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The Hebrew HOWTO
Maintained by Yair G. Rajwan, <tt>yair@hobbes.jct.ac.il</tt>
v0.4, 12 September 1995
This `Frequently Asked Questions' (FAQ) / HOWTO document describes how
to configure your Linux machine to use Hebrew characters on X-Windows
and Virtual Consoles. The most up-to-date version of the Hebrew-HOWTO
may be obtained from my Web page
<http://shekel.jct.ac.il/~rajwan/Hebrew.html> or from
<tt>ftp://hobbes.jct.ac.il</tt> <ftp://hobbes.jct.ac.il>.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Changes.
1.2 Thanks
2. Standards for representation of Hebrew characters
2.1 ASCII
2.2 DOS Hebrew
2.3 ISO Hebrew
2.4 OLD PC Hebrew
2.5 Conversions
3. Virtual Consoles (VCs)
4. X Windows setup - XFree86 3.1
4.1 Hebrew fonts.
4.2 Installing fonts
4.3 Making an X application to use Hebrew fonts.
4.3.1 Xterm
4.3.2 Netscape
4.4 Mapping the keyboard.
4.5 Integrating all the above, examples.
5. Shells setup.
5.1 bash
5.2 tcsh
6. Applications
6.1 Vim
6.2 Hebrew pine and pico
6.3 Some emacs Hebrew ports.
6.4 Dosemu
6.5 XHTerm
6.6 TeX--XeT - Hebrew Tex.
7. Printer setup
8. Commercial products.
8.1 El-Mar software.
9. Hebrew around the Internet.
9.1 WWW
9.2 Gopher
9.3 Ftp
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
Any language setup, other than the original American English, has two
issues:
1. Displaying the right characters (fonts) - for Hebrew it's
ISO-8859-8 standard.
2. Mapping the keyboard.
There is much more to Hebrew than that (like right to left, geometry
in X-Windows,etc), but this HOWTO (at least for the first draft) deals
only with the basic issues.
More information can be found in the various "national" HOWTOs
(German, Danish, etc.) and in the ISO 8859-1 HOWTO
(ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit
<ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit> FAQ-ISO-8859-1).
1.1. Changes.
o FIRST DRAFT to 0.2.
Most of this file is taken from the first draft by Vlad Moseanu.
o 0.2 to 0.3Beta.
Added excerpts from documents from the archive e-brew.zip from
ftp://ftp.jer1.co.il/pub/software/msdos/communication
<ftp://ftp.jer1.co.il/pub/software/msdos/communication>, and some
bug fixes with the help of JCT Linux-il group members.
o 0.3Beta to 0.4.
After the first release of the Hebrew-HOWTO to the Linux-il it
contain all the E-mail send to me regarding spelling/grammer and
Tex-Xet, Mule and Vim info.
1.2. Thanks
This HOWTO prepared by the help of all the group: Linux-il - 'The
Israeli Linux users group' and especially by:
The Linux-il group (Linux-il@hagiga.jct.ac.il)
Vlad Moseanu (vlad@actcom.co.il)
Gili Granot (gil@csc.cs.technion.ac.il)
Harvey J. Stein (hjstein@math.huji.ac.il)
Dovie Adler (dadler@hobbes.jct.ac.il)
Gavrie Philipson (gavrie@shekel.jct.ac.il)
2. Standards for representation of Hebrew characters
2.1. ASCII
To make one thing clear, for once and forever: There is no such thing
as 8-bit ASCII. ASCII is only 7 bits. Any 8-bit code is not ASCII, but
that doesn't mean it's not standard. ISO-8859-8 is standard, but not
ASCII. Thanks!
2.2. DOS Hebrew
The Hebrew encoding starts at 128d for Aleph. Therefore, encoding
requires 8 bits. This is what you have on the Video card EPROM
hardware fonts, all of the Hebrew DOS based editors use this table
(Qtext, HED, etc.).
2.3. ISO Hebrew
The Hebrew encoding starts at 224 for Aleph. This is the Internet
standard, international standard and basically the standard for Ms-
Windows and for Macintoshes (Dagesh, etc...).
2.4. OLD PC Hebrew
This is 7-bit, and obsolete, as it occupies essentially the same ASCII
range as English lowercase letters. So, it is best avoided. However,
when ISO Hebrew gets its eighth bit stripped off by some ignorant Unix
mail program (so you get a jumble of English letters for the Hebrew
part of your message and the regular English, reversed or not, mixed
in), you will get this, and will need to transform it to PC or ISO. If
there was English mixed in with the Hebrew, this will be a sad
situation, as you will either get Hebrew plus jumble, or English plus
jumble...
