1730 lines
34 KiB
HTML
1730 lines
34 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Online Troubleshooting Resources: HOWTO</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="article"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="ARTICLE"
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><DIV
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CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
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><H1
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CLASS="title"
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><A
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NAME="AEN2"
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></A
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>Online Troubleshooting Resources: HOWTO</H1
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><H3
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CLASS="author"
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><A
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NAME="AEN4"
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>Jean-Philippe Guérard</A
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></H3
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><SPAN
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CLASS="releaseinfo"
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>Version 1.7<BR></SPAN
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><P
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CLASS="pubdate"
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>2006-05-25<BR></P
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><DIV
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CLASS="revhistory"
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><TABLE
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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COLSPAN="3"
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><B
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>Revision History</B
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></TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.7</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>2006-05-25</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: JPG</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Two updates following suggestions of Oguz Yarimtepe (the Basic
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Unix Tutorial of Idaho State University is not available
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anymore, update of the link to the Why use Google page). Added
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a section listing translations of this document.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.6</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>2005-08-06</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: JPG</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Added FOLDOC (thanks to Howard Mann for suggesting this).
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General document update and cleanup. Added the text of the Open
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Publication Licence at the end of the document.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.5</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>2002-10-20</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: JPG</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>More dead links removal & URL updates.
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Author and copyright updated as per Horward Mann request.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.4</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>2002-03-04</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: JPG</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Dead links removal. Outdated links update. Revision of the
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HOWTOs and FAQs sections.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.3</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>2000-07-24</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: HM</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Update.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.2</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>1999-11-20</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: HM</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Added "Introduction to Unix" to Unix section.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 1.1</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>1999-11-08</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: HM</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Added Geocrawler.com to Mailing List Section. Convert to
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DocBook.</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revision 0.5</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>1999-09-18</TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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>Revised by: HM</TD
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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COLSPAN="3"
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>Initial release.</TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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><DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="abstract"
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><A
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NAME="AEN51"
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></A
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><P
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></P
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><P
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>
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Troubleshooting a Linux-related issue is often perceived as a difficult
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task. But, often, the solution is just a few clicks away on the
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internet. This document will direct Linux users to resources available
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on the Internet that provide access to a vast amount of Linux-related
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information useful in the troubleshooting problems.
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</P
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><P
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></P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><HR></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="TOC"
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><DL
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><DT
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><B
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>Table of Contents</B
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></DT
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><DT
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>1. <A
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HREF="#intro"
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>Introduction</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>1.1. <A
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HREF="#updates"
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>Document Updates</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.2. <A
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HREF="#copyright"
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>Copyright and License</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.3. <A
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HREF="#feedback"
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>Feedback and Corrections</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.4. <A
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HREF="#translations"
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>Translations</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.5. <A
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HREF="#history"
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>Document history</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>2. <A
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HREF="#faqs"
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>Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQs)</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3. <A
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HREF="#onlinesupport"
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>Online Support Sections</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>4. <A
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HREF="#searchengines"
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>Internet Search Engines</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>4.1. <A
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HREF="#google"
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>Google.com</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>5. <A
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HREF="#usenet"
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>Usenet Newsgroup Archives</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>6. <A
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HREF="#mailinglists"
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>Mailing List Archives</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>7. <A
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HREF="#howtos"
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>HOWTOs</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>8. <A
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HREF="#usersmanuals"
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>Online User's Manuals</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>9. <A
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HREF="#unixrefs"
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>Online Unix References and Tutorials</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>10. <A
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HREF="#miscresources"
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>Miscellaneous Resources</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>10.1. <A
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HREF="#Xwindow"
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>Release Notes and Available Documentation related to the X Window Server</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>10.2. <A
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HREF="#gnumanuals"
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>GNU Software and Manuals</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>10.3. <A
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HREF="#FOLDOC"
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>The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>10.4. <A
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HREF="#webopedia"
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>An online dictionary of computer and technology terms</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>11. <A
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HREF="#conclusions"
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>Concluding Comments</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A. <A
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HREF="#openpub"
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>Open Publication License</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>A.1. <A
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HREF="#opl-requirements"
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>Requirements on both unmodified and modified versions</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A.2. <A
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HREF="#opl-copyright"
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>Copyright</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A.3. <A
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HREF="#opl-scope"
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>Scope of license</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A.4. <A
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HREF="#opl-modified-works"
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>Requirements on modified works</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A.5. <A
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HREF="#opl-good-practice"
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>Good-practice recommendations</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>A.6. <A
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HREF="#opl-options"
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>License options</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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></DL
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><H1
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CLASS="section"
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><A
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NAME="intro"
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></A
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>1. Introduction</H1
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><P
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>
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The traditional means of troubleshooting computer-related problems
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involves consulting user's manuals, books, friends - probably enticed
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with goodies - and, when all the former do not yield a solution, calling
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the technical support service of the vendor of the product in question.
