} [Properties ...] [Tools] [Error-checking status\
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Check now ...] [Type of test\Thorough] [Start]
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3. Fis any errors reported.
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4. Defragment the disk to remove blank areas and deleted files.
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[My computer] {(C:\)} [Properties ...] [Tools] [Defragmentation status\
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Defragment now ...]
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5. Insert the fips startup disk from Tom and restart the computer.
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[Start] [Shutdown...] [Restart] [OK]
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6. When the computer reboots, split the partition.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|A:\> fips |
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|Save current partition info: yes |
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|New partition start: 501 |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2.1.5. Repartition
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A normal linux installation requires at least two partitions. It usually
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improves performance to more partitions. Most bioses support no more than 4
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primary partitions.
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[Tom] Tom recommends that the disk be divided into 4 partitions.
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1. ~33% Windows bootable
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Windows requires residency on the first primary partition
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2. ~33% linux bootable
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On most computers, bootable partitions must reside entirely below 1024
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cylinders.
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3. ~64M swap
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A filesystem optimized for memory caching improves performance.
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4. ~33% data
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The last partition may be used by either or both operating systems if is
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compartible.
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The Windows bootable partition must be one of the filesystems supported by
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Windows. Likewise the linux bootable partition must be one of the filesystems
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supported by linux. The swap partition must have a filesystem supported by
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the operating system that will use it. The last partition will be used for
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data, and can have any filesystm.
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At press time, the above division is safe for most computers.
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Nancy is unfamiliar with open source and the Internet, so Tom lends her one
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of his diagnostic disks with tomsrtbt..
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tomsrtbt is a small distribution of linux on a single floppy disk that loads
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into RAM. Since it does not occupy nor run on the hard disk it is superb for
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situations where the hard disk will be modified (e.g. repartitioning).
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Tom stresses that repartitioning is simple but must be done with meticulous
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care, since everything else depends on it. Like ignoring a crack in the
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foundation of a house, partition table errors may not become apparent for a
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long time, when it will be difficult or impossible to correct.
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[Nancy] Nancy will be using her system primarily with Windows, so Tom
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recommends that her data partition use FAT32 From the compoent catalog that
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Tom prepared for her computer, Nancy knows that her hard disk has 1661
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cylinders.
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1. 0001-0501 Windows FAT32 bootable
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2. 0502-1002 linux ext2 bootable
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3. 1003-1011 linux swap
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4. 1012-1661 data FAT32
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[Lisa] Lisa will be using her system primarily with linux, so her data
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partition will use ext2 The data partition will then be unavailable to
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Windows, but will be more easily used from linux. Lisa's hard disk has 787
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cylinders.
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1. 0001-0262 Windows FAT32 bootable
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2. 0263-0525 linux ext2 bootable
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3. 0526-0779 linux swap
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4. 0780-0787 data ext2
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[Nancy] Nancy uses the tomsrtbt disk provided by Tom and fdisk on it to edit
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her partition table.
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1. Insert the tomsrtbt disk and restart the computer.
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2. Read the fdisk instructions and list of known partition types
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|bash> /bin/fdisk |
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|fdisk> m |
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|fdisk> l |
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| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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3. Read and record the partition table
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(After fips, her disk has two partitions.)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> p |
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| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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4. Since her disk has more than 1024 cylinders, update the cylinder count
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known to fdisk with an advanced command
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> x |
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|fdisk expert> c 1661 |
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|fdisk expert> r |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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5. Delete the 2nd partition which was created by fips.
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> d |
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|... partition[1-2]? 2 |
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| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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6. Add the new 2nd partition for linux
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> n |
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|... partition ...? 2 |
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|... extended ... primary ... type? p |
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|... start ...? 502 |
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|... end ...? 1002 |
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| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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7. Add the new 3rd partition for swap
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> n |
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|... partition ...? 3 |
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|... extended ... primary ... type? p |
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|... start ...? 1003 |
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|... end ...? 1011 |
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| |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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8. Add the new 4th partition for data
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|fdisk> n |
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|... partition ...? 4 |
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|... extended ... primary ... type? p |
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|... start ...? 1012 |
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|... end ...? 1661 |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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9. Reprint the partition table and check carefully for errors.
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|
||
(delete and add the partitions if there are any errors)
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk> p |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
10. Set the type (filesystem to be used) on each partition.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk> t |
|
||
|... partition ...? 2 |
|
||
|... type ...? 83 |
|
||
|fdisk> t |
|
||
|... partition ...? 3 |
|
||
|... type ...? 82 |
|
||
|fdisk> t |
|
||
|... partition ...? 4 |
|
||
|... type ...? 0c |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
11. Record and repriint the partition table and check carefully for errors.
|
||
|
||
If unsatisfied quit.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk> q |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
12. If satisfied, write the partition table.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk> w |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
Nancy records the new partition table in her computer log.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 1661 cylinders |
|
||
|Units = cylinders of 16085 * 512 bytes |
|
||
| |
|
||
| Drive Boot Start End Blocks Id System |
|
||
|/dev/hda1 * 1 501 402451+ 0c Win95 FAT32 (LBA) |
|
||
|/dev/hda2 502 1002 402482 83 Linux Native |
|
||
|/dev/hda3 1003 1011 72292 82 Linux Swap |
|
||
|/dev/hda4 1012 1661 5221125 83 Linux Native |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
2.1.6. Format
|
||
|
||
In order to use any hard disk effectively, it must be formatted. After
|
||
formating, whther successful or not, all the old data in that partition is
|
||
lost (the cost of recovery goes up 10-100x).
|
||
|
||
[Tom] Tom warns that Formatting is the only operation that is neither
|
||
idempotent nor reversible. The tool provided by the intended operating system
|
||
should be used to format the partitions intended for that partition. Use
|
||
format under Windows to format FAT32 partitions. Use
|
||
|
||
[Nancy] Nancy formats the data partition under Windows.
|
||
|
||
1. Restart the computer in Windows
|
||
|
||
2. Format the partition
|
||
|
||
[[My Computer]] {(D:)} [Format ...] [Format type\Full] [Start] Nancy uses
|
||
the tomsrtbt disk provided by Tom to format the linux and swap partitions
|
||
under linux.
|
||
|
||
3. Insert the tomsrtbt disk and restart
|
||
|
||
4. Check for bad blocks and format the linux partition.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> mke2fs -c /dev/hda2 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
5. Check the filesystem
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> e2fsck /dev/hda2 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
6. Check for bad blocks and make the swap file system
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> mkswap -c /dev/hda3 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Lisa] (untested) Lisa formats only linux partitions using tomsrtbt in the
|
||
same manner as Nancy.
|
||
|
||
1. Insert the tomsrtbt disk and restart
|
||
|
||
2. Check for bad blocks and format the linux partition.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> mke2fs -c /dev/hda2 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
3. Check the filesystem
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> e2fsck /dev/hda2 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
4. Check for bad blocks and make the swap file system
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> mkswap -c /dev/hda3 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
5. Check for bad blocks and make the data partition
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> mke2fs -c /dev/hda4 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
6. Check the filesystem
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> e2fsck /dev/hda2 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
2.1.7. Initial Program Load
|
||
|
||
Now is when the operating system(s) becomes a part ot the computer. All prior
|
||
steps laid the foundation. This is the first time when the detail and
|
||
accuracy of the catalog will be especially useful. Follow the installation
|
||
instructions provided with your distribution. This HOWTO does not detail how
|
||
to load the distribution because the distribution instructions will provide
|
||
the best instructions.
|
||
|
||
[Tom] Though linux is available at no cost, Tom recommends purchasing a
|
||
distribution with hardcopy instructions and support tools.. The price of a
|
||
good distribution is well worth it. In Tom's opinion, asking friends is the
|
||
best way to choose a linux distribution. A distribution that satisfies your
|
||
friends with similar interests will probably satisfy you.
|
||
|
||
Tom knows that Nancy got a newly released graphics card with which he has no
|
||
experience. He warns Nancy that the X configuration may not work. When she
|
||
calls him, he uses the expert options of yast which tell him that though her
|
||
card is not listed by manufacturer and model it used the mach64 X server. Now
|
||
familiar with yast, Nancy installs the mach64 x server and removes the svga X
|
||
server. Tom stays to talk Nancy through X installation. Nancy's monitor is
|
||
not named in the configuration list, but with the model known from the
|
||
catalog, a quick visit to the manufacturer's website provides the scan rate
|
||
limits.
|
||
|
||
Tom knows that the configurability of linux frightens many new users and so
|
||
he has often recommended RedHat to first-time users because of its commercial
|
||
technical support and default configuration settings. He lets Nancy know that
|
||
though she should try to consider each question before answering, she need
|
||
fear a mistake because she can reverse almost any configuration decision
|
||
later. Most packages managment tools offer to load and save configurations
|
||
files (e.g. /etc/linuxrc).
