1010 lines
18 KiB
HTML
1010 lines
18 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Fonts and Colors</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="The X Window User HOWTO"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="More X Configuration"
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HREF="moreconfig.html"><LINK
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TITLE="Window Managers and Desktops"
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HREF="windowman.html"></HEAD
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>The X Window User HOWTO</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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HREF="moreconfig.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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HREF="windowman.html"
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>Next</A
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect1"
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><H1
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CLASS="sect1"
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><A
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NAME="fontscolors"
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></A
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>5. Fonts and Colors</H1
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><P
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> Understanding fonts and colors can be more complex in
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<SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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> than on other platforms.
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</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="AEN867"
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></A
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>5.1. Fonts Demystified</H2
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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> knows about various font types, including
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bitmaps, Type 1, and as of v4.x, TrueType. The X server can either handle
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fonts itself, or sometimes this duty is forked to a font server (of which
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there are several). <B
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CLASS="command"
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>xfs</B
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> (X Font Server) is the most common
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font server in use on Linux.
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</P
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><P
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> A font server is not required, as <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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> can handle
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most font rendering itself. Font servers are traditionally used for serving
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fonts to multiple hosts on a network, but sometimes are also used to provide
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enhanced functionality. Additionally, a font server may provide a modest
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performance boost by off-loading font rendering to a separate process.
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</P
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><P
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> <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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> knows about fonts according to fonts that are in
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the <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"FontPath"</SPAN
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>. This is set initially in
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<TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>XF86Config</TT
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>. If the X server is handling font duties
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itself (i.e. no font server), this will be a list of directories that contain
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font files, like:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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>
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc:unscaled"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi:unscaled"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi:unscaled"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi"
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FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi"
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> If a font server is being used, the <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"FontPath"</SPAN
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> will point to the
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socket where the font server is serving (this is just one possible example):
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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>
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FontPath "unix/:7101"
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> In this latter case, the actual font directories that are available will be
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configured with the font server (see local documentation), which will use a
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similar directory type scheme as shown for <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>XF86Config</TT
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>.
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</P
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><P
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> Once suitable fonts have been installed, they must be
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<SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"prepared"</SPAN
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>. For most fonts, this means running the
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<B
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CLASS="command"
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>mkfontdir</B
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> utility (see man page) in the directory where
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the fonts are (as root). Type 1 and TrueType require additional steps (see
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below). Your vendor has done this for any fonts that were included with your
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distribution. So, this will only need to be done for fonts that you add. For
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newly added fonts to become visible to <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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>,
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you will need to run the appropriate
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<B
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CLASS="command"
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>xset</B
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> commands to either modify the existing FontPath, or
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re-read it (see man page). Or, re-initialize your font server.
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</P
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><P
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> Example: Preparing fonts, and re-initializing font server after adding new
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fonts:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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>
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su
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<password>
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mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/my_new_fonts/
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/etc/init.d/xfs restart
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The first command may not be necessary on newer distros (since it's done by
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the init script in some cases). And the font server configuration would need
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to be modified, if this is a new directory. Example: re-initializing with no
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font server:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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>
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su
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<password>
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mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/my_new_fonts/
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xset +fp /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/my_new_fonts/
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xset fp rehash
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"<B
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CLASS="command"
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>xset +fp</B
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>"</SPAN
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> would not be necessary if the
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directory is already part of the FontPath.
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</P
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><P
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>xlsfonts | less</B
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> can be used to list what fonts are known,
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and thus available, to <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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> and its clients. Run
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<B
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CLASS="command"
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>xlsfonts | less</B
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>, and you also can get an idea of the font
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definition as understood by <SPAN
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CLASS="application"
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>X</SPAN
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>. Font resources are
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specified quite explicitly, and it may seem complex at first. The <EM
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>X
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Logical Font Description</EM
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> (<SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"XLFD"</SPAN
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>) is the full
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description for any given font. The XLFD looks like:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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>
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-adobe-helvetica-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-p-*-iso10646-1
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> Where each field, left to right is:
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</P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>fndry</TT
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> - font foundry, the company or individual
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which made the font.
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>fmly</TT
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> - font family, the popular nickname of the font
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>wght</TT
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> - font weight (bold, medium, etc.)
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>slant</TT
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> - font slant (italics, oblique, roman
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(normal), etc.)
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>sWdth</TT
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> - font width (normal, condensed, extended, etc.)
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>adstyl</TT
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> - additional style (sans serif, serif, etc.)