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And, we all know pleasant and reliably efficacious the latter stratagem
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is. Unfortunately, this is the norm in the sphere of commercial
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proprietary products.
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</P
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><P
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>
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In contradistinction, Linux, and related distributions, utilities and
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applications software, have largely been developed according to the
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<A
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HREF="http://www.opensource.org"
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TARGET="_top"
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>Open Source</A
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> model,
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wherein developers have used electronic communication over the Internet
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- typically in the form of publicly-accessible Mailing Lists - to
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collaborate with their peers in the refinement of the associated source
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code. Such collaboration has also traditionally involved the online
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publication of user's manuals, lists of Frequently-Asked-Questions
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(FAQ's), knowledge bases, release notes, formal guides such as this
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document (HOWTO's) and tutorials. In addition, users often assist others
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through the forum of Usenet and other newsgroups and the posted messages
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are readily accessible in the form of searchable archives. These
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Linux-related newsgroups are renowned for their high level of user
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participation. In significant measure, Linux may be considered a product
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of the Internet.
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</P
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><P
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>
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Considered together, these resources enable access to a large,
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ever-expanding factual database, and my intent is to encourage and
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direct the reader to utilize these repositories when faced with an issue
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not addressed in the documentation that is included with each
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distribution of Linux. Linux veterans who assist newcomers through the
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forum of Usenet soon become aware of the frequency with which certain
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technical questions are repeatedly posted - questions the answers to
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which are readily available in one or more of the existent online
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repositories. So, to diminish the likelihood of being "flamed" in
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response to your posted question on Usenet or irc, read further!
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</P
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><P
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>
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Armed with a browser, Linux users may rapidly become adept at
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troubleshooting their systems. The key is knowing how and where to look.
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My objective is to guide the user - particularly the Linux newbie - in
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this quest.
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</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><HR><H2
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CLASS="section"
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><A
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NAME="updates"
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></A
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>1.1. Document Updates</H2
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><P
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>
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The <A
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HREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Online-Troubleshooting-HOWTO/"
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TARGET="_top"
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>latest version</A
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> of this document will
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always be available at the <A
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HREF="http://www.tldp.org"
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TARGET="_top"
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>Linux
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Documentation Project</A
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>. The document will also be available in
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SGML, PS, PDF, and other formats at that website.
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><HR><H2
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CLASS="section"
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><A
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NAME="copyright"
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></A
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>1.2. Copyright and License</H2
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><P
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>
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Copyright © 1999-2005, by Jean-Philippe Guérard. This material may
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be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the
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Open Publication Licence, v1.0 or later (see <A
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HREF="#openpub"
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>Appendix A</A
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>).
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><HR><H2
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CLASS="section"
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><A
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NAME="feedback"
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></A
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>1.3. Feedback and Corrections</H2
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><P
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|
>
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I always welcome feedback and constructive criticism. You can reach me
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at <TT
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CLASS="email"
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|
><<A
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|
HREF="mailto:jean DASH philippe DOT guerard AT tigreraye DOT org"
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|
>jean DASH philippe DOT guerard AT tigreraye DOT org</A
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>></TT
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|
>. In particular, I wish to be notified about
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any errors in this document and resources you believe deserving of
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|
inclusion, but not presently covered herein. Because the assessment of
|
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the value of a particular resource is inherently subjective, I do not
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guarantee that I will include it, but I will certainly give any
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suggestion thoughtful consideration. In anticipation, Thanks.