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Keep a list of the configuration questions and each answer to them.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>When in doubt, add a package to linux, and note that it was in doubt.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>A month after installation, go back and remove any packages that you
|
||
haven't used, and log the removal.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Expect to discover some linux configuration errors by loss.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Change the linux configuration when you find that it is different from
|
||
your desires.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>When in doubt, do not add a package to Windows.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Tom knows that some differences between Windows and linux force some
|
||
compromises.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Set the hardware clock to local time.
|
||
|
||
Windows displays time, timestamps file operations, and synchronizes with
|
||
the netowrk from the same clock.
|
||
|
||
Linux uses separate clocks for each of these. On a linux only system, the
|
||
hardware clock is usually set to UTC (Universal Time Coordinate), the
|
||
network standard. The network and file operations clock are usually just
|
||
views of the hardware clock by linux. For display, linux usually shifts
|
||
the hardware clock according to the timezone and date.
|
||
|
||
Since Windows supports only one clock, you must decide (unless you live
|
||
in Greenwich England) whether to set the hardware clock to local time or
|
||
UTC.
|
||
|
||
If you use UTC, you will have to mentally convert the time displayed by
|
||
Windows to local time.
|
||
|
||
If you use local time, some network activity may become confused.
|
||
International email problems are most commonly reported. Mail sent from
|
||
Berlin at 1300 local time may be stored a second later in New York at
|
||
1200 UTC where it awaits a channel to its San Francisco destination. To
|
||
save space, the New York host may delete mail that could not be sent in a
|
||
reasonable time of 30min. If the Berlin mail was unclear that ti was sent
|
||
at 1300 Berlin time, or if the New York host is unwilling to do the
|
||
conversion, the email may be lost as undliverable after 1 hour (1300 -
|
||
1200).
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Nancy] Since Nancy is an accountant, Tom recommends that she use the SuSE
|
||
distribution. SuSE comes with the ApplixWare suite of office software. Nancy
|
||
has already read the installation chapters of the book that accompanied her
|
||
SuSE distribution. yast from SuSE lets her store her configuration choices in
|
||
a file which she includes in her computer log.
|
||
|
||
1. Nancy makes sure she has the catalog (and Tom's phone number) handy.
|
||
|
||
2. She inserts the SuSE CDROM and reboots the computer.
|
||
|
||
3. She selects installation options (English, Color, ...)
|
||
|
||
4. She examines the hardware detected for her system and confirms that it
|
||
matches her own catalog.
|
||
|
||
Both the hard disk and CD-RW were detected.
|
||
|
||
Both the sound and graphics cards were detected.
|
||
|
||
Both the PCI and USB buses were detected.
|
||
|
||
5. Following the instructions from SuSE, she starts YaST, the system
|
||
configuration tool.
|
||
|
||
6. Already partitions, Nancy declines YaST's offer to repartition her disk.
|
||
|
||
7. Already formatted by Windows, Nancy declines YaST's offer to format her
|
||
Window's partitions.
|
||
|
||
8. Though already formatted, Nancy accepts the offer to reformat her swap
|
||
and linux partitions.
|
||
|
||
9. Set the mount points for the partitions.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|[CREATING FILESYSTEMS] |
|
||
|/dev/hda1 no vfat /WinC Win95 FAT32 |
|
||
|/dev/hda2 ... check ext2 / Linux |
|
||
|/dev/hda4 no vfat /WinD Win95 FAT32 |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
10. Nancy now selects the packages she wants.
|
||
|
||
Nancy includes the nonstandard packages that she knows she wants (e.g. CD
|
||
writing).
|
||
|
||
Nancy excludes the standard packages that she knows she doesn't want
|
||
(e.g. tape drive support).
|
||
|
||
Nancy selects packagas for her specific hardware (e.g. X server) using
|
||
her catalog.
|
||
|
||
She indicates that the hardware clock is set to local time.
|
||
|
||
Nancy saves a copy of her configuration and puts in her log.
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Lisa] (This subsection of this HOWTO is not yet written.)
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
2.1.8. Boot Manager Load
|
||
|
||
If you have two or more operating systems on a computer, you must have a
|
||
means of selecting which operating system is loaded.
|
||
|
||
[Tom] Before installing a boot manager, Tom recommends that Nancy and Lisa
|
||
make a boot disk (and master boot record backup). He also recommends that
|
||
each test their boot disks before installing the boot manager. This is done
|
||
so that the computer can be booted and the master boot record restored to the
|
||
hard disk if the boot manager installation fails
|
||
|
||
Because of its configurability and robustness, Tom recommends lilo to most
|
||
users.. Most linux distributions support multiple linux versions on the same
|
||
partition. This means that you can install and test an upgrade to the
|
||
operating system without the trouble of a lengthy reinstallation. When the
|
||
upgrade is satisfactory (or not) you can remove versions no longer useful.
|
||
|
||
[Nancy] During installation, SuSE offers to make a boot disk, and master boot
|
||
record backup, before installing lilo.
|
||
|
||
1. Create a rescue floppy.
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|[CREATE A BOOT DISK?/YES] |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
2. Nancy write-protects the disk and puts in her log.
|
||
|
||
3. Nancy installs lilo
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|[LILO INSTALLATION ...] |
|
||
|Windows /dev/hda1 |
|
||
|SuSE /dev/hda2 /boot/vmlinuz |
|
||
| |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Lisa] Windows installation overwrites the master boot record with one that
|
||
loads Windows. After installing Windows, Lisa must reinstall lilo. To make
|
||
this easier she uses loalin under Windows to load her existing linux and then
|
||
uses linus to configure and install lilo..
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
2.1.9. Mount
|
||
|
||
[Oscar] [Nancy] [Lisa] (This subsection of this HOWTO is not yet written.)
