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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>Linux Mobile IPv6 HOWTO</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="article"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="ARTICLE"
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="title"
><A
NAME="AEN2"
></A
>Linux Mobile IPv6 HOWTO</H1
><H3
CLASS="author"
><A
NAME="AEN5"
>Lars Strand</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="affiliation"
><DIV
CLASS="address"
><P
CLASS="address"
><TT
CLASS="email"
>&#60;<A
HREF="mailto:lars (at) unik no"
>lars (at) unik no</A
>&#62;</TT
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><P
CLASS="pubdate"
>2004-04-20<BR></P
><DIV
CLASS="revhistory"
><TABLE
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
COLSPAN="3"
><B
>Revision History</B
></TH
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 1.2</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2004-04-20</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Updated links. Changed lisence back to <A
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
TARGET="_top"
>GFDL</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 1.1</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2004-02-04</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Added "Travelling through several foregin LAN's"
and "Returning home". Some cleanup and restructuring.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 1.0</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-12-02</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: TMM</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Reviewed by LDP</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.5.2</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-11-26</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>A lot of cleanup. Thanks to John Levon levon [at]
movementarian.org</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.5.1</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-11-22</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Changed the license from <A
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
TARGET="_top"
> GFDL </A
> to
<A
HREF="http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/"
TARGET="_top"
> OPL
</A
> due to some GFDL <A
HREF="http://people.debian.org/~srivasta/Position_Statement.xhtml"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; problems.</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.5</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-11-18</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Converted to XML Docbook. Some cleanup.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.4</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2002-11-07</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Fixed some errors + update. Thanks to Henrik Petander
petander (at) tcs hut fi.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.3.1</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-11-03</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Updated to MIPL relase 1.0 (kernel 2.4.22).</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revision 0.3</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>2003-08-05</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
>Revised by: LKS</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
COLSPAN="3"
>Initial release.</TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
><DIV
CLASS="abstract"
><A
NAME="AEN63"
></A
><P
></P
><P
>&#13; This document describes the software and procedures to set up
and use mobile IPv6 for Linux. </P
><P
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="#intro"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.1. <A
HREF="#WhatisMIPv6"
>What is Mobile IP?</A
></DT
><DT
>1.2. <A
HREF="#WhyMIPv6"
>Why Mobile IP?</A
></DT
><DT
>1.3. <A
HREF="#HowWork"
>How does it work?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="#IPv6"
>IPv6</A
></DT
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="#MIPv6"
>Mobile IPv6 for Linux</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>3.1. <A
HREF="#patch"
>Patching the kernel</A
></DT
><DT
>3.2. <A
HREF="#userspace"
>Userspace tools</A
></DT
><DT
>3.3. <A
HREF="#dev"
>MIPv6 device node</A
></DT
><DT
>3.4. <A
HREF="#startup"
>Automatic startup</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="#testbed"
>Test bed</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.1. <A
HREF="#testcase"
>Testcase</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2. <A
HREF="#stepbystep"
>Step-by-step configuration</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="#dotest"
>Doing some tests</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>5.1. <A
HREF="#pretest"
>Pre-test</A
></DT
><DT
>5.2. <A
HREF="#MovDet"
>Movement detection</A
></DT
><DT
>5.3. <A
HREF="#ping6"
>ping6</A
></DT
><DT
>5.4. <A
HREF="#routeTable"
>Kernel IP routing table</A
></DT
><DT
>5.5. <A
HREF="#movement"
>Travelling through several foregin LAN's</A
></DT
><DT
>5.6. <A
HREF="#home"
>Returning home</A
></DT
><DT
>5.7. <A
HREF="#realLife"
>Real life testing - smooth handover</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="#faq"
>FAQ</A
></DT
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="#resources"
>Useful Resources</A
></DT
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="#copyack"
>Copyright, acknowledgments and miscellaneous</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8.1. <A
HREF="#copyright"
>Copyright and License</A
></DT
><DT
>8.2. <A
HREF="#produced"
>How this document was produced</A
></DT
><DT
>8.3. <A
HREF="#feedback"
>Feedback</A
></DT
><DT
>8.4. <A
HREF="#ack"
>Acknowledgments</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>A. <A
HREF="#gfdl"
>GNU Free Documentation License</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>A.1. <A
HREF="#gfdl-0"
>PREAMBLE</A
></DT
><DT
>A.2. <A
HREF="#gfdl-1"
>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A
></DT
><DT
>A.3. <A
HREF="#gfdl-2"
>VERBATIM COPYING</A
></DT
><DT
>A.4. <A
HREF="#gfdl-3"
>COPYING IN QUANTITY</A
></DT
><DT
>A.5. <A
HREF="#gfdl-4"
>MODIFICATIONS</A
></DT
><DT
>A.6. <A
HREF="#gfdl-5"
>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A
></DT
><DT
>A.7. <A
HREF="#gfdl-6"
>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A
></DT
><DT
>A.8. <A
HREF="#gfdl-7"
>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A
></DT
><DT
>A.9. <A
HREF="#gfdl-8"
>TRANSLATION</A
></DT
><DT
>A.10. <A
HREF="#gfdl-9"
>TERMINATION</A
></DT
><DT
>A.11. <A
HREF="#gfdl-10"
>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A
></DT
><DT
>A.12. <A
HREF="#gfdl-addendum"
>ADDENDUM: How to use this License for
your documents</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="intro"
></A
>1. Introduction</H1
><P
>&#13; This document describes the software and procedures to set up and
use mobile IPv6 for Linux. The <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; "Mobility Support in IPv6" draft </A
> answers the
<EM
>what</EM
> and <EM
>why</EM
> of mobile IP:
</P
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="WhatisMIPv6"
></A
>1.1. What is Mobile IP?</H2
><P
>&#13; <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Each mobile node is always identified by its home
address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the
Internet. While situated away from its home, a mobile node is also
associated with a care-of address, which provides information
about the mobile node's current location. IPv6 packets addressed
to a mobile node's home address are transparently routed to its
care-of address via the mobile nodes Home Agent (HA). The
protocol enables IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile
node's home address with its care-of address, and then to send any
packets destined for the mobile node directly to it at this
care-of address."</SPAN
> --- draft-ietf-mipv6-24, page 1-2.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="WhyMIPv6"
></A
>1.2. Why Mobile IP?</H2
><P
>&#13; <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Without specific support for mobility in IPv6, packets destined to a
mobile node (host or router) would not be able to reach it while the
mobile node is away from its home link (the link on which its home
IPv6 subnet prefix is in use), since routing is based on the subnet
prefix in a packet's destination IP address. In order to continue
communication in spite of its movement, a mobile node could change its
IP address each time it moves to a new link, but the mobile node would
then not be able to maintain transport and higher-layer connections
when it changes location. Mobility support in IPv6 is particularly
important, as mobile computers are likely to account for a majority or
at least a substantial fraction of the population of the Internet
during the lifetime of IPv6."</SPAN
> --- draft-ietf-mipv6-24, page 6.