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>pxlsz</TT
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> - pixel size, the number of pixels
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vertically in a character
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>ptSz</TT
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> - approximate point size of the text
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(similar to pxlsz)
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>resx</TT
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> - horizontal resolution, in dpi
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>resy</TT
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> - vertical resolution, in dpi
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
|
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CLASS="literal"
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>spc</TT
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> - spacing, only useful, apparently, in the
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Schumacher fonts
|
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
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></P
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><P
|
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></P
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><TABLE
|
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
|
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CLASS="literal"
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>avgWidth</TT
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> - average character width of the font
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
|
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><P
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></P
|
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><P
|
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></P
|
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><TABLE
|
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>rgstry</TT
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> - the recognized registry that lists
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the font
|
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
|
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><P
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></P
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><P
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></P
|
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><TABLE
|
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BORDER="0"
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><TBODY
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><TR
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><TD
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> <TT
|
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CLASS="literal"
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|
>encdng</TT
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> - nationality encoding
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</TD
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></TR
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></TBODY
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></TABLE
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><P
|
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></P
|
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><P
|
|
> The <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"*"</SPAN
|
|
> acts as a wild-card character. In fact, if not every
|
|
field is specified, the X server will take the first match it finds in
|
|
the FontPath. This is why it is best to order the FontPath with preferred
|
|
fonts coming first since some programs will deliberately specify fonts
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"loosely"</SPAN
|
|
> so that your system has some discretion.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The program <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>xfontsel</B
|
|
> (<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
Font Selector) may be useful. Try launching it now. You will see
|
|
nothing helpful in the main window at first, but try holding the left button
|
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down on the <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>fndry</TT
|
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> button. If all your fonts are
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|
in order, you will see a menu of selections such as <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>adobe</TT
|
|
> and <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>b&h</TT
|
|
> and
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|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>bitstream</TT
|
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> and so forth. Select one such as
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>b&h</TT
|
|
> and you will notice that the font in
|
|
the lower window changes to something intelligible. This is the way
|
|
fonts are selected with this program; starting from the left, which is the
|
|
most general selection, and moving toward the right, to the more specific
|
|
options. Selecting an option toward the rightmost end will not make much
|
|
sense before the foundry, for instance, is selected, because the options are
|
|
generally ordered by their dependence on each other.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> When you select from the <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>fmly</TT
|
|
> selection,
|
|
you will see most of the options grayed out, and only three remaining. That
|
|
means that these three are the only families of font made by this foundry.
|
|
Some families appear under more than one foundry, for instance, both
|
|
<EM
|
|
>Adobe</EM
|
|
> and <EM
|
|
>Bitstream</EM
|
|
> make a
|
|
variation of the Courier font. Now you can select the <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>wght</TT
|
|
>, and so forth. After you get far enough you will
|
|
have narrowed it down to the font that you want. You don't necessarily have
|
|
to fill in all the options to choose a single font, there's not
|
|
<EM
|
|
>that</EM
|
|
> many fonts on your system! The options that you do
|
|
not select will be represented by a <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>*</TT
|
|
>
|
|
indicating that any option will do in that spot, and gives X some leeway.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> When you are satisfied with your font selection, hit the select button,
|
|
and your selection will be placed in the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
clipboard, ready to be pasted into your document or whatever you are working
|
|
on. For example, open an <EM
|
|
>xterm</EM
|
|
> window and
|
|
type in something like <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>xterm -font </TT
|
|
> followed by
|
|
an opening quotation mark. Then point to that spot on your screen, and click
|
|
your middle mouse button (or click both the left and right, if you are
|
|
middle-button impaired). This will paste the selection from the clipboard,
|
|
which should be the font you just selected. Then enter the closing quote, and
|
|
hit <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>Enter</TT
|
|
>. For instance, a nice big <EM
|
|
>xterm</EM
|
|
> with a Courier font specified would look like
|
|
this: <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>xterm -font
|
|
"-adobe-courier-medium-r-*-*-14-*-*-*-*-*-*-*"</TT
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> If you've found a font you prefer, this can permanently be used by placing the
|
|
font definition in the appropriate configuration file (see above).