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3. Choices
|
||
|
||
3.1. Architecture
|
||
|
||
The following is a summary of the architecture choices that you should
|
||
consider. Your choice will probably depend most on your compuer expertise
|
||
level, value of existing data, and expected division of usage between Windows
|
||
and linux.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 1. Architecture
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Separate for |Shared by |Support |Pros |Cons |
|
||
|linux and |linux and | | | |
|
||
|Windows |Windows | | | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|<7C> |address space |Not Supported.|<7C> |<7C> |
|
||
| | |Windows must | | |
|
||
| | |be the only | | |
|
||
| | |operating | | |
|
||
| | |system in its | | |
|
||
| | |partition. | | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|address space |partition |Not covered by|No need to |linux is slow. |
|
||
| | |this HOWTO. |disturb the | |
|
||
| | |VMWare under |current | |
|
||
| | |Windows |configuration.| |
|
||
| | | |Linux can be | |
|
||
| | | |loaded on the | |
|
||
| | | |emulated | |
|
||
| | | |system. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|address space |partition |Not covered by|No need to |Windows is slow|
|
||
| | |this HOWTO. |disturb the | |
|
||
| | |VMWare under |current | |
|
||
| | |linux |configuration.| |
|
||
| | | |(unverified) | |
|
||
| | | |Windows can be| |
|
||
| | | |loaded on the | |
|
||
| | | |emulated | |
|
||
| | | |system. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|address space |partition |Not covered by|No need to |<7C> |
|
||
| | |this HOWTO. |disturb the | |
|
||
| | |DosLinux |current | |
|
||
| | | |configuration.| |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|address space |partition |Not covered by|No need to |<7C> |
|
||
| | |this HOWTO. |disturb the | |
|
||
| | |Armed |current | |
|
||
| | |distribution |configuration.| |
|
||
| | |(unverified) | | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|partition |disk |Windows |Works with |Requires more |
|
||
| | |requires that |standard |installation |
|
||
| | |Windows reside|mail-order |effort. |
|
||
| | |in the first |home computers| |
|
||
| | |primary |from the major| |
|
||
| | |partition |dealers. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|disk |host |<7C> |Minimizes risk|Normally |
|
||
| | | |to existing |requires a |
|
||
| | | |system and |second computer|
|
||
| | | |data. Requires|and extra |
|
||
| | | |less |disks. |
|
||
| | | |installation | |
|
||
| | | |effort. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|host |network |Not covered by|Minimizes |Requires at |
|
||
| | |this HOWTO. |installation |least two |
|
||
| | |Classes, |effort. |computers |
|
||
| | |books, and | |equipped with |
|
||
| | |online help is| |network |
|
||
| | |readily | |interface |
|
||
| | |available. | |cards. Data is |
|
||
| | | | |not directly |
|
||
| | | | |available to |
|
||
| | | | |the other |
|
||
| | | | |operating |
|
||
| | | | |system. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.2. Filesystems
|
||
|
||
Your choice of filesystem is usually constrained by the hard disk
|
||
manufacturer, your choice of Windows version, and your choice of linux
|
||
distribution.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 2. Filesystems
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|Type |Code |Support |Description |
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|DOS6 |0x06 |Windows 95, |IBM DOS default |
|
||
| | |Windows 98, |filesystem. Names |
|
||
| | |Windows NT, linux |limited to eight |
|
||
| | | |characters + 3 |
|
||
| | | |character type |
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|NTFS |0x07 |Windows NT, linux |Windows NT default|
|
||
| | |read-only |filesystem. Names |
|
||
| | | |have arbitrary |
|
||
| | | |length. Names |
|
||
| | | |cannot include |
|
||
| | | |special characters|
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|FAT32 LBA |0x0c |Windows 95, |Windows95/98 |
|
||
| | |Windows 98, |default |
|
||
| | |Windows NT, linux |filesystem. Names |
|
||
| | | |have arbitrary |
|
||
| | | |length. Names |
|
||
| | | |cannot inlcude |
|
||
| | | |special characters|
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|swap |0x82 |linux |linex default |
|
||
| | | |memory cache |
|
||
| | | |filesystem |
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
|ext2 |0x83 |linux |linux default |
|
||
| | | |filesystem. Names |
|
||
| | | |have arbitrary |
|
||
| | | |length. Names can |
|
||
| | | |contain arbitrary |
|
||
| | | |characters. Tends |
|
||
| | | |to suffer little |
|
||
| | | |external |
|
||
| | | |fragmentation. |
|
||
| | | |Scales well over |
|
||
| | | |several magnitudes|
|
||
| | | |of size. Runs |
|
||
| | | |quickly on |
|
||
| | | |semirandom access |
|
||
| | | |systems. |
|
||
+------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.3. Linux Distribution
|
||
|
||
Your choice of distribution will depend mostly on friends' recommendations,
|
||
your level of computer expertise, and easy availability of packages. Most
|
||
distributions will happily reside on the same disk, so there is no reason not
|
||
to try several distributions until you find the one that is best for you.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 3. Distributions
|
||
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+--------------+
|
||
|Distro |Publisher |Source |Pros |Cons |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+--------------+
|
||
|RedHat |Red Hat, Inc. |[http:// |Easy to install. |Does not |
|
||
| | |www.redhat.com/] |Home-user-friendly. |tolerate |
|
||
| | |http:// |Commercial support |multiple |
|
||
| | |www.redhat.com/ |available. Large number of |versions on |
|
||
| | | |bundled packages. Tolerates|same |
|
||
| | | |unbundled packages. |partition. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+--------------+
|
||
|Slackware |Walnut Creek |[http:// |Largest number of bundled |Moderate |
|
||
| |CDROM |www.slackware.org|packages. |computer |
|
||
| | |/] http:// |Professional-user-friendly.|expertise |
|
||
| | |www.slackware.org|Easiest software |required. |
|
||
| | |/ |development. New packages | |
|
||
| | | |most often appear here | |
|
||
| | | |first. Tolerates unbundled | |
|
||
| | | |packages. Tolerates | |
|
||
| | | |multiple versions on same | |
|
||
| | | |partition. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+--------------+
|
||
|SuSE |SuSE Gmbh |[http:// |Easy to install. |<7C> |
|
||
| | |www.suse.com/] |Business-user-friendly. | |
|
||
| | |http:// |Aimed at business users. | |
|
||
| | |www.suse.com/ |Commercial support | |
|
||
| | | |available. Tolerates | |
|
||
| | | |unbundled packages. | |
|
||
| | | |Tolerates multiple versions| |
|
||
| | | |on same partition. | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+--------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.4. Backup Tools
|
||
|
||
Table 4. Backup Tools
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Tool |Requirements |Description |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Norton Ghost |Windows 95/98/NT network|Easy to use. Makes and |
|
||
| |drive |restores images of disks|
|
||
| | |or partitions. No |
|
||
| | |selection or deselection|
|
||
| | |of files/directories. No|
|
||
| | |index generated. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|tob |linux tape drive |Easy to use. Easy to |
|
||
| | |configure. Selects or |
|
||
| | |deselects files/ |
|
||
| | |directories to backup or|
|
||
| | |restore. Generates index|
|
||
| | |of backups searchable to|
|
||
| | |find archived files. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|yast (untested) |backup tool |Graphical interface for |
|
||
| | |system administration |
|
||
| | |tools. Included with |
|
||
| | |SuSE linux |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.5. Compaction Tools
|
||
|
||
Table 5. Compaction Tools
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Tool |Requirements |Description |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|fips |Windows95 (Included in |Splits a FAT16 or FAT32 |
|
||
| |tomsrtbt-1.6.335) |partition into two |
|
||
| | |partitions without |
|
||
| | |destroying data so that |
|
||
| | |the new partition can be|
|
||
| | |loaded with a different |
|
||
| | |operating system. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|fips |Windows98, Windows98 |Splits a FAT16 or FAT32 |
|
||
| |(requires at least |partition into two |
|
||
| |version 2.0), Run under |partitions without |
|
||
| |Windows98 |destroying data so that |
|
||
| | |the new partition can be|
|
||
| | |loaded with a different |
|
||
| | |operating system. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.6. Repartitioning Tools
|
||
|
||
Table 6. Repartitioning Tools
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Tool |Requirements |Description |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk |Included in |Supports editting of a |
|
||
| |tomsrtbt-1.6.335 |partition table. |
|
||
| | |Two-tiered menu system. |
|
||
| | |The first level includes|
|
||
| | |read and normal |
|
||
| | |operations. The second |
|
||
| | |level lets you fix |
|
||
| | |inconsistencies. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|fdisk |Included with Windows 95|Does not permit |
|
||
| |and Windows 98 |creattion of partitios |
|
||
| | |associated with |
|
||
| | |filesystems not |
|
||
| | |supported by Windows, |
|
||
| | |nor selecting a bootable|
|
||
| | |partition other than the|
|
||
| | |first primary partition.|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|yast (untested) |backup tool |Graphical interface for |
|
||
| | |system administration |
|
||
| | |tools. Included with |
|
||
| | |SuSE linux |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.7. Formating Tools
|
||
|
||
Table 7. Formating Tools
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Tool |Requirements |Description |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|e2fsck |Included in |Checks an ext2 |
|
||
| |tomsrtbt-1.6.335 |filesystem for errors |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|format |Included with Windows 95|Creates a vfat |
|
||
| |and Windows 98 |filesystem on a chosen |
|
||
| | |partition |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|mke2fs |Included in |Creates an ext2 |
|
||
| |tomsrtbt-1.6.335 |filesystem on a chosen |
|
||
| | |partition. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|mkswap |Included in |Creates a swap |
|
||
| |tomsrtbt-1.6.335 |filesystem on a chosen |
|
||
| | |partition. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3.8. Boot Managers
|
||
|
||
Table 8. Boot Managers
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Tool |Requirements |Description |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|lilo |linux |Configures which |
|
||
| | |operating system is |
|
||
| | |booted. lilo itself if |
|
||
| | |very robust and |
|
||
| | |configurable. Some care |
|
||
| | |is required, since lilo |
|
||
| | |is usually used to |
|
||
| | |overwrite the master |
|
||
| | |boot record, lest one |
|
||
| | |carelessly loose the |
|
||
| | |ability to boot Windows |
|
||
| | |automatically. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|loadlin (uc) |Windws 95 or 98 |Started from Windows in |
|
||
| | |dos mode. (Can be placed|
|
||
| | |as shortcut in Windows) |
|
||
| | |Replaces linux with |
|
||
| | |Windows in memory. Since|
|
||
| | |loadlin does not |
|
||
| | |overwrite the master |
|
||
| | |boot record, a failed |
|
||
| | |installation should not |
|
||
| | |be able to risk Windows.|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4. Actual Experiences - Adding linux to New Computer Preloaded with Windows
|
||
98
|
||
|
||
[Tom] Nancy is unfamiliar with keeping a log, so Tom prepared it for her as
|
||
he unboxed and assembled her new computer. tom also knows that it is far
|
||
easier to remove the computer case once and record all the model numbers,
|
||
chipsets, and model types than it is to later open the case to get a single
|
||
model number or to guess the information that will be later needed. During
|
||
the computer service life, only 10% of the numbers collected will ever be
|
||
used, but there is no easy way to predict which 10%.