</P
><P
>&#13; For all the details, read the <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; "Mobility Support in IPv6" draft</A
>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="HowWork"
></A
>1.3. How does it work?</H2
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="images/Mobile-IP.png"
ALIGN="center"
WIDTH="520"><DIV
CLASS="caption"
><P
>Mobile IP</P
></DIV
></P
></DIV
><P
>&#13; <P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> The Mobile Node (MN) travels to a foreign network and gets a
new care-of-address.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The MN performs a binding update to its Home Agent (HA) (the
new care-of-address gets registered at HA). HA sends a binding
acknowledgement to MN.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>A Correspondent Node (CN) wants to contact the MN. The HA
intercepts packets destined to the MN.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The HA then tunnels all packets to the MN from the CN using
MN's care-of-address.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>When the MN answers the CN, it may use its current
care-of-address (and perform a binding to the CN) and communicate
with the CN directly (optimized routing) or it can tunnel all its
packets through the HA.</P
></LI
></OL
>
</P
><P
>See figure <A
HREF="#mobileIP"
>"Mobile IP"</A
> for
an explanation.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="IPv6"
></A
>2. IPv6</H1
><P
>IP version 6 (IPv6) is a new version of the Internet Protocol,
designed as the successor to IP version 4 (IPv4) <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc791.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>[RFC-791]</A
>. The
changes from IPv4 to IPv6 fall primarily into the following
categories:
</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Expanded addressing capabilities </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Header format simplification</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Improved support for extensions and options</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Flow labeling capability</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Authentication and privacy capabilities</P
></LI
></UL
><P
><EM
>You should have basic knowledge of IPv6 stateless
auto-configuring to fully understand how 'mobile IPv6' (MIPv6)
works. You can read up on IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
in <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>[RFC2462]</A
>.
</EM
>
</P
><P
>For more information on IPv6 in general, visit the <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipv6-charter.html"
TARGET="_top"
>IETF's IPv6
Working Group</A
>.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="MIPv6"
></A
>3. Mobile IPv6 for Linux</H1
><P
>There are currently two Mobile IPv6 Linux implementations
available. The Lancaster University in the UK has the oldest(?)
implementation (<A
HREF="http://www.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk/MobileIP/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13;http://www.cs-ipv6.lancs.ac.uk/MobileIP/</A
>). The latest kernel
supported is 2.1.90, and is compatible with IETF mobile IPv6 draft-v5
(the current revision is v24). The code and website has not been
updated since 1998, so it is considered obsolete. </P
><P
>The other implementation, which is up-to-date, is Helsinki
University of Technology's MIPL project. The latest supported
kernel is 2.4.22, and they have patches for the upcoming 2.6
kernel (see the FAQ). Visit <A
HREF="http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13;http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/</A
> for papers, software or to
browse the mail archive. </P
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="patch"
></A
>3.1. Patching the kernel</H2
><P
>The MIPL MIPv6 implementation requires a kernel patch. The
implementation modifies the IPv6 kernel stack, so a kernel recompile
is necessary. The installation process is well documented, but I
will give a brief step-by-step howto. </P
><P
><EM
>Please note! The need for two different kernels, one for MN and
one for HA, is obsolete. Just compile support for MN and HA in the
same kernel. It is not possible to run as both an MN and an HA at
the same time; which mode is chosen depends on which of the modules
are loaded.</EM
>
</P
><P
>&#13; <P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
> Download the latest Linux MIPv6 source code from
<A
HREF="http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/</A
>. The latest release today is:
<EM
>mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22</EM
>. The last four numbers
corresponds to the Linux kernel the patch should be applied to:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cd /usr/local/src
# wget http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/download/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22.tar.gz
# tar zxfv mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22.tar.gz
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
> Download and unpack the correspondent Linux kernel version
from <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.kernel.org"
TARGET="_top"
>ftp.kernel.org</A
>:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cd /usr/src
# wget ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.22.tar.bz2
# tar jxvf linux-2.4.22.tar.bz2
# ln -s linux-2.4.22 linux
# cd linux
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
>Apply the MIPv6 patch:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # patch -p1 --dry-run &#60; /usr/local/src/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22.patch
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>The --dry-run option checks that the patch will apply
correctly. If you get any failed hunks, you should
<EM
>not</EM
> proceed. If everything went fine do:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>
# patch -p1 &#60; /usr/local/src/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22.patch
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
> Now your kernel tree is ready for configuration. Run your
favorite <B
CLASS="command"
>make *config</B
>. The MIPv6 options are under
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Networking Options"</SPAN
>. The following options should be present in
<EM
><SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>".config"</SPAN
></EM
>:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y
CONFIG_SYSCTL=y
CONFIG_PROC_FS=y
CONFIG_MODULES=y
CONFIG_NET=y
CONFIG_NETFILTER=y
CONFIG_UNIX=y
CONFIG_INET=y
CONFIG_IPV6=m
CONFIG_IPV6_SUBTREES=y
CONFIG_IPV6_IPV6_TUNNEL=m
CONFIG_IPV6_MOBILITY=m
CONFIG_IPV6_MOBILITY_MN=m
CONFIG_IPV6_MOBILITY_HA=m