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><HR><H2
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CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
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NAME="translations"
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></A
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|
>1.4. Translations</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
This document has already been translated in several languages. If you
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have made a translation of this document, please e-mail me and I will
|
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add your translation to this list.
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|
<P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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>
|
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A <A
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HREF="http://www.traduc.org/docs/howto/lecture/Online-Troubleshooting-HOWTO.html"
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TARGET="_top"
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|
>French
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translation</A
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> has been made by Benoît Sibaud, of the <A
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HREF="http://www.traduc.org"
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|
TARGET="_top"
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|
>Traduc.org</A
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> project.
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|
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|
</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
|
|
>
|
|
A <A
|
|
HREF="http://docs.comu.edu.tr/howto/online-troubleshooting-howto-intro.html"
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TARGET="_top"
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|
>
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|
Turkish</A
|
|
> translation has been made by Oguz Yarimtepe, of the
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<A
|
|
HREF="http://docs.comu.edu.tr"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
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|
>docs.comu.edu.tr</A
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> project.
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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>
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="section"
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><HR><H2
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CLASS="section"
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><A
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NAME="history"
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></A
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>1.5. Document history</H2
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|
><P
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|
>
|
|
Howard Mann conceived and formulated the first version of this HOWTO. He
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kept managing and updating it until version 1.3. Maintainership was then
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taken over by Jean-Philippe Guérard, who is now in charge of this
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document.
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
|
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="section"
|
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><HR><H1
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CLASS="section"
|
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><A
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NAME="faqs"
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></A
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|
>2. Frequently-Asked-Questions (FAQs)</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Users of Internet Newsgroups and Mailing lists soon discovered that some
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|
basic questions were being asked over and over again. To provide an
|
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answer to these questions, and to avoid them being repeated continually,
|
|
FAQs were developed, listing the most classical questions and their
|
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agreed answers.
|
|
|
|
</P
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|
><P
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|
>
|
|
A list of FAQs is also a traditional accompaniment to Linux-related
|
|
software. The FAQ is the first document to peruse when troubleshooting a
|
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particular application. It provides answers to typical questions, and is
|
|
a good place to start troubleshooting a specific problem. In addition,
|
|
FAQs exist for Linux distributions, window managers, and the so-called
|
|
desktop environments (KDE and Gnome).
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
A FAQ is typically provided online by the developers of the product in
|
|
question, and enterprising users sometimes host an
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"unofficial"</SPAN
|
|
> FAQ as well. Search for the latter with an
|
|
Internet search engine.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
For Linux newbies, I provide links to two FAQs that collectively
|
|
address <EM
|
|
>many</EM
|
|
> of the questions posted to the Usenet
|
|
newsgroups:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The Linux FAQ</A
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.tux.org/lkml/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The Linux Kernel mailing list
|
|
FAQ</A
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="onlinesupport"
|
|
></A
|
|
>3. Online Support Sections</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
These sections are typically found at the websites of Linux
|
|
distributions, and often contain a variety of helpful documents with
|
|
information not easily encompassed within a FAQ. This is the second
|
|
place to go when troubleshooting a problem. Look for sections with one
|
|
or more of the following titles:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Installation Support
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Knowledge or Solutions Databases
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Tips and Tricks
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Errata, Fixes and Updates
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Security Information
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Bug Tracking System
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Bug Database
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Hardware Guide or Compatibility List
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Technical Guides
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> White Papers
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Some websites provide a site search engine that will facilitate your
|
|
quest for a solution.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
If you have a problem with a newly installed distribution, look here
|
|
first as bugs and their fixes are typically posted here. You may find a
|
|
detailed guide that will help you accomplish a task such as upgrading
|
|
your kernel or the version of the X Window System you are using.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
I have often been able to solve problems with my Linux distribution by
|
|
looking into the bug report database, and finding that another user
|
|
already has offered a solution to this issue.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
I recommend you spend some time at the website of the distribution you
|
|
are using, familiarizing yourself with what is available.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="searchengines"
|
|
></A
|
|
>4. Internet Search Engines</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
I frequently use a Search Engine to retrieve helpful or necessary
|
|
information from the 'net. These engines catalogue pages from
|
|
commercial, personal and academic websites, as well as Mailing Lists and
|
|
the like.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
There are several good search engine. It is worthwhile becoming very
|
|
familiar with the operational details of at least one non-directory
|
|
engine to maximize the efficiency and efficacy of your search efforts.