|
||
|
||
[Nancy] The following is an extract from Nancy's log. Identidation numbers
|
||
have been changed and some irrelevant data has been removed. Most of the data
|
||
came from the invoice that accomapanied the computer and the specifications
|
||
[Start\Run...\] Open: c:\DELL\DOCS\EDOCS.EXE [OK] that were provided on the
|
||
computer.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4.1. Configuration
|
||
|
||
A hardcopy of critical portions of this information, master disks, and backup
|
||
disks is kept in a white binder, located physically close to this host,
|
||
labelled Nancy System Administration Log.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4.1.1. Hardware
|
||
|
||
Table 9. Hardware
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|Date |Bay or Slot |Contents |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Primary Hard Disk Bay |Hard Disk |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Secondary Hard Disk Bay |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Diskette Drive Bay |Floppy Disk |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Drive Cage Top 5.25" Bay |CD Writer |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Drive Cage Bottom 5.25" |empty |
|
||
| |Bay | |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Drive Cage Top 3.5" Bay |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Drive Cage Bottom 3.5" |empty |
|
||
| |Bay | |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Dimm Socket Bank 0 |RAM |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Dimm Socket Bank 1 |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Dirmm Socket Bank 2 |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Primary EIDE Bus |Hard Disk |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Secondary EIDE Bus |CD Writer |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |ISA Expansion Slot |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |PCI Expansion Slot 1 |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |PCI Expansion Slot 2 |Modem |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |PCI Expansion Slot 3 |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |PCI Expansion Slot 4 |Sound |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |PCI Expansion Slot 5 |empty |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |AGP Port |Graphics |
|
||
+------------------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4.1.2. Components
|
||
|
||
Table 10. Components
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|Date |Component |Action |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Case |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Tower ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Dell ||
|
||
| | ||Model Dimension XPS Txxx ||
|
||
| | ||M/N MMS ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Date mmddyy ||
|
||
| | ||P/N 01968D Rev A04 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N nnnaa ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 000338D Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Dell Dimension XPS Txxx |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| |Reference and ||Mfr Dell ||
|
||
| |Troubleshooting Guide ||Model MMS ||
|
||
| | ||P/N 8868D Rev. A01 ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Central Procssing Unit |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||procssor: 0 ||
|
||
| | ||vendor_id: GenuineIntel ||
|
||
| | ||cpu family: 6 (Pentium III) ||
|
||
| | ||model: 7 ||
|
||
| | ||model name: 00/07 ||
|
||
| | ||stepping: 3 ||
|
||
| | ||cpu MHZ: 448.971025 ||
|
||
| | ||cache size: 512 KB ||
|
||
| | ||fdiv_bug: no ||
|
||
| | ||hlt_bug: no ||
|
||
| | ||sep_fug: no ||
|
||
| | ||f00f_bug: no ||
|
||
| | ||coma_bug: no ||
|
||
| | ||fpu: yes ||
|
||
| | ||fpu_exception: yes ||
|
||
| | ||cpuid level: 2 ||
|
||
| | ||wp: yes ||
|
||
| | ||flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 sep mtrr pge mca ||
|
||
| | ||cmov pat ||
|
||
| | ||bogomips: 447.28 ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |System Battery |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||CR2032 3.0V ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |System Board |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||DP/N AA722396-109 Rev. A01 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxx-xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Hard Disk |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Primary Hard Disk Bay ||
|
||
| | ||Primary EIDE Bus ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Capacity 13.6 GB ||
|
||
| | ||RPM 7200RPM ||
|
||
| | ||LBA 26.712.000 SECTORS ||
|
||
| | ||CYL 1661 ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||DeskStar ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr IBM Disk Storage Products KFT. ||
|
||
| | ||Model DPTA-371360 IDE/ATA ||
|
||
| | ||MLC F42312 ||
|
||
| | ||P/N 31L9151 ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0003570T-47710-9A2-31TJ ||
|
||
| | ||Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Floppy Disk |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Diskette Drive Bay ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Sony ||
|
||
| | ||Model MPF920 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0003884D Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |CD Writer |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Drive Cage Top "5.25" Bay ||
|
||
| | ||Secondary EIDE Bus ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Jumpers ||
|
||
| | || Reserved ||
|
||
| | || Reserved ||
|
||
| | || R Audio Out ||
|
||
| | || Gnd ||
|
||
| | || Gnd ||
|
||
| | || L Audio Out ||
|
||
| | || CSEL (closed) ||
|
||
| | || SLAVE (open) ||
|
||
| | || MASTER (open) ||
|
||
| | || ATAPI Cable (40-pin keyed) ||
|
||
| | || Power Supply (IBM 4-pin) ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||CDR 4x ||
|
||
| | ||CDRW 4x ||
|
||
| | ||Read 24x ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Sony ||
|
||
| | ||Model CD-R/RW ATAPI ||
|
||
| | ||M/N CRX100E ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0002064P Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |RAM |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Dimm Socket Bank 0 ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||16Mx 64 MB SDRAM ||
|
||
| | ||Non-ECC ||
|
||
| | ||PC100-222-620 ||
|
||
| | ||168-pin ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Toshiba ||
|
||
| | ||M/N THMY6416H1EG-A0 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxx/xxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Modem |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||PCI Expansion Slot 2 ||
|
||
| | ||J8 -> Sound Telephone Audio Out ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||56K ||
|
||
| | ||See CD 3Com U.S.Robotics ||
|
||
| | ||Modem CD-ROM ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||USRobotics V.90/56K ||
|
||
| | ||Model 0727 ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr 3Com ||
|
||
| | ||Product 3CP3298-DEL ||
|
||
| | ||SN xxxxxxxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 00046XVP Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Sound |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Montego II ||
|
||
| | ||PCI Expansion Slot 4 ||
|
||
| | ||CD IN -> CD Writer Audio Out ||
|
||
| | ||TAO -> Modem J8 ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Turtle Beach ||
|
||
| | ||Model A3D 320V ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0005931D Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Graphics |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||AGP Port ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr ATI Technologies Inc ||
|
||
| | ||P/N 1024980311010171 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0000320D Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Power Supply |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0009228C Rev N02 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Monitor |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||17" (15.3" visible) ||
|
||
| | ||Color 1024x768 ||
|
||
| | ||See CD Displays by Dell ||
|
||
| | ||Ultrascan P780 Color Monitor ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Dell Computer, Inc. ||
|
||
| | ||Model UltraScan P780 ||
|
||
| | ||P/N 6271R ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Speakers |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Right Analog Input -> Sound ((( ))) ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Harmon/Kardon ||
|
||
| | ||Right M/N HK195 ||
|
||
| | ||Right P/N 3862A201 ||
|
||
| | ||Right DP/N ZL001-98U Rev B ||
|
||
| | ||Right DS/N xxxxx-xx ||
|
||
| | ||Left M/N HK195 ||
|
||
| | ||Left DP/N ZL001-98URev B ||
|
||
| | ||Left DS/N xx-xx ||
|
||
| | ||Adapter M/N A41411C ||
|
||
| | ||Adapter P/N HK195-01T ||
|
||
| | ||Adapter Input 60Hz 22W ||
|
||
| | ||Adapter Output 15VAC 1.1A ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Keyboard |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||QuietKey ||
|
||
| | ||PS/2 Keyboard Connector ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Dell ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 0004939R Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | ||DS/N xxxxx-xxx-xxxx ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Mouse |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||MS IntelliMouse ||
|
||
| | ||PS/2 Mouse Connector ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Microsoft Inc. ||
|
||
| | ||Model IntelliMouse 1.1A PS/2 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 03235E Rev A00 ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Microphone |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||-> Sound Mic In ||
|
||
| | ||FCC Class B ||
|
||
| | |+-----------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4.1.3. BIOS
|
||
|
||
Table 11. BIOS
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|Date |Component |Action |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Setup Procedure |Restart When Dell splash |
|
||
| | |screen appears, [del] |
|
||
| | |Dell Dimension XPS T450 |
|
||
| | |Setup |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\BIOS Version |A05 |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\Processor Type |Pentium(R) III |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\processor Speed |450 MHz |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\Cache RAM |512KB |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\Service Tag |zzzzz |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\System memory |128 MB |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Main\L2 Cache ECC |Auto |
|
||
| |Support | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |No |
|
||
| |Configuration\Plug & | |
|
||
| |Play O/S | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |No |
|
||
| |Configuration\Reset | |
|
||
| |Configuration Data | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |Auto |
|
||
| |Configuration\NumLock | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |Auto |
|
||
| |Configuration\Serial | |
|
||
| |Port A | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |Auto |
|
||
| |Configuration\Parallel | |
|
||
| |Port | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |ECP |
|
||
| |Configuration\Mode | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Peripheral |Enabled |
|
||
| |Configuration\Legacy USB| |
|
||
| |Support | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\IDE |Both |
|
||
| |Configuration\IDE | |
|
||
| |Controller | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\IDE |IBM-DPTA-371360-(PM) |
|
||
| |Configuration\Primary | |
|
||
| |IDE Master | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\IDE |None |
|
||