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> Since MIPL is still a work-in-progress you might want to
enable:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; CONFIG_IPV6_MOBILITY_DEBUG=y
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
> With debug messages it is easier to figure out what
happened when something goes wrong. Also, when reporting a bug,
debug messages are very helpful.</P
><P
>To be sure you have all the correct options, you can run
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>chkconf_kernel.sh</B
></TT
>, which is a small shell
script included in the MIPL tarball.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Next you should compile and install your kernel.</P
><P
> Hint: To easily distinguish this kernel from other
kernels, you can change the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"EXTRAVERSION"</SPAN
> variable
in the <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/usr/src/linux/Makefile</B
></TT
> to for
example <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"-MIPv6-1"</SPAN
>.</P
></LI
></OL
>
</P
><P
>Read the <A
HREF="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO/"
TARGET="_top"
>Linux Kernel
HOWTO</A
> for detailed instruction on how to patch, compile and
install your new kernel.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="userspace"
></A
>3.2. Userspace tools</H2
><P
>The userspace tool <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>mipdiag</B
></TT
>, config
files and init scripts must be installed for the module to work
correctly:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cd /usr/local/src/mipv6-1.0-v2.4.22
# ./configure
# make &#38;&#38; make install
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="dev"
></A
>3.3. MIPv6 device node</H2
><P
>The MIPv6 module also needs a new device node entry. Issue
the command:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mknod /dev/mipv6_dev c 0xf9 0
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="startup"
></A
>3.4. Automatic startup</H2
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><EM
>Red Hat:</EM
></P
><P
>All init scripts are located in <TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/init.d/</TT
>,
which are sym-linked to the correct runlevel
(<TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/rcX.d/</TT
>). You can issue the command:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # chkconfig --add mobile-ip6
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>to enable MIPv6 at startup, or</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # chkconfig --del mobile-ip6
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>to remove MIPv6 from startup.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Debian:</EM
></P
><P
>If you are so lucky to be running Debian, you can issue
the command:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # update-rc.d -n mobile-ip6 start 75 3 4 5 . stop 05 1 2 6 .
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>to set up all the necessary links.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Slackware:</EM
></P
><P
>Slackware users have all their startup/runlevel scripts in
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/rc.d</TT
>. Since 'configure' doesn't check for
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"/etc/rc.d"</SPAN
>,
you can add <EM
>INIT_SLACK="/etc/rc.d"</EM
>, and then
INIT_SLACK to INITDIRS in 'configure' (search for INITDIR in
configure). Since you are running Slackware, you probably know
this already. The following command should then do the
trick:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # echo '/etc/rc.d/mobile-ip6 start' &#62;&#62; /etc/rc.d/rc.local
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>If you don't hack the Makefile, the
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>mobile-ip6</TT
> script is installed at '/' (you
may then move it to /etc/rc.d/).</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="testbed"
></A
>4. Test bed</H1
><P
>Now you should have a working MIPL patched kernel, installed
userlevel tools and enabled automatic startup at boot. If anything
went wrong, go through the above sections carefully.</P
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="testcase"
></A
>4.1. Testcase</H2
><P
>The addresses we are using in our test-bed are
site-local. You may as well use global addresses, but do
<EM
>note that link local addresses won't work!</EM
>
Our test-bed consist of four nodes; see figure
<A
HREF="#mipv6testbed"
>"Mobile IPv6 testbed"</A
>.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><EM
>HA - Home Agent:</EM
> The HA is located at the home
network with address <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:2700::2</B
></TT
>,
with one wireless interface.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>MN - Mobile Node:</EM
> When MN is on the
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"home network"</SPAN
>, it has address
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:2700::4</B
></TT
>. When MN travels to
another network, it generates a new <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"care-of"</SPAN
> address.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>R - Router:</EM
> This is the router from
the home network to the internet. It has one wireless interface with
address <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:2700::1</B
></TT
> and a wired
interface with address <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:2300::2</B
></TT
>.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>AR - Access Router:</EM
> The link
between AR and R is our <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"internet"</SPAN
> - but in this
testcase only a cross-cable (can be any network). The AR has
two interfaces; the wired interface to R has address
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:2300::1</B
></TT
>, the wireless has
address <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:1100::1</B
></TT
>.</P
></LI
></OL
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="images/mipv6-testbed.png"
ALIGN="center"
WIDTH="550px"><DIV
CLASS="caption"
><P
>Mobile IPv6 testbed</P
></DIV
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="stepbystep"
></A
>4.2. Step-by-step configuration</H2
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><H3
CLASS="sect3"
><A
NAME="fullyipv6"
></A
>4.2.1. Setting up a fully functional IPv6 network</H3
><P
>Before we can start testing mobile IP, we need a fully
functional IPv6 network. All the nodes should be able to ping
each other. <EM
>This is a crucial part.</EM
> If, for
example, AR is not able to ping HA, then there will be no binding
update.</P
><P
>I will give a brief instruction to get our network up and