|
|
You probably already have a favorite - I like
|
|
<EM
|
|
>Google.com</EM
|
|
>, and will discuss it in a little more
|
|
detail.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The key to a successful search is to use a good set of keywords. If
|
|
you're getting a specific error message, you might search for its text.
|
|
Otherwise, you need to find a few relevant words describing your
|
|
problem. Then, by trial and error, you should be able to find some
|
|
pertinent information.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H2
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="google"
|
|
></A
|
|
>4.1. Google.com</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
This <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.google.com"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>engine</A
|
|
> has several novel
|
|
features that are described in its <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.google.com/technology/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Google Technology page</A
|
|
>.
|
|
In particular, the engine often returns the most useful pages first; in
|
|
fact, I have often found that the first listed page contains the
|
|
information I need. Because it caches web pages, it is relatively fast
|
|
at displaying requested items. It has a so-called
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="trademark"
|
|
>GoogleScout</SPAN
|
|
>™ feature, activated by clicking on the
|
|
"similar pages" links, that provides additional relevant links with each
|
|
item returned.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="usenet"
|
|
></A
|
|
>5. Usenet Newsgroup Archives</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The ability to search for and retrieve information from archived posts
|
|
to the Linux-related (Usenet) newsgroups represents a powerful means of
|
|
troubleshooting in Linux.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Search engines permit one to search the archives by stipulating the
|
|
forum, keywords, authors, dates, language and combinations thereof.
|
|
Because the number of Linux-related newsgroups is large, the likelihood
|
|
of finding useful information is high.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The main web site that currently provides access to Usenet archives
|
|
using a search engine is <A
|
|
HREF="http://groups.google.com"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>http://groups.google.com</A
|
|
>. The
|
|
most effective way to do a search is to use its <A
|
|
HREF="http://groups.google.com/advanced_group_search"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Advanced Groups
|
|
Search page</A
|
|
>.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
I would like to relate a brief anecdote to demonstrate the efficacy of
|
|
this approach. The first time I attempted to build a kernel, I was
|
|
presented with this error message when I invoked a <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"make"</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
command:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> make[1]: as86: Command not found
|
|
make[1]: *** [bootsect.o] Error 127
|
|
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot'
|
|
make: *** [zImage]
|
|
Error 2
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
I had no idea what <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>as86</TT
|
|
> was, but I entered it as the
|
|
keyword in the <EM
|
|
>Subject</EM
|
|
> field of the Advanced Groups
|
|
Search page at groups.google.com, and was presented with a large number
|
|
of posts from folks who had encountered the same problem. Respondents
|
|
had provided the reason and solution: I did not have an assembler/linker
|
|
necessary to create machine code, and the <I
|
|
CLASS="medialabel"
|
|
>bin86</I
|
|
>
|
|
package provided it. I downloaded and installed a RPM package of the
|
|
latter and was on my way. This entire process took about 10 minutes!
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="mailinglists"
|
|
></A
|
|
>6. Mailing List Archives</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
As you might expect, there are a very large number of Linux-related
|
|
Mailing Lists that enable developers and users to communicate and
|
|
collaborate on projects. These Lists cover every conceivable aspect of
|
|
Linux, from the technical arcana of kernel development to the relatively
|
|
unfocused discussion of issues at the newbie level. Subscribers to a
|
|
particular Mailing List are generally very knowledgeable in the List's
|
|
topic, and detailed and useful information is often retrievable. The
|
|
communications are publicly accessible through Internet search engines
|
|
and in the form of online Mailing List Archives. You will typically see
|
|
archived pages when you conduct a search using an Internet search
|
|
engine.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Usually, you will not need to look directly in a Mailing List Archive.