| |Configuration\Primary | |
|
||
| |IDE Slave | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\IDE |CD-RW CRX100E- (SM) |
|
||
| |Configuration\Secondary | |
|
||
| |IDE Master | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\IDE |None |
|
||
| |Configuration\Secondary | |
|
||
| |IDE Slave | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Diskette |Enabled |
|
||
| |Options\Diskette | |
|
||
| |Controller | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Diskette |1.44/1.25 MB 3.5" |
|
||
| |Options\Diskette A | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Diskette |Space Available |
|
||
| |Options\Diskette Write | |
|
||
| |Protect | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\DMI Event |Valid |
|
||
| |Logging\Event log | |
|
||
| |validity | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\DMI Event |No unread events |
|
||
| |Logging\View DMI event | |
|
||
| |log | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\DMI Event |No |
|
||
| |Logging\Clear all DMI | |
|
||
| |event logs | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\DMI Event |Enabled |
|
||
| |Logging\DMI event | |
|
||
| |logging | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\DMI Event |No unread events |
|
||
| |Logging\Mark DMI events | |
|
||
| |as read | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Video |Disabled |
|
||
| |Configuration\ISA | |
|
||
| |Palette Snooping | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Video |64MB |
|
||
| |Configuration\AGP | |
|
||
| |Aperature Size | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Video |AGP |
|
||
| |Configuration\Default | |
|
||
| |Primary Video Adapter | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Resource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\C800-CBFF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\CC00-CFFF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\4000-43FF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\4400-47FF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\4800-4BFF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\4C00-4FFF | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 3 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 4 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Reserved |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 5 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 7 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 10 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Advanced\Recource |Available |
|
||
| |Configuration\IRQ 11 | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Power\Power Management |Enabled |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Power\Inactivity Timer |Off |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Power\Hard Drive |Enabled |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Power\VESA Video Power |Standby |
|
||
| |Down | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Boot-time |Disabled |
|
||
| |Diagnostic Screen | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\QuickBoot Mode |Disabled |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\First Boot Device |Removable Devices |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Second Boot Device |Hard Disk |
|
||
| |(obsolete) | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Second Boot Device |ATAPI CD-ROM Driv |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Third Boot Device |ATAPI CD-ROM Driv |
|
||
| |(obsolete) | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Third Boot Device |Hard Disk |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Fourth Boot Device |Network Drive |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Hard Drive\1 |IBM-DPTA-371360-(PM) |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Hard Drive\2 |Bootable Add-In Card |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Boot\Removable Devices\1|Legacy Floppy Drive |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4.1.4. Firmware
|
||
|
||
Table 12. Firmware
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|Date |Component |Action |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Partition Table |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||tomsrtbt-1.6.335 (linux-2.0.35) ||
|
||
| | ||bash>/bin/fdisk ||
|
||
| | ||fdisk> p ||
|
||
| | || Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 1024 cylinders ||
|
||
| | || Units = cylinders of 16085 * 512 bytes ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | || Drive Boot Start End Blocks Id System ||
|
||
| | || /dev/hda1 * 1 1662 13349983+ 0c Win95 FAT32 ||
|
||
| | ||(LBA) ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Partition has different physical/logical endings ||
|
||
| | ||phys = (1022, 254, 63) logical = (1661, 254, 63) ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-22 |Partition Table |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Windows98 Startup Disk +fips.exe ||
|
||
| | ||A:\> fips ||
|
||
| | ||(Ignore warning about physical != logical length) ||
|
||
| | ||Save current partition info: yes ||
|
||
| | ||(saved as rootboot.000) ||
|
||
| | ||New partition start: 501 ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||tomsrtbt-1.6.335 (linux-2.0.35) ||
|
||
| | ||bash>/bin/fdisk -v ||
|
||
| | ||fips Version 2.8 ||
|
||
| | ||bash>/bin/fdisk ||
|
||
| | ||fdisk> p ||
|
||
| | ||Disk /dev/hda: 255 heads, 63 sectors, 1661 cylinders ||
|
||
| | ||Units = cylinders of 16085 * 512 bytes ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | || Drive Boot Start End Blocks Id System ||
|
||
| | ||/dev/hda1 * 1 501 402451+ 0c Win95 FAT32 (LBA) ||
|
||
| | ||/dev/hda2 502 1002 402482 83 Linux Native ||
|
||
| | ||/dev/hda3 1003 1011 72292 82 Linux Swap ||
|
||
| | ||/dev/hda4 1012 1661 5221125 83 Linux Native ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Windows Operating System|+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||DESC KIT,DOC/DSK,W98,OSR1,ENG ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Language English (United States) ||
|
||
| | ||Keyboard United States 101 ||
|
||
| | ||First and Middle Jo'an K. ||
|
||
| | ||Last Name Meier ||
|
||
| | ||Country Code United States of America ||
|
||
| | ||Area Code 336 ||
|
||
| | ||Access Code No ||
|
||
| | ||Touch Tone Yes ||
|
||
| | ||Time Zone (GMT-05:00) United States Eastern ||
|
||
| | ||Daylight Savings Time Automatic ||
|
||
| | ||Mfr Microsoft ||
|
||
| | ||Model Windows98 2nd Ed ||
|
||
| | ||Product Key G74XD-KMV7J-XJC3X-PYBG6-DHPP6 ||
|
||
| | ||S/N xxxxxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||DP/N 08001T Rev. A00 ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-03 |linux Operating System |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||SuSE-6.2.0-2 ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||reboot CDROM1 ||
|
||
| | ||linuxrc v0.91 (kernel 2.2.10) ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||linuxrc> ... language ... English ||
|
||
| | ||... display ...? Color display ||
|
||
| | ||... keyboard ... English (US) ||
|
||
| | ||Main menu ||
|
||
| | || System Information ||
|
||
| | || Harddisks / CD-ROMS ||
|
||
| | || (Hard Disk and CD-ROM found) ||
|
||
| | || Processor ||
|
||
| | || (no bugs) ||
|
||
| | || Start Installation / System ||
|
||
| | || Start Installation ||
|
||
| | || Source: CD-ROM ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Yast v1. 01 ||
|
||
| | || Install Linux from scratch ||
|
||
| | || [SELECT SWAP PARTITION] /dev/hda3 ||
|
||
| | || ... format ... yes ||
|
||
| | || [PARTITION HARDDRIVES/Do not Partition] ||
|
||
| | || CREATING FILESYSTEMS: ||
|
||
| | || /dev/hda1 no vfat /WinC Win95 FAT32 ||
|
||
| | || /dev/hda2 ... check ext2 / Linux ||
|
||
| | || /dev/hda4 no vfat /WinD Win95 FAT32 ||
|
||
| | || Create/Change Configuration ||
|
||
| | || Xserver = svga (otherwise unrecognized) ||
|
||
| | || [SELECT KERNEL/Standard (E)IDE Kernel] ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |Root password |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||In sealed envelope in hardcopy log. ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |X11 |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||XFree86-3.3.4 ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |X11 mouse |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||bash> yast ||
|
||
| | ||[System Administration/X86 Configuration/SaX] ||
|
||
| | || [Mouse] ||
|
||
| | || Vendor: Microsoft ||
|
||
| | || Name: Intellimouse PS/2 ||
|
||
| | || Port: PS/2 ||
|
||
| | || Buttons: 3 ||
|
||
| | || [Expert] ||
|
||
| | || Protocol: IMPS/2 ||
|
||
| | || Device: /dev/psaux ||
|
||
| | || [OK] ||
|
||
| | ||[Apply] ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |X11 keyboard |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||bash> yast ||
|
||
| | ||[System Administration/X86 Configuration/SaX] ||
|
||
| | || [Keyboard] ||
|
||
| | || Model: Dell 101-key PC ||
|
||
| | || Language: U.S. English ||
|
||
| | ||[Apply] ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |X11 Graphics Card |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||bash> yast ||
|
||
| | ||[System Administration/X86 Configuration/SaX] ||
|
||
| | || [Card] ||
|
||
| | || Vendor: ATI ||
|
||
| | || Model: XPERT98 ||
|
||
| | || [Expert] ||
|
||
| | || Server: XF86_mach64 ||
|
||
| | || Memory: 8192k ||
|
||
| | || DAC: 207 ||
|
||
| | ||[Apply] ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |X11 |<7C> |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |TimeZone |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||EST5EDT ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Hardware Clock set to local time ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |Network |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Hostname: xxxxxxx ||
|
||
| | ||Domain: xxxx.xxx ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||No network card ||
|
||
| | ||[TCP IP CONFIGURATION/Loopback only ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |Mail |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||Modem will be used ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||[SENDMAIL CONFIGRUATION/... temporary connection ...] ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-05 |Boot Manager |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||lilo ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||Windows /dev/hda1 ||
|
||
| | ||SuSE /dev/hda2 /boot/vmlinuz ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Partition 1 Filesystem |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||C: ||
|
||
| | ||FAT32 ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-02 |Partition 2 Filesystem |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||omsrtbt-1.6.335 (linux-2.0.35) ||
|
||
| | ||bash> /bin/mke2fs -c /dev/hda2 ||
|
||
| | ||bash> /bin/e2fsck /dev/hda2 ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-11-02 |Partition 3 Filesystem |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||tomsrtbt-1.6.335 (linux-2.0.35) ||
|
||
| | ||bash> /bin/mkswap -c /dev/hda3 ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|1999-10-21 |Partition 4 Filesystem |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
| | ||D: ||
|
||
| | ||FAT32 ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||[[My Computer]] {(D:)} [Format ...] [Format type\Full] [Start] ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||[Close] ||
|
||
| | || ||
|
||
| | ||ScanDisk reported no errors in a thorough test. ||
|
||
| | |+----------------------------------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A. Appendix
|
||
|
||
A.1. Frequently Asked Questions
|
||
|
||
A.1.1. After running fips, why does Windows report that I still have only one
|
||
partition?