running using IPv6. For more info on setting up an IPv6 network,
you can read Peter Bieringer's excellent <A
HREF="http://ldp.linux.no/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/"
TARGET="_top"
>Linux IPv6
HOWTO</A
>.</P
><P
>I've turned off encryption for simplicity - <EM
>NOTE that you
should ALWAYS use encryption when dealing with wireless
networks!</EM
></P
><P
><EM
>Also note that the different wireless networks
have different ESSIDs!</EM
></P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><EM
>MN:</EM
> The Mobile Node has one wireless
interface. Forwarding should be turned off, but should accept
autoconf and ra's:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # iwconfig eth0 mode ad-hoc essid homenet enc off
# ifconfig eth0 inet6 add fec0:106:2700::4/64
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/forwarding
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/autoconf
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/accept_ra
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/accept_redirects
# /etc/init.d/mobile-ip6 start
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>HA:</EM
> The Home Agent has one
wireless interface. It should have forwarding turned on
because it uses normal routing to deliver packets captured
from a physical interface to the virtual tunnel
interface. <EM
>Note: You must add a default route or else
HA will have problem contacting the MN on visited LAN's. One
possible solution is to use HA as the default router of the
home network.</EM
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # iwconfig eth0 mode ad-hoc essid homenet enc off
# ifconfig eth0 inet6 add fec0:106:2700::2/64
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/forwarding
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/autoconf
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/accept_ra
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/accept_redirects
# ip route add ::/0 via fec0:106:2700::1
# /etc/init.d/mobile-ip6 start
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>R:</EM
> The (home) Router has two
interfaces; one wireless and one line. The Router must have
forwarding turned on. </P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0 inet6 add fec0:106:2300::2/64
# iwconfig eth1 mode ad-hoc essid homenet enc off
# ifconfig eth1 inet6 add fec0:106:2700::1/64
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/autoconf
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_ra
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_redirects
# ip route add fec0:106:1100::/64 via fec0:106:2300::1
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>AR:</EM
> The Access Router (on a foreign
network) also has two interfaces; one wireless and one
line. Forwarding must be turned on.</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0 inet6 add fec0:106:2300::1/64
# iwconfig eth1 mode ad-hoc essid visitnet enc off
# ifconfig eth1 inet6 add fec0:106:1100::1/64
# echo "1" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/autoconf
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_ra
# echo "0" &#62; /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_redirects
# ip route add fec0:106:2700::/64 via fec0:106:2300::2
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
></OL
><P
>Instead of modifying proc variables, you can use
<EM
>sysctl</EM
>.</P
><P
>Note: We are setting static routes on our test-bed. You
should now be able to ping all the hosts from every host.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="sect3"
><A
NAME="confmipv6"
></A
>4.2.2. Configuring Mobile IPv6</H3
><P
>The last configuration is MIPv6 settings in
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>network-mip6.conf</TT
>. In Debian/Slackware the
file is found under <TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/</TT
>. (RedHat the file
is found under <TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/sysconfig/</TT
>.) The file
should be pretty self-explanatory. </P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><EM
>HA:</EM
> The HA config file should
contain these settings:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cat /etc/network-mip6.conf
# Home Agent configuration file
FUNCTIONALITY=ha
DEBUGLEVEL=1
MIN_TUNNEL_NR=1
MAX_TUNNEL_NR=5
TUNNEL_SITELOCAL=yes
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>MN:</EM
> The MN config file should
look like this:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cat /etc/network-mip6.conf
# Mobile Node configuration file
FUNCTIONALITY=mn
DEBUGLEVEL=1
TUNNEL_SITELOCAL=yes
MIN_TUNNEL_NR=1
MAX_TUNNEL_NR=3
HOMEDEV=mip6mnha1
HOMEADDRESS=fec0:106:2700::4/64 # MN's home adress
HOMEAGENT=fec0:106:2700::2/64 # HA's address
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
><LI
><P
>Next, start mobile-IP:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # /etc/init.d/mobile-ip6 start
Starting Mobile IPv6: OK
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></LI
></OL
><P
>You can verify that it started by doing a
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>ifconfig</B
></TT
> on HA. If the tunnel(s) comes up,
<TT
CLASS="varname"
>ip6tnl1</TT
>, mobile-ip6 is started:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:02:2D:2D:DE:79
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700::2/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fe80::202:2dff:fe2d:de79/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:618 errors:6 dropped:6 overruns:0 frame:6
TX packets:1485 errors:22 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:87914 (85.8 KiB) TX bytes:252596 (246.6 KiB)
Interrupt:3 Base address:0x100
ip6tnl1 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 <A
NAME="tunnel1"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1460 Metric:1
RX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:576 (576.0 b) TX bytes:624 (624.0 b)
ip6tnl2 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 <A
NAME="tunnel2"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
>
UP RUNNING NOARP MTU:1460 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:560 (560.0 b) TX bytes:560 (560.0 b)
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#tunnel1"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The tunnel is up and ready for connections.</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#tunnel2"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
></DT
><DD
>Another tunnel ready.</DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
>You will also see the mipv6 kernel modules are loaded (MN):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # lsmod
Module Size Used by Not tainted
mip6_mn 59888 0 (unused)
ipv6_tunnel 11448 1 [mip6_mn]
mip6_base 40728 0 [mip6_mn]
ipv6 179764 -1 [mip6_mn ipv6_tunnel mip6_base]
...