2.5. Conversions
Here are some simple scripts to convert from each standard to the
other:
DOS - ISO: tr '\200-\232' '\340-\372' < {dos_file} > {iso_file}
ISO - DOS: tr '\340-\372' '\200-\232' < {iso_file} > {dos_file}
OLD - DOS: tr -z '\200-\232' < {old_Hebrew_file} > {dos_file}
NOTE: The numbers use by tr are in octal!
3. Virtual Consoles (VCs)
Every distribution of Slackware comes with kbd; the package is called
keytbls under Slackware (a4 in 2.3.0 - kbd 0.90). Joel Hoffman has
contributed Hebrew fonts and keymaps from his original codepage.tar.Z
file. Look under /usr/lib/kbd for iso08.* files. It follows ISO 8859-8
and the Hebrew keytables and maps.
Put the following lines in /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
-----
#!/bin/sh
# Put any local setup commands in here
#
INITTY=/dev/tty[1-6]
PATH=/sbin:/etc:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
#
# kbd - Set the the console font and keyboard
# set numlock and set metabit mode on tty1 .. tty8
for tty in $INITTY
do
# setleds -D +num < $tty > /dev/null
setmetamode metabit < $tty > /dev/null
done
# Latin8(Hebrew) keyboard/console
setfont iso08.f16
mapscrn trivial
loadkeys Hebrew
# enable mapping
for tty in $INITTY
do
echo -n -e "\\033(K" >$tty
done
-----
NOTE: If you are using X Windows be careful with "setleds", it may
hang the X server.
The above setup works fine with the Hebrew version of pico (pine) and
displays correctly ISO 8859-8 Hebrew (X Windows, MS Windows).
4. X Windows setup - XFree86 3.1
4.1. Hebrew fonts.
XFree86 3.1 comes with two Hebrew fonts: heb6x13, heb8x13. Additional
Hebrew fonts can be found on the Net:
o The web Type1 fonts (Helvetica/David style (proportional) and
Courier/Shalom Stick style (fixed space) ) from the snunit-project
archive at ftp://snunit.huji.ac.il/pub/fonts/
<ftp://snunit.huji.ac.il/pub/fonts/>, it's good for netscape Hebrew
pages.
o Avner Lottem, (lottem@techUnix.technion.ac.il) put some Hebrew-ISO
8859-8 fonts on archive at
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts/hebxfonts-0.1.tgz
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts/>, it has a font that's
good for dosemu under X-Windows (read his README file).
4.2. Installing fonts
o Fonts exaptable: pcf (Portable Compiled Format), bdf (Bitmap
Distribution Format), pfb (Type1 fonts).
o Move the fonts to some existing directory (/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc)
or create a new one (/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Hebrew). compress (to *.Z)
the fonts to save space (NOT GZIP!!!).
o Run the mkfontdir to create/re-create the fonts.dir and edit
fonts.alias (optional) to define new aliases.
o For Type1 fonts, mkfontdir does nothing. You have to add these
fonts to fonts.dir manually.
o Make sure that the directory is in the X server path. Edit the
XF86Config and add the appropriate path -- FontPath
"/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/...".
4.3. Making an X application to use Hebrew fonts.
In short you need to set the appropriate resource.
4.3.1. Xterm
Put the following line in the $HOME/.Xresources:
xterm*font: heb8x13
or simply start xterm with xterm -fn heb8x13 The above font is way too
small, so search for a better one ... See the comments/examples on
starting X11.
4.3.2. Netscape
Usaly you can use the hebrew fonts from ``snunit - webfonts'', Install
it ``as described'', and then put the next defaults in your local
.Xdefaults or in the app-defaults/Netscape.
----
*documentFonts.latin1.variable.italic*slant: r
*documentFonts.latin1.variable.boldItalic*slant: r
*documentFonts.latin1.variable*family: web
*documentFonts.latin1.fixed*family: webmono
*documentFonts.latin1*registry: iso8859
*documentFonts.latin1*encoding: 8
----
In general you can put any fonts insted of the webfonts files as long
as its supported by X11 ``as described''.
4.4. Mapping the keyboard.
For some reason the X server doesn't inherit the keymap from the
previous paragraph, and anyway I would like to define ALT Left and ALT
Right and Scroll Lock. When pressing ALT together with some key it
will generate a Hebrew character, Scroll Lock will lock in Hebrew
mode.
To do that we need to use xmodmap. Following is a Xmodmap which also
corrects the bugs with the "Num Lock":
-----
! Hebrew key mapping for XFree86 (for US/Hebrew keyboards).