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Note that you can also limit the number of fonts that you want
|
|
<B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>xfontsel</B
|
|
> to display with the command line option
|
|
<EM
|
|
>-pattern</EM
|
|
>, followed by a quoted font specification, as
|
|
discussed above.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>xfd</B
|
|
> utility is also helpful for examining
|
|
individual fonts. If launched with a command line such as <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>xfd
|
|
-fn fixed</B
|
|
>, it will show you the complete character set for that font.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>KDE</SPAN
|
|
> and <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>GNOME</SPAN
|
|
> have
|
|
their own utilities that are not quite as obtuse ;-)
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN987"
|
|
></A
|
|
>5.1.1. Type 1 and TrueType Fonts</H3
|
|
><P
|
|
> The fonts provided with XFree86 are of limited use for many of us,
|
|
considering that about the only place you'll find fonts of that kind, are
|
|
used in the X Window System itself for the most part. Unfortunately many
|
|
media junkies, web designers and fontaholics work in operating systems that
|
|
rely on other formats. And then, there often does not seem to be much
|
|
emphasis by some distributions on making the best of the default fonts
|
|
either.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Type 1 fonts, most commonly used in conjunction with PostScript document
|
|
formats, are the traditional standard in Unix and Linux environments. You
|
|
should have a reasonably good starter selection installed already. Or, more
|
|
can be found for free on the Internet with considerable ease, and Try <A
|
|
HREF="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/fonts/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/fonts/</A
|
|
>
|
|
for starters. Type 1 are scalable fonts, and have many of the same benefits
|
|
of the better known TrueType fonts. If you don't have a good selection of
|
|
TrueType fonts installed, then Type 1 is what you want for most GUI
|
|
applications. But again, this is not standard on other platforms, and can
|
|
present problems when viewing documents (e.g. web pages) that are designed
|
|
with <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"other platforms"</SPAN
|
|
> in mind.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> TrueType fonts started with Apple, and later were licensed by Microsoft. So
|
|
people migrating from non-Unix platforms are already familiar with these high
|
|
quality fonts. Unfortunately, there are not many quality TrueType fonts under
|
|
a suitable license, and thus there are not many included with Linux
|
|
distributions. And the ones that are, often are not as high quality. Also
|
|
unfortunately, TrueType has become somewhat of a standard on the Web and in
|
|
other venues, and not having good TrueType fonts can be a detriment.
|
|
XFree86 also seems to render TrueType a little better than Type1.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> That is the bad news. The good news is that any TrueType font included with
|
|
any version of Windows, or any Windows applications, should work on Linux.
|
|
Though you will have to take some additional steps to integrate them. This
|
|
particularly helps web browsing where <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X's</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
bitmapped fonts just don't scale well.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
We shall not go into detail on installing and configuring these fonts here,
|
|
as it is addressed in depth in other documents. See
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Font-HOWTO.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The Font HOWTO</A
|
|
>
|
|
for general font information, and Type 1 tips.
|
|
See <I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>The Font De-Uglification
|
|
Mini HOWTO</I
|
|
>,
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/FDU/index.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>The Font De-Uglification
|
|
Mini HOWTO</A
|
|
>,
|
|
for various <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X</SPAN
|
|
> related font tips, especially TrueType.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="sect2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="sect2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN1001"
|
|
></A
|
|
>5.2. Colors</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
> Let's go back to our terminal window and try something. Open an
|
|
<B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>xterm</B
|
|
> with a command line like the following:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> <TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
>
|
|
xterm -fg DarkSteelBlue1 -bg red3 &
|
|
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Ouch! While that may not be pretty, and you may not do much of your best work
|
|
in it, it demonstrates one interesting aspect of <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
configuration -- color names. While not particularly precise, this is a nice
|
|
way to remember a variety of colors. Note that color names are never
|
|
case-sensitive.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The X server will actually deal with color values as a hexadecimal
|
|
Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color notation. This would look something like
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"#0aff0a"</SPAN
|
|
> in hex. Not so easy to remember. But
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>X</SPAN
|
|
> gives a more mnemonic way of remembering valid
|
|
color definitions. These are stored in a text table, typically as
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb.txt</TT
|
|
>, and is defined in
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>XF86Config</TT
|
|
> in the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"Files"</SPAN
|
|
> section.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> If you are interested, have a look with a text editor. There are many, many
|
|
shades defined. I count eighty-three shades of blue in mine, for instance. Brief
|
|
snip:
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> <TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
>
|
|
176 226 255 LightSkyBlue1
|
|
164 211 238 LightSkyBlue2
|
|
141 182 205 LightSkyBlue3
|
|
96 123 139 LightSkyBlue4
|
|
202 225 255 LightSteelBlue1
|
|
188 210 238 LightSteelBlue2
|
|
162 181 205 LightSteelBlue3
|
|
110 123 139 LightSteelBlue4
|
|
191 239 255 LightBlue1
|
|
178 223 238 LightBlue2
|
|
154 192 205 LightBlue3
|
|
104 131 139 LightBlue4
|
|
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> This file can be customized should you desire, but this is rarely needed for
|
|
most of us. It is important to have though, since some applications depend on
|
|
it.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Desktop Environments will have a GUI utility for selecting colors.
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="moreconfig.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="windowman.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
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>More X Configuration</TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
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>Window Managers and Desktops</TD
|
|
></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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></DIV
|
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></BODY
|
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></HTML
|
|
> |