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="sect3"
><A
NAME="ARradvd"
></A
>4.2.3. Configuring radvd on AR</H3
><P
>When MN comes to a new network, it does a link-local address
configuration, going to the next phase if that succeeds. I'll let
<A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>[RFC2462]</A
>
(IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) describe the next
phase:</P
><P
>&#13; <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"The next phase of autoconfiguration involves obtaining a Router
Advertisement or determining that no routers are present. If routers
are present, they will send Router Advertisements that specify what
sort of autoconfiguration a host should do. If no routers are
present, stateful autoconfiguration should be invoked."</SPAN
></P
><P
>&#13; <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Routers send Router Advertisements periodically, but the delay
between successive advertisements will generally be longer than a
host performing autoconfiguration will want to wait. To
obtain an advertisement quickly, a host sends one or more Router
Solicitations to the all-routers multicast group."</SPAN
> --- page 8</P
><P
>This is where we use
<A
HREF="http://v6web.litech.org/radvd/"
TARGET="_top"
>RADVD</A
>.</P
><P
>Read <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>[RFC2462]</A
>
more more details concerning IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration.</P
><P
>We'll configure RADVD on AR's wireless interface. The
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>radvd.conf</TT
> file should contain this:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cat /etc/radvd.conf
interface eth1
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
AdvIntervalOpt on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 3;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 10;
AdvHomeAgentFlag off;
prefix fec0:106:1100::/64
{
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr on;
};
};
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>We then start it:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # /etc/init.d/radvd start
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>You should now be able to use <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>radvdump</B
></TT
> to
see that the radvd messages really are being sent periodically:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # radvdump
Router advertisement from fe80::202:2dff:fe54:d1b2 (hoplimit 255)
Received by interface eth1
# Note: {Min,Max}RtrAdvInterval cannot be obtained with radvdump
AdvCurHopLimit: 64
AdvManagedFlag: off
AdvOtherConfigFlag: off
AdvHomeAgentFlag: off
AdvReachableTime: 0
AdvRetransTimer: 0
Prefix fec0:106:1100::/64
AdvValidLifetime: 2592000
AdvPreferredLifetime: 604800
AdvOnLink: on
AdvAutonomous: on
AdvRouterAddr: off
AdvSourceLLAddress: 00 02 2D 54 D1 B2
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
><EM
>Note! When using radvd on HA and enabling
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"autoconf"</SPAN
> (in proc), you will also get an
autogenerated IPv6 address on MN (which is superfluous) in
addition to your static address:</EM
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="sect3"
><A
NAME="radvdar"
></A
>4.2.4. Configuring radvd on HA</H3
><P
>&#13; To enable the MN to know when it's home, HA should also be sending
out RAs. We should therefore enable RADVD on the HA as well. The
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/radvd.conf</TT
> file should contain:
</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # cat /etc/radvd.conf
interface eth0
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 3;
MinRtrAdvInterval 1;
AdvIntervalOpt off;
AdvHomeAgentFlag on;
HomeAgentLifetime 10000;
HomeAgentPreference 20;
AdvHomeAgentInfo on;
prefix fec0:106:2700::2/64
{
AdvRouterAddr on;
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvPreferredLifetime 10000;
AdvValidLifetime 12000;
};
};
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>Also do a <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>radvdump</B
></TT
> on HA to check
whether radvd messages are beeing sent:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # radvdump
Router advertisement from fe80::202:2dff:fe54:d11e (hoplimit 255)
Received by interface eth0
# Note: {Min,Max}RtrAdvInterval cannot be obtained with radvdump
AdvCurHopLimit: 64
AdvManagedFlag: off
AdvOtherConfigFlag: off
AdvHomeAgentFlag: on
AdvReachableTime: 0
AdvRetransTimer: 0
Prefix fec0:106:2700::2/64
AdvValidLifetime: 12000
AdvPreferredLifetime: 10000
AdvOnLink: on
AdvAutonomous: on
AdvRouterAddr: on
AdvSourceLLAddress: 00 02 2D 54 D1 1E
AdvHomeAgentInfo:
HomeAgentPreference: 20
HomeAgentLifetime: 1000
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:7D:F3:03:1A
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="newaddress"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700::4/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="staticadr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fe80::290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Link <A
NAME="linkaddrs"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
>
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:513 errors:89 dropped:89 overruns:0 frame:85
TX packets:140 errors:41 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:56084 (54.7 Kb) TX bytes:19212 (18.7 Kb)
Interrupt:3 Base address:0x100
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#newaddress"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>A new (superfluous) autogenerated address. Since we are
setting <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>autoconf</B
></TT
> in
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/eth0/autoconf</B
></TT
>
to <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>1</B
></TT
>, MN will generate a new adress
combined with HA's prefix and it's own MAC address. I do not
think is it possible to avoid having this address generated.</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#staticadr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
></DT
><DD
>Our original static IPv6 address</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#linkaddrs"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The link-local address generated at boot.</DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="dotest"
></A
>5. Doing some tests</H1
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="pretest"
></A
>5.1. Pre-test</H2
><P
>Do every configuration as shown above; it's especially important
to have a different ESSID on the home net and visited network. </P
><P
>When you start mobile-IPv6 on MN, you will see
multicasting router solicitations messages:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # tcpdump -i eth0 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6
...
13:32:54.681763 fe80::202:a5ff:fe6f:a08a &#62; ff02::2: icmp6: router solicitation \
(src lladdr: 0:2:a5:6f:a0:8a) (len 16, hlim 255)
13:32:55.681763 fe80::202:a5ff:fe6f:a08a &#62; ff02::2: icmp6: router solicitation \
(src lladdr: 0:2:a5:6f:a0:8a) (len 16, hlim 255)
13:32:57.681765 fe80::202:a5ff:fe6f:a08a &#62; ff02::2: icmp6: router solicitation \
(src lladdr: 0:2:a5:6f:a0:8a) (len 16, hlim 255)
...