! By Vlad Moseanu
!
keysym Alt_L = Mode_switch
keysym Alt_R = Mode_switch
!clear Mod1
clear Mod2
!add Mod1 = Alt_L
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
!
! Set the mapping for each key
!
keycode 8 =
keycode 9 = Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam
keycode 11 = 2 at
keycode 12 = 3 numbersign
keycode 13 = 4 dollar
keycode 14 = 5 percent
keycode 15 = 6 asciicircum
keycode 16 = 7 ampersand
keycode 17 = 8 asterisk
keycode 18 = 9 parenleft
keycode 19 = 0 parenright
keycode 20 = minus underscore
keycode 21 = equal plus
keycode 22 = Delete
keycode 23 = Tab
keycode 24 = q Q slash Q
keycode 25 = w W apostrophe W
keycode 26 = e E 0x00f7 E
keycode 27 = r R 0x00f8 R
keycode 28 = t T 0x00e0 T
keycode 29 = y Y 0x00e8 Y
keycode 30 = u U 0x00e5 U
keycode 31 = i I 0x00ef I
keycode 32 = o O 0x00ed O
keycode 33 = p P 0x00f4 P
keycode 34 = bracketleft braceleft
keycode 35 = bracketright braceright
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a A 0x00f9 A
keycode 39 = s S 0x00e3 S
keycode 40 = d D 0x00e2 D
keycode 41 = f F 0x00eb F
keycode 42 = g G 0x00f2 G
keycode 43 = h H 0x00e9 H
keycode 44 = j J 0x00e7 J
keycode 45 = k K 0x00ec K
keycode 46 = l L 0x00ea L
keycode 47 = semicolon colon 0x00f3 colon
keycode 48 = apostrophe quotedbl comma quotedbl
keycode 49 = grave asciitilde semicolon asciitilde
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = backslash bar
keycode 52 = z Z 0x00e6 Z
keycode 53 = x X 0x00f1 X
keycode 54 = c C 0x00e1 C
keycode 55 = v V 0x00e4 V
keycode 56 = b B 0x00f0 B
keycode 57 = n N 0x00ee N
keycode 58 = m M 0x00f6 M
keycode 59 = comma less 0x00fa less
keycode 60 = period greater 0x00f5 greater
keycode 61 = slash question period question
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
!keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1
keycode 68 = F2
keycode 69 = F3
keycode 70 = F4
keycode 71 = F5
keycode 72 = F6
keycode 73 = F7
keycode 74 = F8
keycode 75 = Escape
keycode 76 = F10
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 91 = KP_Decimal
keycode 92 = Sys_Req
keycode 93 =
keycode 94 =
keycode 95 = F11
keycode 96 = F12
keycode 97 = Home
keycode 98 = Up
keycode 99 = Prior
keycode 100 = Left
keycode 101 = Begin
keycode 102 = Right
keycode 103 = End
keycode 104 = Down
keycode 105 = Next
keycode 106 = Insert
keycode 107 = Delete
keycode 108 = KP_Enter
keycode 109 = Control_R
keycode 110 = Pause
keycode 111 = Print
keycode 112 = KP_Divide
!keycode 113 = Alt_R Meta_R
keycode 114 = Break
!
! This xmodmap file can be use to set the correct numerical keypad mapping
! when "ServerNumLock" is set in the XF86Config file. In this case the
! Xserver takes care of the Num Lock processing.
!
!
keycode 136 = KP_7
keycode 137 = KP_8
keycode 138 = KP_9
keycode 139 = KP_4
keycode 140 = KP_5
keycode 141 = KP_6
keycode 142 = KP_1
keycode 143 = KP_2
keycode 144 = KP_3
keycode 145 = KP_0
keycode 146 = KP_Decimal
keycode 147 = Home
keycode 148 = Up
keycode 149 = Prior
keycode 150 = Left
keycode 151 = Begin
keycode 152 = Right
keycode 153 = End
keycode 154 = Down
keycode 155 = Next
keycode 156 = Insert
keycode 157 = Delete
-----
To use the Xmodmap above define "Scroll-Lock Mode-Lock" in the
XF86Config.
4.5. Integrating all the above, examples.
If you are using xdm a $HOME/.xsession should look like the following:
-----
#!/bin/sh
# $XConsortium: Xsession,v 1.9 92/08/29 16:24:57 gildea Exp $
#
# General defs
#
export OPENWINHOME=/usr/openwin
export MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/man/preformat:/usr/man:/usr/X11R6/man
#export HOSTNAME="`cat /etc/HOSTNAME`"
export PATH="/bin: /usr/bin: /usr/X11/bin: /usr/X386/bin: /usr/TeX/bini: /usr/local/bin: /usr/games:."