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="#searchengines"
|
|
>Search engines</A
|
|
> like Google.com
|
|
include these archives in their databases. If you can't find anything
|
|
with a search engine, it might be worthwhile to browse or search in an
|
|
appropriate Mailing List.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Also, not all Mailing Lists are associated with an online archive, but
|
|
this is increasingly the case. Similarly, not all archives have an
|
|
associated search engine.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Initially, try locate the Mailing List Archive you are interested in by
|
|
typing keywords and "mailing list archive" in an Internet search engine.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
You may also find Mailing List archives at the following locations:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The website of the distribution of Linux you use.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The website of the Window Manager or Desktop Environment you use.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The website dedicated to the application or project in question.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.mail-archive.com/lists.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The Mail
|
|
Archive</A
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Mailing List
|
|
Archives</A
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
This is not a complete listing of archives and you may find additional
|
|
sites with an Internet search engine. But, this should certainly get you
|
|
going.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="howtos"
|
|
></A
|
|
>7. HOWTOs</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
HOWTOs are detailed reference documents on a specific subject, usually
|
|
following a step-by-step approach. A HOWTO is a good document to help
|
|
you discover a task or a topic you don't know. It will provide you with
|
|
the basic steps and the major references.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
These documents are particularly useful when you decide to provide or
|
|
access a new service with your Linux system, or when you embark on a
|
|
technically complex project. For example, you may have the option of
|
|
accessing the 'net with a DSL or Cable Modem service - excellent guides
|
|
are available in the form of HOWTOs.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Authors of these documents often include references and links to sites
|
|
that they have found useful. You may find the information you need at
|
|
one of these hyperlinked sites rather than in the HOWTO itself.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
To find HOWTOs, the first place to go is the <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.tldp.org"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Linux Documentation Project (LDP)</A
|
|
>. The
|
|
LDP includes a <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/howtos.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>HOWTO Index
|
|
Page</A
|
|
> that I suggest you bookmark in your browser.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
These HOWTOs are written by Linux users and are periodically updated by
|
|
the authors. Many authors provide the latest version at a personal
|
|
website and a hyperlink to the latter is typically provided in the
|
|
document. This version may be newer than the one available at the LDP
|
|
website.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Note also that other HOWTOs are available, the authors of which have not
|
|
submitted them to the LDP. It is definitely worthwhile trying to find
|
|
these with an <A
|
|
HREF="#searchengines"
|
|
>Internet search
|
|
engine</A
|
|
>, using the "howto" keyword.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="usersmanuals"
|
|
></A
|
|
>8. Online User's Manuals</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Some of the major Linux distributions, Window Managers and Desktop
|
|
Environments publish their user's manual online. If the entire manual is
|
|
not online, installation and configuration guides are typically found at
|
|
the relevant website. This also applies to major applications like the
|
|
<EM
|
|
>Gimp</EM
|
|
> (GNU Image Manipulation Program) or
|
|
<EM
|
|
>Apache</EM
|
|
>.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
So, for those users who do not have the printed manual, a wealth of
|
|
installation and configuration guidance is generally available online.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="unixrefs"
|
|
></A
|
|
>9. Online Unix References and Tutorials</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
As Linux is a Unix-like operating system, a general familiarity with
|
|
fundamental Unix concepts such as the Unix directory hierarchy and file
|
|
permissions is essential. Fortunately, there are many Unix tutorials
|
|
online that collectively cover everything a user might need to know to
|
|
use Linux. I suggest you bookmark the following as an online reference
|
|
library:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The Wikipedia <A
|
|
HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Unix
|
|
article</A
|
|
> is a good place to start. It includes an Unix history,
|
|
explains some Unix concepts and includes an explanation of basic
|
|
commands and some relevant links.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Eric S. Raymond's <A
|
|
HREF="http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The
|
|
Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO</A
|
|
> is a good document to learn
|
|
about the Unix concepts.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>UNIX Tutorial
|
|
for Beginners </A
|
|
> of the University of Surrey is a good step by
|
|
step tutorial for beginners.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/V40D_HTML/APS2HDTE/TITLETXT.HTM"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The
|
|
Command and Shell User's guide</A
|
|
> from Digital Equipment
|
|
Corporation is an excellent guide to the Unix Operating System. Bookmark
|
|
the <EM
|
|
>Index Page</EM
|
|
> linked there as an online reference.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://star.pst.qub.ac.uk/help/unixhelp/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>UNIXhelp</A
|
|
>
|
|
is mirrored on many servers around the world. It is a useful resource
|
|
for newbies.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://wks.uts.ohio-state.edu/unix_course/intro-1.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Introduction
|
|
to Unix</A
|
|
> also contains a useful <A
|
|
HREF="http://wks.uts.ohio-state.edu/unix_course/intro-137.html#HEADING137-0"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Unix
|
|
Command Summary</A
|
|
> page with brief, but useful, explanations of
|
|
commonly used Unix commands.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://unix.t-a-y-l-o-r.com/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Unix is a Four Letter
|
|
Word...</A
|
|
> is another resource suitable for newbies.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="miscresources"
|
|
></A
|
|
>10. Miscellaneous Resources</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
In this section, I provide a number of links to websites that I have
|
|
found useful while learning to use Linux. This is an eclectic
|
|
collection, but keep these handy.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H2
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="Xwindow"
|
|
></A
|
|
>10.1. Release Notes and Available Documentation related to the X Window Server</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Depending on the X Window Server your distribution is using, you will
|
|
need to look at either the <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.xfree86.org/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>XFree86
|
|
website</A
|
|
> or the <A
|
|
HREF="http://xorg.freedesktop.org"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>X.Org
|
|
Foundation website</A
|
|
>. Whenever you have trouble with your X
|
|
environment, peruse the notes applicable to your videocard and chipset.