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="MovDet"
></A
>5.2. Movement detection</H2
><P
>Generic movement detection uses Neighbor Unreachability
Detection to detect when the default router is no longer
bi-directionally reachable, in which case the mobile node must
discover a new default router (usually on a new link).</P
><P
> To easily see whats going on, you should have one xterm
window for each of these commands: </P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # watch ifconfig eth0
# watch route -A inet6
# tcpdump -i eth0 -vv ip6 or proto ipv6
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>To <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"travel"</SPAN
> to another net, you can issue the
command on MN:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # iwconfig eth1 essid visitnet
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>The MN is then on the other wireless network, and since it is
sending out <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"router solicitation"</SPAN
> (multicast), our AR will
respond with it's prefix. MN will then configure itself with at new
IPv6 address with the received prefix and it's own MAC address. If
you type <B
CLASS="command"
>ifconfig eth0</B
> you will see the new IPv6
address:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:7D:F3:03:1A
inet6 addr: fec0:106:1100:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="newaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="superadr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700::4/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="oldaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fe80::290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Link <A
NAME="linkaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/4.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(4)"></A
>
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:854 errors:154 dropped:154 overruns:0 frame:148
TX packets:293 errors:58 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:96536 (94.2 Kb) TX bytes:44664 (43.6 Kb)
Interrupt:3 Base address:0x100
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#newaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The new <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"foreign"</SPAN
> address, generated by
combining AR's prefix and MAC-address</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#superadr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The superfluous home network address (because of HA
radvd messages and MN autoconf set to
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"true"</SPAN
>).</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#oldaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"original"</SPAN
> (home) address</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#linkaddr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/4.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(4)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The link-local address generated at boot</DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
>Almost at the same time, the MN will perform a binding update
to HA. In your tcpdump window, you will see several packets
destined to HA. To verify that the binding update has been sent and
acknowledged from MN:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -s
Mobile IPv6 Statistics
NEncapsulations : 0
NDecapsulations : 0
NBindUpdatesRcvd : 0
NBindAcksRcvd : 1 <A
NAME="back"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
NBindNAcksRcvd : 0
NBindRqsRcvd : 0
NBindUpdatesSent : 1 <A
NAME="bupdate"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
>
NBindAcksSent : 0
NBindNAcksSent : 0
NBindRqsSent : 0
NBindUpdatesDropAuth : 0
NBindUpdatesDropInvalid : 0
NBindUpdatesDropMisc : 0
NBindAcksDropAuth : 0
NBindAcksDropInvalid : 0
NBindAcksDropMisc : 0
NBindRqsDropAuth : 0
NBindRqsDropInvalid : 0
NBindRqsDropMisc : 0
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#back"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>One binding ACK received.</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#bupdate"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
></DT
><DD
>One binding UPDATE sent.</DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
>You can also verify the binding with the following command
(on MN):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -l
Mobile IPv6 Binding update list
Recipient CN: fec0:106:2700::2
BINDING home address: fec0:106:2700::4 care-of address: fec0:106:1100:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a
expires: 936 sequence: 0 state: 1
delay: 3 max delay 32 callback time: 736
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>You can also verify it on HA with the statistics option
(-s) and with the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"binding cache"</SPAN
> (-c) option:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -c
Mobile IPv6 Binding cache
Home Address Care-of Address Lifetime Type
fec0:106:2700::4 fec0:106:1100:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a 971 2
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="ping6"
></A
>5.3. ping6</H2
><P
>From the MN, you can try to ping AR's eth1
(fec0:106:1100::1):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ping6 fec0:106:1100::1
PING fec0:106:1100::1(fec0:106:1100::1) from fec0:106:2700::4 : 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fec0:106:1100::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=8.01 ms
64 bytes from fec0:106:1100::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=8.02 ms
...
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>By using tcpdump, you can see how the packets travel:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; 12:13:51.789688 fec0:106:1100:0:202:a5ff:fe6f:a08a &#62; fec0:106:2700::2: \ <A
NAME="mntoha"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
fec0:106:2700::4 &#62; fec0:106:1100::1: icmp6: echo request \ <A
NAME="hatocr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
>
(len 64, hlim 64) (len 104, hlim 255)
12:13:51.797675 fec0:106:2700::2 &#62; fec0:106:1100:0:202:a5ff:fe6f:a08a: \ <A
NAME="artomn"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
>
fec0:106:1100::1 &#62; fec0:106:2700::4: icmp6: echo reply \
(len 64, hlim 62) (len 104, hlim 253)
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#mntoha"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The packet first goes from MN to the HA using MN new
IPv6 address.</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#hatocr"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/2.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(2)"></A
></DT
><DD
>Then from HA to AR.</DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#artomn"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/3.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(3)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The AR then responds to HA and tunnels the packets to
MN.</DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
>You can now see the statistics have been updated (on MN):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -s
Mobile IPv6 Statistics
NEncapsulations : 56
NDecapsulations : 25
...
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="routeTable"
></A
>5.4. Kernel IP routing table</H2
><P
>One interesting thing MIPv6 does is change the default route to
a tunnel. The new default route becomes:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # route -A inet6
Kernel IPv6 routing table
Destination Next Hop Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
::/0 :: UD 64 0 0 ip6tnl1
....
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>If it doesn't add a default route, you may add it manually:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ip route ::/0 via dev ip6tnl
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="movement"
></A
>5.5. Travelling through several foregin LAN's</H2
><P
>To travel to several visited networks, is no different than
travel to <EM
>one</EM
> network. The only thing you
must have in mind is that you will generate a new address for each
visited network.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="images/lanvisits.png"
ALIGN="center"
WIDTH="550px"><DIV
CLASS="caption"
><P
>MN travelling through severeal different LANs.</P
></DIV
></P
></DIV
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>MN first visits 'visitnet', as we have been through above.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>MN is then travelling from 'visitnet' to
'visitnet2'.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>When at 'visitnet2', MN generates a new IPv6 address and
do a new binding update to HA.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>MN then travels back home. (Se next section.)</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>The AR at <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"visitnet2"</SPAN
>, is configured exactly
as the other AR (at <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"visitnet"</SPAN
>), except using address
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:1000::/64</B
></TT
> instead of
<TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>fec0:106:1100::/64</B
></TT
>.</P
><P
>To make the mobile node travel from 'visitnet' to
'visitnet2', issue the command (on MN):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # iwconfig eth0 essid visitnet2
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>You will then see the MN configures itself to the new network:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:7D:F3:03:1A
inet6 addr: fec0:106:1000:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site <A
NAME="net2"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
>
inet6 addr: fec0:106:1100:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fec0:106:2700::4/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fe80::290:7dff:fef3:31a/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1073 errors:212 dropped:212 overruns:0 frame:204
TX packets:371 errors:72 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:120340 (117.5 Kb) TX bytes:56912 (55.5 Kb)
Interrupt:3 Base address:0x100
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><DIV
CLASS="calloutlist"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="#net2"
><IMG
SRC="../images/callouts/1.gif"
HSPACE="0"
VSPACE="0"
BORDER="0"
ALT="(1)"></A
></DT
><DD
>The new autoconfigured address at 'visitnet2'.</DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
><EM
>Note! You may have to restart mobile-ipv6 on MN