|
||
A.1.2. Why does my tool report an error that physical length does not match
|
||
the logical length of the partition?
|
||
A.1.3. How do I know what version of Windows I have?
|
||
A.1.4. How do I know what version of linux kernel I have?
|
||
A.1.5. How do I know what version of linux distribution I have?
|
||
A.1.6. If I make a mistake can I start over?
|
||
A.1.7. How large should my swap partition be?
|
||
A.1.8. Should I add package xxx?
|
||
|
||
A.1.1. After running fips, why does Windows report that I still have only one
|
||
partition?
|
||
|
||
Windows 98 does not recognize the effect of fips-0.9e. fips-2.0 has
|
||
successfully been used to split a Windows98 partition. According to an
|
||
unreliable source, Windows 98 reads partition data from the first 512 bytes
|
||
of the partition itself and considers this more reliable data than the
|
||
partition table.
|
||
|
||
A.1.2. Why does my tool report an error that physical length does not match
|
||
the logical length of the partition?
|
||
|
||
This means that the partition table is inconsistent, and may be inaccurate.
|
||
Modifying a disk with an inaccurate partition table usually requires an
|
||
expert to reduce the almost certain chance of data loss.
|
||
|
||
The severity of this message is dependent on the size of the disk. Due to
|
||
historical limitations, most (but not all) computer BIOSs only support disks
|
||
with less than 1024 cylinders. Booting the operating system depends on the
|
||
bios, therefore (on such systems), the entire operating system must fit
|
||
within this 1024 cylinders.. For the same historical reasons, the partition
|
||
table format only supports reporting disk sizes of 1024 or less cylinders.
|
||
Many disks today have more than 1024 physical cylinders but by convention the
|
||
partition table records exactly 1024 cylinders. The operating system still
|
||
needs to know where the actual partitions begin an end beyond the first 1024
|
||
cylinders and this is recorded in the partition table.
|
||
|
||
A large disk with more than 1024 cylinders will have a logical size (sum of
|
||
partition sizes) that exceeds 1024 and matches the actual size, though the
|
||
partition table reports a physical size of exactly 1024 cylinders. In the
|
||
case of a large disk, this message is essentially useless.
|
||
|
||
A.1.3. How do I know what version of Windows I have?
|
||
|
||
One or more of the following should tell you what version of Windows you
|
||
have.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>C:\>ver
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>{My Compuer} [Properties] [General]
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>[Start] [Run...] Open: command [OK]
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>[Start\Run...] Open: ver [OK]
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>[Start\Run...] Open: cmd ver [OK]
|
||
|
||
|
||
A.1.4. How do I know what version of linux kernel I have?
|
||
|
||
bash> uname -a
|
||
|
||
A.1.5. How do I know what version of linux distribution I have?
|
||
|
||
The question may have no meaningful answer. Since unix dialects (e.g. linux)
|
||
use many interchangeable parts, it makes little difference to this HOWTO what
|
||
distribution you have. The applications loaded on most linux hosts varies
|
||
with time and the tastes of the owner, so that they seldom match any
|
||
distribution for more than a very brief period.
|
||
|
||
Most distributions are loosely classed by the package manager that they use.
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>pkgtool - slackware
|
||
|
||
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>rpm - RedHat
|
||
|
||
|
||
bash> uname -a
|
||
|
||
A.1.6. If I make a mistake can I start over?
|
||
|
||
In general, no. For this reason, meticuluous care is required, especially at
|
||
certain stages. Some of the operations are idempotent. An idempotent
|
||
operation is one which either fails and has no effect, or succeeds and has no
|
||
effect after its first success. Some of the operations are reversible. A
|
||
reversible operation has an inverse operation so that you can return things
|
||
to what they were and start over.
|
||
|
||
Formatting is especially dangerous because it is neither idempotent nor
|
||
reversible. If formatting succeeds, the original data is lost. If formatting
|
||
fails, the original data is probably lost (since indices are usually
|
||
destroyed early).
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table A-1. Distributions
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Operation |Idempoten |Reversible |Inverse |Caveat |
|
||
| | | |Operation | |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Backup |Yes |Yes |Destroy the |Try reading the|
|
||
| | | |backup |backup lest it |
|
||
| | | | |be corrupt |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Catalog |Yes |Yes |Destroy the |Record too many|
|
||
| | | |catalog |details since |
|
||
| | | | |only 1-10% will|
|
||
| | | | |ever be used, |
|
||
| | | | |though it is |
|
||
| | | | |hard to predict|
|
||
| | | | |which 1-10%. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Attach |No |Yes |Disattach the |Use |
|
||
| | | |devices |electrostatic |
|
||
| | | | |protection and |
|
||
| | | | |personal safety|
|
||
| | | | |procedures lest|
|
||
| | | | |the delicate |
|
||
| | | | |components or |
|
||
| | | | |yuurself be |
|
||
| | | | |damaged |
|
||
| | | | |physically. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Compact |Yes |No |<7C> |Repair |
|
||
| | | | |filesystem |
|
||
| | | | |errors before |
|
||
| | | | |compacting, |
|
||
| | | | |since recovery |
|
||
| | | | |will probably |
|
||
| | | | |be impossible |
|
||
| | | | |after |
|
||
| | | | |compacting. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Repartition |Yes |Yes |Record the |Carefully check|
|
||
| | | |starting |the |
|
||
| | | |table. Reenter|partitioning |
|
||
| | | |the recorded |before using |
|
||
| | | |starting table|the computer, |
|
||
| | | | |since |
|
||
| | | | |applications |
|
||
| | | | |will believe |
|
||
| | | | |the partition |
|
||
| | | | |table and may |
|
||
| | | | |destroy files. |
|
||
| | | | |A small error |
|
||
| | | | |in partition |
|
||
| | | | |borders or |
|
||
| | | | |lengths may |
|
||
| | | | |cause |
|
||
| | | | |infrequent disk|
|
||
| | | | |errors that are|
|
||
| | | | |not seen for |
|
||
| | | | |months, but can|
|
||
| | | | |become very |
|
||
| | | | |time-consuming.|
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Format |No |No |<7C> |All data in the|
|
||
| | | | |partition is |
|
||
| | | | |destroyed so |
|
||
| | | | |make sure that |
|
||
| | | | |there is no |
|
||
| | | | |useful |
|
||
| | | | |information in |
|
||
| | | | |the partition |
|
||
| | | | |and/or that the|
|
||
| | | | |data is in a |
|
||
| | | | |good backup. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Initial |Yes |Yes |Format the |Carefully |
|
||
|Program Load | | |partition |record, test, |
|
||
| | | | |and expect to |
|
||
| | | | |change the |
|
||
| | | | |configuration |
|
||
| | | | |of linux as |
|
||
| | | | |your |
|
||
| | | | |understanding, |
|
||
| | | | |needs, and |
|
||
| | | | |desires change.|
|
||
| | | | |As you use your|
|
||
| | | | |computer, you |
|
||
| | | | |can expect to |
|
||
| | | | |quickly find |
|
||
| | | | |that you wish |
|
||
| | | | |you'd made |
|
||
| | | | |different |
|
||
| | | | |configuration |
|
||
| | | | |decisions. Most|
|
||
| | | | |linux |
|
||
| | | | |distributions |
|
||
| | | | |allow easy |
|
||
| | | | |reconfiguration|
|
||
| | | | |of a running |
|
||
| | | | |system. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Boot Manager |Yes |No |<7C> |Windows |
|
||
| | | | |installation |
|
||
| | | | |overwrites the |
|
||
| | | | |boot manager |
|
||
| | | | |with one that |
|
||
| | | | |loads Windows |
|
||
| | | | |automatically. |
|
||
| | | | |If you isntall |
|
||
| | | | |Windows+linux, |
|
||
| | | | |you must |
|
||
| | | | |installl |
|
||
| | | | |Windows first. |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|Mount |Yes |Yes |Unmount |Care with |
|
||
| | | | |permissions is |
|
||
| | | | |needed to |
|
||
| | | | |prevent |
|
||
| | | | |undesired use |
|
||
| | | | |of the computer|
|
||
| | | | |(e.g. openning |
|
||
| | | | |your telephone |
|
||
| | | | |to anyone on |
|
||
| | | | |your cable |
|
||
| | | | |modem network |
|
||
| | | | |may tend to |
|
||
| | | | |increase your |
|
||
| | | | |phone bills.). |
|
||
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
|
||
|
||
A.1.7. How large should my swap partition be?