|
|
These typically provide details about the configuration of the X Window
|
|
System relative to your card, and will enumerate any "options" you have
|
|
to include in the <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>XF86Config</TT
|
|
> file that governs X.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H2
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="gnumanuals"
|
|
></A
|
|
>10.2. GNU Software and Manuals</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Many important programs that are frequently utilized by the Linux user
|
|
are GNU utilities - for example, the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>tar</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
(archive) and <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>gzip</SPAN
|
|
> (compression) programs.
|
|
Descriptions of these programs are located at the <A
|
|
HREF="http://directory.fsf.org/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>FSF Free Software Directory</A
|
|
>
|
|
where many <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/manual/manual.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Online
|
|
Manuals</A
|
|
> may also be found.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
These manuals typically provide a lot more information than is found in
|
|
the corresponding <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>man</SPAN
|
|
> page on your system.
|
|
For example , compare the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>man</SPAN
|
|
> page and online
|
|
manual for the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>tar</SPAN
|
|
> utility.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H2
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="FOLDOC"
|
|
></A
|
|
>10.3. The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.foldoc.org/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Free On-line Dictionary of
|
|
Computing (FOLDOC)</A
|
|
> is a huge encyclopedia of computing terms and
|
|
concepts, maintained by Denis Howe. It has very detailed articles, with
|
|
a lot of cross references. It's a very good reference to understand
|
|
anything related to computing.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H2
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="webopedia"
|
|
></A
|
|
>10.4. An online dictionary of computer and technology terms</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.pcwebopedia.com/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>PC Webopedia</A
|
|
>
|
|
consists of a large online dictionary of computer-related terms and a
|
|
search engine that provides links to documents that discuss each item in
|
|
more detail. For example, I used this site to learn the differences
|
|
between <EM
|
|
>ISA</EM
|
|
> and <EM
|
|
>PCI</EM
|
|
> buses.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="conclusions"
|
|
></A
|
|
>11. Concluding Comments</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
If you are a Linux newbie, you may want to create a
|
|
<EM
|
|
>Troubleshooting</EM
|
|
> folder in your browser's bookmark
|
|
list, into which you put the hyperlinks I have included in this
|
|
document, as well as those pertinent to the distribution of Linux and
|
|
the Window Manager or Desktop Environment you use.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
As you use these links, you will quickly become adept at troubleshooting
|
|
online.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Cheers and happy searching!</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="appendix"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="appendix"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="openpub"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A. Open Publication License</H1
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="RED"
|
|
>v1.0, 8 June 1999</FONT
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-requirements"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.1. Requirements on both unmodified and modified versions</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The Open Publication works may be reproduced and distributed in whole or
|
|
in part, in any medium physical or electronic, provided that the terms
|
|
of this license are adhered to, and that this license or an
|
|
incorporation of it by reference (with any options elected by the
|
|
author(s) and/or publisher) is displayed in the reproduction.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Proper form for an incorporation by reference is as follows:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN266"
|
|
></A
|
|
><BLOCKQUOTE
|
|
CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Copyright (c) <year> by <author's name or designee>. This
|
|
material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set
|
|
forth in the Open Publication License, vX.Y or later (the latest version
|
|
is presently available at <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/</A
|
|
>).