when coming to a new network!</EM
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # /etc/init.d/mobile-ip6 restart
Stopping Mobile IPv6: OK
Starting Mobile IPv6: OK
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>The MN will then perform a new binding update to HA. Notice
the new <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"care-of address"</SPAN
>:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -l
Mobile IPv6 Binding update list
Recipient CN: fec0:106:2700::2
BINDING home address: fec0:106:2700::4 care-of address: fec0:106:1000:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a
expires: 973 sequence: 14 state: 1
delay: 3 max delay 32 callback time: 773
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>You can also see the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"binding cache"</SPAN
> on HA has
been updated:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # mipdiag -c
Mobile IPv6 Binding cache
Home Address Care-of Address Lifetime Type
fec0:106:2700::4 fec0:106:1000:0:290:7dff:fef3:31a 943 2
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="home"
></A
>5.6. Returning home</H2
><P
>To make the MN return home, you can just issue the
command:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; # iwconfig eth0 essid homenet
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>The MN will know it is back home, since HA is sending out
radvd messages with the HA-bit set (AdvHomeAgentFlag), see <A
HREF="#radvdar"
>Section 4.2.4</A
></P
><P
>You can see the MN <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"is back home"</SPAN
>, since the
binding cache information at HA is flushed (empty):</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; Mobile IPv6 Binding cache
Home Address Care-of Address Lifetime Type
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="realLife"
></A
>5.7. Real life testing - smooth handover</H2
><P
>To really get the feel on how mobile IP works, fire up GnomeMeeting
(See the figure GnomeMeeting and start a netmeeting. Note! You must use
the latest GnomeMeeting to get support for IPv6! Then do a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"travel"</SPAN
>
and you can see an almost smooth handover.</P
><DIV
CLASS="mediaobject"
><P
><IMG
SRC="images/gnomemeeting1.png"
ALIGN="center"
WIDTH="250px"><DIV
CLASS="caption"
><P
>Using GnomeMeeting with IPv6 to test roaming between two
wireless networks</P
></DIV
></P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="faq"
></A
>6. FAQ</H1
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Why do we have to create the
<TT
CLASS="filename"
>/dev/mipv6_dev</TT
> entry?</EM
></P
><P
>A: The dev file is mainly so that the userspace tool,
mipdiag, can make modifications to the kernel parameters using
ioctl calls through the device file. <B
CLASS="command"
>mknod</B
> creates the special
device file with paramters recognizable by the mobile-ip6
module.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Is there any support for kernel 2.6.x?</EM
></P
><P
>A: Here is the<A
HREF="http://www.mobile-ipv6.org/pipermail/mipl/2003-December/001871.html"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; answer from Henrik Petander</A
> on the MIPL
mailinglist:</P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Here is a short overview of the status of MIPL for
2.6 kernel series:"</SPAN
></P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"We have finished the kernel infrastructure for
Mobile IPv6 in cooperation with the USAGI project. The
infrastructure does route optimization, tunneling and policy
routing."</SPAN
></P
><P
><SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"We are now working on the userspace daemon which
handles the MIPv6 signaling and controls the operation of the
kernel part. The userspace part is also progressing
nicely. However, the protocol logic is still missing, so there
isn't really anything for users to test yet. We should have a
well working and tested prototype ready and by the end of
March."</SPAN
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Does MIPL support
IPSec?</EM
></P
><P
>A: There is no support IPSec on 2.4.x. MIPL for 2.6 series will
have IPSec support from the start. You may use a third-party IPSec
implementation.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: How can I control the type of routing used for
communication between the MN and a CN (through HA tunnel or by
direct communication using binding update/acks)?</EM
></P
><P
>A: You can control this through:</P
><P
>&#13; <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/proc/sys/conf/net/ipv6/mobility/accept_return_routability</B
></TT
>
</P
><P
>If you do not want to use return routability and route optimization,
set it to 0 with:</P
><P
>&#13; <TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
># echo 0 &#62;
/proc/sys/..../accept_return_routability</B
></TT
>
</P
><P
> Then MN will communicate with CNs only through the
home tunnel.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Can different wireless networks
have different ESSIDs/WEP keys?</EM
></P
><P
>A: Yes, but you must change this upon arrival to the new
network. MIPv6 from MIPL can't do this automatically.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: If MN has travelled through several visited
LAN, and then returning home; the interface still has all the
autogenerated IPv6 addresses from all the visited networks! Is
there any way to <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"flush/delete"</SPAN
> these
addresses?</EM
></P
><P
>A: No, I do not know of any automatic way these adresses
can be removed, but you can delete them manually:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>&#13; # ifconfig eth0 inet6 del &#60;ipv6-address&#62;
</B
></TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Host B has two interfaces with two
different subnets assigned. When I ping B from host A, it does
not answer! Why not? Host A knows where host B
(subnets) are!</EM
></P
><P
>A: The host B doesn't know where host A is (B doesn't
know where A's net is), so you must add a route
entry:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>&#13; # ip route add fec0:106:2700::/64 via fec0:106:2300::1
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>or</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>&#13; # route -A inet6 add fec0:106:2700::/64 gw fec0:106:2300::1 dev eth0
</B
></TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: How do I set a default gateway in
IPv6?</EM
></P
><P
>A: You do that using the traditional <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"route"</SPAN
>:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>&#13; # route -A inet6 add default gw &#60;ipv6-host&#62;
</B
></TT
></P
><P
>or the newer <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"ip"</SPAN
> command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>&#13; # ip route ::/0 via &#60;ipv6-host&#62;
</B
></TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Why does the host send a multicast
address rather than an anycast address, requesting for router
solicitation?</EM
></P
><P
>A: Because the host wants an answer from every router, not from just any
router. The idea is to be able to get all parameters and to choose
the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"best"</SPAN
> default router.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Q: Why doesn't MN notice that it has
moved?</EM
></P
><P
>A: It thinks that it's previous router is still reachable. This may
result from very large lifetimes in router advertisements. Check the
configuration of the program sending router advertisements in the
router. If the program supports router advertisement intervals, you
can use this to help MN in movement detection by setting the use of
interval to <TT
CLASS="option"
>on</TT
>. See <B
CLASS="command"
>man radvd.conf</B
> for
details.</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="resources"
></A
>7. Useful Resources</H1
><P
>&#13; <P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>Mobile IPv6 for Linux <A
HREF="http://www.mipl.mediapoli.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.mipl.mediapoli.com/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Mobile IP Working Group (IETF) <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mobileip-charter.html"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mobileip-charter.html </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Mobile IPv6 draft <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt</A
>
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>IPv6 Working Group (IETF) <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipv6-charter.html"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipv6-charter.html </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>RFC2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
<A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>RFC2461 Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6) <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2461.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2461.txt </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>RFC2462 IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration <A
HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Peter Bieringer's Linux IPv6 HOWTO (en) <A
HREF="http://ldp.linux.no/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://ldp.linux.no/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/ </A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Current Status of IPv6 Support for Networking Applications
<A
HREF="http://www.deepspace6.net/docs/ipv6_status_page_apps.html"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.deepspace6.net/docs/ipv6_status_page_apps.html</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Linux Kernel HOWTO <A
HREF="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html_single/Kernel-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html_single/Kernel-HOWTO.html
</A
></P
></LI
></OL
>
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="copyack"
></A
>8. Copyright, acknowledgments and miscellaneous</H1
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="copyright"
></A
>8.1. Copyright and License</H2
><P
> Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Lars Strand.</P
><P
>&#13; Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the <A
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html"
TARGET="_top"
>GNU Free
Documentation License</A
>, Version 1.2 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy
of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="produced"