|
||
|
||
Swap partition size (or even its existence) is a hotly debated issue beyond
|
||
the scope of this HOWTO. Many books on performanc tuning provide guidelines
|
||
on swap partition size and how to recognize a need to expand or shrink it. At
|
||
press time, the author recommends 64M as a safe size.
|
||
|
||
A.1.8. Should I add package xxx?
|
||
|
||
A reader of this HOWTO presumably wants to benefit from the strengths of both
|
||
Windows and linux, and suffer the shortcomings of neither.
|
||
|
||
Most linux distributions allow you to cleanly remove any package. unix
|
||
dialects support permissions so that each package gets a well defined share
|
||
of the computer and this share can be identified and taken back in its
|
||
entirety. unix dialects support symbolic links so that the package can appear
|
||
to be in a convenient place without actually occupying space from the
|
||
convenient place. The distributions that do not support easy removal are
|
||
usually tiny specialized distributions like tomsrtbt. The risk that an
|
||
unwanted package will plague your linux indefinitely is small since you can
|
||
remove it at any time.
|
||
|
||
Most Windows packages can never be uninstalled cleanly under Windows, as they
|
||
usually leave dll updates and registry entries. It is therefore important to
|
||
add packages only when you are sure that you need them, since your only way
|
||
of removing them may be to reinstall Windows and every package that you want.
|
||
|
||
Sharing a machine between Windows and linux, means that linux can aid clean
|
||
removal of packages from Windows. Since it only identifies but does not
|
||
predict, linux cannot insure clean removal. Since linux find resolves to the
|
||
second rather than Windows find to the day, it can much more accurately
|
||
identify what was changed.
|
||
|
||
1. Record the date and time before you install a package to Windows.
|
||
|
||
2. Install the package.
|
||
|
||
3. Record the date and time after you install the package.
|
||
|
||
4. Under linux, use touch to create a file timestamped at the start of
|
||
installation.
|
||
|
||
5. Under linux, use touch to create a file timestamped at the end of
|
||
installation.
|
||
|
||
6. Under linux, use find to identify every Windows file and folder that was
|
||
altered during installation.
|
||
|
||
7. Store the list of altered files and folders to identify what has to be
|
||
removed or restored.
|
||
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
A.2. Caveats
|
||
|
||
There ar no caveats at press time. Please contact the maintainer with any
|
||
suggestions that you have.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A.3. Tips and Tricks
|
||
|
||
There ar no tips and tricks at press time. Please contact the maintainer with
|
||
any suggestions that you have.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
A.4. Reference
|
||
|
||
A.4.1. Legend
|
||
|
||
Table A-2. Legend
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|Symbol |Meaning |Example |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|[...] |Left-click a button |[File/Close] appears in most X |
|
||
| | |applications. [OK] appears in most |
|
||
| | |Windows dialogs |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|[[...]] |Double-left click a |[[My Computer]] displays the devices of|
|
||
| |button |a Windows systems |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|{...} |Right-click a button |{My Computer\Properties} displays the |
|
||
| | |configuration of a Windows system |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|...\... (or) .../... |Walk a hierarchy in a |linux uses / to delimit elements in |
|
||
| |menu or filesystem |hierarchies. Windows uses \ to delimit |
|
||
| | |element in hierarchies. |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|bash> .. |Enter instructions into |bash> uname -a (returns linux kernel |
|
||
| |a bash-style shell |version information) |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|A:\> ... (or) C:\> ... |Enter instruction into a|+-------------------------------------+|
|
||
| |dos shell ||[Start\Run...] Open: command [OK] ||
|
||
| | ||C:\> ver ||
|
||
| | ||(returns Windows version information)||
|
||
| | |+-------------------------------------+|
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|<...> |replace with indicated |Enter First Name: <your first name> |
|
||
| |value | |
|
||
+------------------------+------------------------+---------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
Glossary
|
||
|
||
B
|
||
|
||
BIOS (BIOS)
|
||
A bios (Basic Input/Output System) is a small operating system supplied
|
||
with and usually encoded in the computer hardware. The bios is often
|
||
little more than is needed to load and run the operating system normally
|
||
used. Most BIOSs at press time reside in shadow ram which is
|
||
electronically removed from the computer once the normal operating system
|
||
is loaded and starts running.
|
||
|
||
Boot Manager
|
||
See: Master Boot Record
|
||
|
||
|
||
D
|
||
|
||
Defragmenting
|
||
See: Repartitioning
|
||
|
||
Disk
|
||
A disk is a physical storage medium. A disk must be formatted before data
|
||
on the disk is accessible. A municipal library building is a good model
|
||
of a disk. The building itslf has a fixed volume and can therefore hold a
|
||
fixed number of books. The largest number of books can be stored by
|
||
simply dumping them inside the building, but the result would simply be a
|
||
big trash pile and the books would not be available for use. In order to
|
||
use the books, they are placed on bookshelves so they can be accessed.
|
||
Placing the equivalent of bookshelves on the disk is called formatting
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 1. Distributions
|
||
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
|
||
|Component |Analog |
|
||
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
|
||
|disk |municipal library building|
|
||
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
|
||
|format |bookshelves |
|
||
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
F
|
||
|
||
Filesystems (MBR)
|
||
See: Partition
|
||
|
||
Format (MBR)
|
||
See: Disk
|
||
|
||
Formating
|
||
Though beyond the scope of this HOWTO, low-level formatting refers to the
|
||
phsyical division of the magnetic media into magnetic domains similar to
|
||
applying the bias to magnetic tape.
|
||
|
||
See Also: Disk.
|
||
|
||
|
||
M
|
||
|
||
Master Boot Record (MBR)
|
||
Each bootable partition has firmware that runs in the bios. This firmware
|
||
historically occupies the 446 bytes before the partition table. A simple
|
||
master boot record simply copies the operating system from the media into
|
||
memory and turns computer control over to the operating system.
|
||
|
||
At power up, cold boot, or warm boot, the bios searches the computer
|
||
storage media until it finds a master boot record which it then executes
|
||
it. The search locations and order differ between different bioses. Often
|
||
the search order is configuratble with firmware encoded in the computer
|
||
hardware with the bios. The most common search order is floppy, cdrom,
|
||
network, usb disk, scsi disk, ide disk.