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The reference must be immediately followed with any options elected by
|
|
the author(s) and/or publisher of the document (see section VI).
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Commercial redistribution of Open Publication-licensed material is
|
|
permitted.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Any publication in standard (paper) book form shall require the citation
|
|
of the original publisher and author. The publisher and author's names
|
|
shall appear on all outer surfaces of the book. On all outer surfaces of
|
|
the book the original publisher's name shall be as large as the title of
|
|
the work and cited as possessive with respect to the title.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-copyright"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.2. Copyright</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The copyright to each Open Publication is owned by its author(s) or
|
|
designee.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-scope"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.3. Scope of license</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The following license terms apply to all Open Publication works, unless
|
|
otherwise explicitly stated in the document.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Mere aggregation of Open Publication works or a portion of an Open
|
|
Publication work with other works or programs on the same media shall
|
|
not cause this license to apply to those other works. The aggregate work
|
|
shall contain a notice specifying the inclusion of the Open Publication
|
|
material and appropriate copyright notice.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
SEVERABILITY. If any part of this license is found to be unenforceable
|
|
in any jurisdiction, the remaining portions of the license remain in
|
|
force.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
NO WARRANTY. Open Publication works are licensed and provided "as is"
|
|
without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including, but not
|
|
limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
|
|
particular purpose or a warranty of non-infringement.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-modified-works"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.4. Requirements on modified works</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
All modified versions of documents covered by this license, including
|
|
translations, anthologies, compilations and partial documents, must meet
|
|
the following requirements:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><OL
|
|
TYPE="1"
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The modified version must be labeled as such.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The person making the modifications must be identified and the
|
|
modifications dated.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Acknowledgement of the original author and publisher if applicable must
|
|
be retained according to normal academic citation practices.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The location of the original unmodified document must be identified.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The original author's (or authors') name(s) may not be used to assert or
|
|
imply endorsement of the resulting document without the original
|
|
author's (or authors') permission.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></OL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-good-practice"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.5. Good-practice recommendations</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
In addition to the requirements of this license, it is requested from
|
|
and strongly recommended of redistributors that:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><OL
|
|
TYPE="1"
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
If you are distributing Open Publication works on hardcopy or CD-ROM,
|
|
you provide email notification to the authors of your intent to
|
|
redistribute at least thirty days before your manuscript or media
|
|
freeze, to give the authors time to provide updated documents. This
|
|
notification should describe modifications, if any, made to the
|
|
document.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
All substantive modifications (including deletions) be either clearly
|
|
marked up in the document or else described in an attachment to the
|
|
document.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Finally, while it is not mandatory under this license, it is considered
|
|
good form to offer a free copy of any hardcopy and CD-ROM expression of
|
|
an Open Publication-licensed work to its author(s).
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></OL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><HR><H1
|
|
CLASS="section"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="opl-options"
|
|
></A
|
|
>A.6. License options</H1
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The author(s) and/or publisher of an Open Publication-licensed document
|
|
may elect certain options by appending language to the reference to or
|
|
copy of the license. These options are considered part of the license
|
|
instance and must be included with the license (or its incorporation by
|
|
reference) in derived works.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><OL
|
|
TYPE="A"
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
To prohibit distribution of substantively modified versions without the
|
|
explicit permission of the author(s). "Substantive modification" is
|
|
defined as a change to the semantic content of the document, and
|
|
excludes mere changes in format or typographical corrections.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
To accomplish this, add the phrase `Distribution of substantively
|
|
modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit
|
|
permission of the copyright holder.' to the license reference or copy.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
To prohibit any publication of this work or derivative works in whole or
|
|
in part in standard (paper) book form for commercial purposes is
|
|
prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright
|
|
holder.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
To accomplish this, add the phrase 'Distribution of the work or
|
|
derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form is prohibited
|
|
unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder.' to the
|
|
license reference or copy.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></OL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></BODY
|
|
></HTML
|
|
> |