></A
>8.2. How this document was produced</H2
><P
>This document was originally written in LaTeX using
Emacs. HTML version created with latex2html. Later it was
converted to DocBook XML.</P
><P
>An up-to-date version of this document can be found at:</P
><P
> HTML: <A
HREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Mobile-IPv6-HOWTO/"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Mobile-IPv6-HOWTO/</A
> </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="feedback"
></A
>8.3. Feedback</H2
><P
>Suggestions, corrections, additions wanted. Contributors
wanted and acknowledged. Flames not wanted.</P
><P
>I can always be reached at <TT
CLASS="email"
>&#60;<A
HREF="mailto:lars at unik
no"
>lars at unik
no</A
>&#62;</TT
></P
><P
>Homepage: <A
HREF="http://www.gnist.org/~lars"
TARGET="_top"
>&#13; http://www.gnist.org/~lars</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="ack"
></A
>8.4. Acknowledgments</H2
><P
>This document was produced as a part of Interoperable
Networks for Secure Communications <A
HREF="http://insc.nodeca.mil.no/"
TARGET="_top"
>(INSC task 6)</A
></P
><P
>Thanks to Andreas Hafslund (andreha [at] unik.no) for
initial support. Also thanks to UniK (University Graduate Center)
<A
HREF="http://www.unik.no"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.unik.no</A
> and FFI
(Norwegian Defence Research Establishment) <A
HREF="http://www.ffi.mil.no"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.ffi.mil.no</A
> for
hardware support.</P
><P
>Thanks also to the other HOWTO authors whose works I have
referenced: </P
><P
><EM
>Linux IPv6 HOWTO (en)</EM
> by Peter
Bieringer</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="appendix"
><HR><H1
CLASS="appendix"
><A
NAME="gfdl"
></A
>A. GNU Free Documentation License</H1
><FONT
COLOR="RED"
>Version 1.2, November 2002</FONT
><A
NAME="fsf-copyright"
></A
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
><P
>Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-0"
></A
>A.1. PREAMBLE</H1
><P
>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with
or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.</P
><P
>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
designed for free software.</P
><P
>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-1"
></A
>A.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</H1
><P
>This License applies to any manual or other work, in
any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying
it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use
that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
copyright law.</P
><P
>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any
work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim,
or with modifications and/or translated into another language.</P
><P
>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or
a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing
that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the
Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may
not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.</P
><P
>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary
Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The
Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not
identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.</P
><P
>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of
text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at
most 25 words.</P
><P
>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is
available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the
document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable
for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent
file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any
substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
"Opaque".</P
><P
>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or
XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output
purposes only.</P
><P
>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book,
the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page.
For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's
title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</P
><P
>A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit
of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in
parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language.
(Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To
"Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document
means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
definition.</P
><P
>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License,
but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that
these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
meaning of this License.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-2"
></A
>A.3. VERBATIM COPYING</H1
><P
>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to
the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying
of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
</P
><P
>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-3"
></A
>A.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY</H1
><P
>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back
cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited
to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.</P
><P
>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.</P
><P
>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each
Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of
added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably
prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity,
to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
stated location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers)
of that edition to the public.</P
><P
>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-4"
></A
>A.5. MODIFICATIONS</H1
><P
>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
Modified Version:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="A"
><LI
><P
>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a
title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History
section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous
version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of
the Modified Version, as the publisher.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
<A
HREF="#gfdl-addendum"
>Addendum</A
> below.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Include an unaltered copy of this License.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its
Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the
Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous
versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History"
section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or
"Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".
Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</P
><P
>You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.</P
><P
>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the
list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may
not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission
from the previous publisher that added the old one.</P
><P
>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-5"
></A
>A.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</H1
><P
>You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in <A
HREF="#gfdl-4"
>section
4</A
> above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original
documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
Warranty Disclaimers.</P
><P
>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding
at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the
same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections
in the license notice of the combined work.</P
><P
>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must
delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-6"
></A
>A.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</H1
><P
>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies
of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is
included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.</P
><P
>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-7"
></A
>A.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</H1
><P
>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works
permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does
not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.</P
><P
>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers
that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic
equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise
they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-8"
></A
>A.9. TRANSLATION</H1
><P
>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the
translation and the original version of this License or a notice or
disclaimer, the original version will prevail.</P
><P
>If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its
Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-9"
></A
>A.10. TERMINATION</H1
><P
>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt
to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License
will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain
in full compliance.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-10"
></A
>A.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</H1
><P
>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.</P
><P
>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of
this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option
of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version
or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="section"
><HR><H1
CLASS="section"
><A
NAME="gfdl-addendum"
></A
>A.12. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for
your documents</H1
><P
>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy
of the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:</P
><A
NAME="copyright-sample"
></A
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
><P
>&#13; Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
><P
>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:</P
><A
NAME="inv-cover-sample"
></A
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
><P
>&#13; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
><P
>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.</P
><P
>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>
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