|
||
|
||
A more complex master boot record, called a boot manager, loads a program
|
||
into memory that gives the user an opportunity to select which operating
|
||
system to load.
|
||
|
||
|
||
O
|
||
|
||
Operating System (OS)
|
||
An operating system is firmware that supports effective computter use. As
|
||
an allocator, the operating system verifies that only one process at a
|
||
time controls the cpu , disk, write access to a file, and other
|
||
unshareable resources. As a toolkit, the operating system provides a set
|
||
of software pieces for common functions (e.g. reading from a file,
|
||
writing to the screen). As a virtual machine, the operating system makes
|
||
the physical computer behave like another well-specified computer, so
|
||
that software can be written once for the well-specified computer and
|
||
then run on many physical computers with compatible operating systems. As
|
||
an allocator, the operating system is like the staff that schedules the
|
||
use of meeting rooms in the library. As a toolkit, the operating system
|
||
is like the library staff that reshelves books or the library copier. As
|
||
a virtual machine, the operating system is like one of the many libraries
|
||
that endeaver to look like the U.S. Library of Congress with vertical
|
||
bookshelves, a circular reference desk, and a lobby area with indices. A
|
||
patron entering any such library finds the layout familiar, and one
|
||
patron can give usable directions to a patron of a different library.
|
||
|
||
<20><>+<2B>Allocator
|
||
|
||
<20><>+<2B>Toolkit
|
||
|
||
<20><>+<2B>Virtual Machine
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 2. Operating System
|
||
+----------------+----------------+
|
||
|Component |Analog |
|
||
+----------------+----------------+
|
||
|operating system|library staff |
|
||
+----------------+----------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
P
|
||
|
||
Partition
|
||
A disk is a physical portion of a disk. A filesystem is a map between
|
||
addresses and files accessed on the disk. Most libraries are divided into
|
||
floors or sections, such as Adult Fiction, Reference, and Juvenile
|
||
Non-Fiction. Each section usually has its own card catalog and often
|
||
different sections use different schemes. Adult Fiction is usually
|
||
indexed by Author Name. Reference is usually indexed by Subject. There
|
||
are even competing indexing schemes for the same section such as Dewey
|
||
Decimal or Library of Congress.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 3. Partition
|
||
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
|
||
|Component |Analog |
|
||
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
|
||
|partition |library building floor |
|
||
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
|
||
|filesystem |indexing scheme and card catalog|
|
||
+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
Partition Table
|
||
Every disk has a partition table stored in a standard location and in a
|
||
standard format on the disk. The partition table describes where each
|
||
partition begins and ends on the disk. The partition table also describes
|
||
what filesystem is used in each partition. The partition table is like
|
||
the wall map that usually appears at the entry to any library. This wall
|
||
map tells where each section (e.g. Reference, Adult Fiction, Juvenile
|
||
Non-fiction) is located and how the books are shelved (e.g. Title,
|
||
Author, Dewey Decimal)
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table 4. Partition Table
|
||
+-----------------+-----------------+
|
||
|Component |Analog |
|
||
+-----------------+-----------------+
|
||
|partition table |library floor map|
|
||
+-----------------+-----------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
R
|
||
|
||
Repartitioning
|
||
Before defragmenting, the index (I), active files (A) and deleted files
|
||
(d) are distributed across the partition.
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||I|I|d|A|d|d|d|d|d|d|d|d|A|A|d|d|d|d|d|d|A|A|A|d|d|A| | | | | |
|
||
|'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' |
|
||
| |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
After defragmenting, the index(I), and active files (A) are concentrated.
|
||
Some deleted files (d) are lost. Some space formerly occupied by active
|
||
files become lost (l).
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||I|I|A|A|A|A|A|A|A|d|d|d|l|l|d|d|d|d|d|d|l|l|l|d|d|l| | | | | |
|
||
|'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' |
|
||
| |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
After splitting, no active data is lost, and a new partition appears that
|
||
is not yet formatted.
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||I|I|A|A|A|A|A|A|A|d| |
|
||
|+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||d|d|l|l|d|d|d|d|d|d|l|l|l|d|d|l| | | | | |
|
||
|'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' |
|
||
| |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
After repartitioning, the new partition is further split.
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||I|I|A|A|A|A|A|A|A|d| |
|
||
|+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
|
||
||d|d|l|l|d|d|d|d|d|d| |
|
||
|+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
|
||
||l|l|l|d|d|l| | | | | |
|
||
|'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' |
|
||
| |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
After formatting, each formatted partition has an empty filesystem. (e.g.
|
||
dos6 (I, A), ext2 (N, A), vfat (V, A)).
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. |
|
||
||I|I|A|A|A|A|A|A|A|d| |
|
||
|+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
|
||
||N| |N| | | | | | | | |
|
||
|+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
|
||
||V|V|V| | | | | | | | |
|
||
|'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' |
|
||
| |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
|
||
S
|
||
|
||
Splitting
|
||
See: Repartitioning
|
||
|
||
|
||
W
|
||
|
||
Winmodem
|
||
Winmodems are a class of devices including winprinters, winscanners.
|
||
Winmodems are a subset of the class of devices that achieve low-cost by
|
||
replacing hardware in their convential equivalents with firmware run by
|
||
the host. The drawback of these devices is that their dependence on the
|
||
host usually slows or prohibits other operations simultaneously on the
|
||
host.
|
||
|
||
By analogy low-cost headlights for an automobile might consist of a
|
||
flashlight atop a battery tray that sits in the front passenger seat. To
|
||
use the headlights, you must start the car, remove the battery from the
|
||
car, and install the car battery in the flashlight tray. The headlight
|
||
cost is reduced by the cost of the solenoid, dashboard switch, wiring,
|
||
and fuses. If you use the headlights, the limitations mean that you can't
|
||
carry a front passenger, you can't restart the car, you can't use the car
|
||
radio, and the fuel guage reads empty.
|
||
|
||
Winmodems are distinct from the slightly larger class of these low-cost
|
||
devices by the fact that they use proprietary firmware included in the
|
||
Windows operating system. In the United States, it is illegal to sell
|
||
firmware to use this proprietary firmware without Microsoft consent. At
|
||
press time, the price of Microsoft consent is only slightly less than the
|
||
cost of a convential device.
|
||
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
Bibliography
|
||
|
||
DosLinux: Small linux distribution installed on an existing Dos system i.e.
|
||
msdos, pcdos, opendos, and win95/98., .
|
||
|
||
|
||
e2fsck: ext2 filesystem checker Included in tomsrtbt, .
|
||
|
||
|
||
fdisk: Partition table editor Included in most linux distributions (e.g.
|
||
tomsrtbt, Slackware), .
|
||
|
||
ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/systems/linux/slackware/slakware/a14/util.tgz
|
||
|
||
|
||
fips: Partition Splitter, .
|
||
|
||
ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/system/installl/
|
||
|
||
|
||
format: Windows Partition Fromatter Included in Windows 95/98/NT, Microsoft.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Ghost: Windows Partition Backup, Norton.
|
||
|
||
http://www.norton.com/sabu/ghost/
|
||
|
||
|
||
Hardware Compatibility HOWTO: compilation of linux support experience what
|
||
works, what doesn't, If the product manufacturer does not support linux, it
|
||
may be several months before user experience is reported, .
|
||
|
||
http://howto.linuxberg.com/LDP/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html
|
||
|
||
|
||
lilo: Simple text configuratble boot manager, .
|
||
|
||
|
||
mke2fs: ext2 filesystem creator Included in tomsrtbt, .
|
||
|
||
|
||
mkswap: swap filesystem creator Include in tomsrtbt, .
|
||
|
||
|
||
System Performance Tuning: , O'Reiley & Associates, Inc., 0-937175-60-9.
|
||
|
||
http://www.ora.com/catalog/spt/
|
||
|
||
|
||
tob: Unix Tape-Oriented Backup, .
|
||
|
||
http://metabab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/backup/
|
||
|
||
|
||
tomsrtbt: Tom's Root Boot Small Linux distribution that fits on a single
|
||
floppy disk t's useful as a root/boot/recovery disk, Toms Ochser.
|
||
|
||
http://www.tux.org/pub/distributions/tinylinux/tomsrtbt/
|
||
|
||
|
||
vmware: x86 emulation, VMware, Inc..
|
||
|
||
http://www.vmware.com/
|
||
|
||
|
||
yast: Yet another Setup Tool Suse System Configuration Tool, SuSE GmbH.
|
||
|
||
http://newton.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/doc/susehilf/pak_e/paket_yast.html
|