LESS=-MM
if [ -z $XAPPLRESDIR ]; then
XAPPLRESDIR=/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults:/usr/local/lib/X11/app-defaults
else
XAPPLRESDIR=$XAPPLRESDIR:/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults
fi
export XAPPLRESDIR
#
sysresources=/usr/lib/X11/Xresources
sysmodmap=/usr/lib/X11/Xmodmap
resources=$HOME/.Xresources
xmodmap=$HOME/.Xmodmap
if [ -f $sysresources ]; then
xrdb -merge $sysresources
fi
if [ -f $sysmodmap ]; then
xmodmap $sysmodmap
fi
if [ -f $resources ]; then
xrdb -merge $resources
fi
if [ -f $xmodmap ]; then
xmodmap $xmodmap
fi
#
# Start applications
#
# xterm -ls -sb &
xhost + # look out !!!
exec fvwm
-----
If you prefer startx use the above as an example for .xinitrc.
5. Shells setup.
For more details read the ``ISO 8859-1'' HOWTO.
5.1. bash
Create a $HOME/.inputrc contain the following:
-----
set meta-flag On
set convert-meta Off
set output-meta On
-----
5.2. tcsh
Define the following in the $HOME/.login or /etc/csh.login:
setenv LANG iw_IL.ISO8859-8 (or iw_IL) Actually because the
binary version of tcsh is complied without nls the LANG can be set to
anything and it will still work (no need for /usr/lib/nls...). The
lang. name also shows my Digital bias ...
6. Applications
6.1. Vim
o The Vim is a Vi IMproved editor with some enhanced commands and the
hebrew support was made bu Dov Grobgeld (HED developer).
o Another Vim patch announced by Avner Lottem,
lottem@techunix.technion.ac.il and can be obtained from
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/vi/vim3.0-rlh0.1.tgz
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/editors/vi/vim3.0-rlh0.1.tgz>.
o For more info, you can look at
http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gil/var.html
<http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gil/var.html>
6.2. Hebrew pine and pico
The pine and it's additional editor pico had been changed by Helen
Zommer from CC-huji and has a bug-report mail: pineh-
bug@horizon.cc.huji.ac.il. It can be down-loaded from
ftp://horizon.cc.huji.ac.il/pub <ftp://horizon.cc.huji.ac.il/pub>.
6.3. Some emacs Hebrew ports.
o Hebrew package by Joseph Friedman. It includes some Hebrew fonts in
BDF format, patch for emacs 18.58 and an elisp package. It is fine,
but nobody uses emacs 18.* anymore. It can be obtained from:
ftp://archive.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-
archive/misc/Hebrew.tar.Z <ftp://archive.cis.ohio-
state.edu/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/misc/Hebrew.tar.Z>.
o A very simple Hebrew package. Includes only right-to-left cursor
movement support and right-to-left sorting. Works without any
patches with FSF emacs 19. Can be obtained from
ftp://archive.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-
archive/misc/Hebrew.el.Z <ftp://archive.cis.ohio-
state.edu/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/misc/Hebrew.el.Z>.
o One of emacs branches - MULE (Multi Lingual Emacs) Supports a lot
of languages including Hebrew. It compiles and runs under Linux
with no problem. It is full Emacs, with Hebrew support and double-
direction handling. It can be obtained from:
ftp://kelim.jct.ac.il/pub/Hebrew <ftp://kelim.jct.ac.il/pub/Hebrew>
6.4. Dosemu
For a VC dosemu you can use your Hebrew from the Video card EPROM, and
if you don't have it there are plenty of Hebrew dos fonts from EGA
support to the VGA Hebrew support.
For X-Windows support you should download the file:
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts/hebxfonts-0.1.tgz
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/fonts/hebxfonts-0.1.tgz> it's
contain some fonts include one called vgah.pcf that you should install
it on your fonts directory as describe ``above'' the fonts are:
6.5. XHTerm
There is a main port of the regular X-Term program for use with a
Hebrew fonts - XHTerm = xterm + Hebrew support. The port for a sun
machine was made avalible by the help of Danny
<tt>danny@cs.huji.ac.il</tt>. Evgeny has some patch for use this port
under Linux. His version should come with a pre-compiled XHTerm for
both X11R5 and X11R6. You should use xhterm with the option -fn and a
Hebrew font ``as described''! Danny's port (for SUN) can be obtained
from: ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/local/xhterm
<ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/local/xhterm> and the patched version of
Evgeny Stambulchik is on: ftp://plasma-
gate.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/linux <ftp://plasma-
gate.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/linux> Get it from there and you'll
get 5 ``fonts with it'': [heb10x20.pcf, heb6x13.bdf, heb6x13.pcf,
heb8x13.bdf, heb8x13.pcf]
6.6. TeX--XeT - Hebrew Tex.
The bigest problem with Tex with Hebrew is that the charecters should
go backwards relative to Visual look (i.e. pico inserts the charecters
from right to left), so the best thing is to get XHterm with a regular
emacs and write the Hebrew left to right, backwards as well.
The newer NTeX distribution on sunsite (v1.5) includes everything,
including TeX--XeT, precompiled for Linux. It can be obtained from
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu.gz/pub/Linux/apps/tex/ntex
<ftp://sunsite.unc.edu.gz/pub/Linux/apps/tex/ntex>. An older version
of TeX--XeT can be obtained from ftp://noa.huji.ac.il/tex
<ftp://noa.huji.ac.il/tex>. This older version, however, has to be
recompiled (not recommended).
These TeX distributions are fine if you use LaTeX2.09. If you want to
use LaTeX2e (the current de facto standard) you have a problem. Alon
Ziv (alonz@csa.cs.technion.ac.il) is currently working in support for
LaTeX2e with Hebrew, using the Babel languages system. I don't know
the current status of his work -- ask him!
7. Printer setup
Mainly there is not to say, if you have a regular ASCII line printer
(who does, these days?) there is a good chance that there are Hebrew
fonts in it on the EPROM chip.
If you use PostScript, you should download soft fonts to the printer
(you can always use the ``earlier mentioned'' Web fonts for that.
These fonts are also useable with Ghostscript).
If you have a PCL printer (LaserJet etc.), you can either use font
cartridges or use Ghostscript.
8. Commercial products.
8.1. El-Mar software.
The Hebrew Support for X-Windows & Motif, is a product of El-Mar
Software, which adds Hebrew functionality to many of the parts and
layers of X-Windows and Motif, including Xlib, all of the widgets of
Motif, hterm (Hebrew xterm), demos and simple useful applications
(e.g. bi-lingual Motif-based editor), fonts (including scalable
Type1), keyboard-manager in order to allow Hebrew and push-mode for
non-Motif applications, etc.
Despite allowing many new features and variations for Motif widgets,
the support doesn't have any modification to internal data-structures
of Motif, so existing applications which were compiled and linked
under non-Hebrew environment and libraries, can be relinked (without
compilation!) and run with Hebrew (you can replace shared-libraries,
so even the relink is not needed!)
By using another tool of us, Motif/Xplorer, you can take commercial
applications (without their source) and translate them to Hebrew. This
was the way of giving Hebrew support for Oracle Forms 4, Intellicorp's
Kappa and OMW, CA-Unicenter, and many other leading UNIX tools sold in
Israel. This product was purchased and adopted by most of the
workstation vendors (9 of them, including the biggest: Sun, HP, SGI),
and many other software houses. There are Makefiles for more than 30
platforms and operating systems.
We believe only in open software, so all the customers get the
compelete source code. We have good relations with the leading forces
in this industry, including the technical staff of X-Consortium and
the technical staff of COSE.
Eli Marmor
El-Mar Software Ltd.
Voice: 050-237338
FAX: 09-984279
marmor@sunshine.cs.biu.ac.il
P.S.: The announcement of the Arabic Support for X-Windows & Motif, is
expected in January. English, Hebrew, and Arabic will be handled by 8
bits (!), including the full set of Arabic glyphes.
9. Hebrew around the Internet.
9.1. WWW
o Jerusalem 1 - has many program and FAQ files about Hebrew on Unix
and other platforms http://www.jer1.co.il <http://www.jer1.co.il>.
o Gili Granot's Hebrew archive page - sumerize of all Hebrew related
issues around the Web (include all kind of files)
http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gil
<http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gil>.
o Gavrie has some info about Hebrew on his ftp site:
ftp://kelim.jct.ac.il <ftp://kelim.jct.ac.il>
9.2. Gopher
o A one word testing for Hebrew-gopher can be found on
gopher://shekel.jct.ac.il <gopher://shekel.jct.ac.il>
9.3. Ftp
o Some Tex-Xet programs and the main FTP site for Tex Hebrew support
for PC and Unix is at ftp://noa.huji.ac.il/tex
<ftp://noa.huji.ac.il/tex>.
o Horizon site as ``said allready'' contains the main site of
pine/pico Hebrew support - ftp://horizon.huji.ac.il/pub
<ftp://horizon.huji.ac.il/pub>.
o Gili Granot's Hebrew archive page ftp site is at
ftp://ssl.cs.technion.ac.il/pub <ftp://ssl.cs.technion.ac.il/pub>.
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