282 lines
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282 lines
17 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<HTML>
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<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="LinuxDoc-Tools 0.9.21">
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<TITLE> Serial HOWTO</TITLE>
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<LINK HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html" REL=next>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html">Next</A>
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Previous
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Contents
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<HR>
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<H1> Serial HOWTO</H1>
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<H2>David S.Lawyer
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<CODE>
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<A HREF="mailto:dave@lafn.org">dave@lafn.org</A></CODE>
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original by Greg Hankins</H2> v2.27 February 2011
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<HR>
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<EM>This document is for the UART serial port. This port has mostly
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disappeared from desktops and laptops is still used elsewhere such as
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for embedded systems. It covers information other than that which
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should be covered by Modem-HOWTO, PPP-HOWTO, Serial-Programming-HOWTO,
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or Text-Terminal-HOWTO. It lists info on multiport serial cards. It
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contains technical info about the serial port itself in more detail
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than found in the above HOWTOs and should be best for troubleshooting
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when the problem is the serial port itself. If you are dealing with a
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Modem, PPP (used for Internet access on a phone line), or a
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Text-Terminal, those HOWTOs should be consulted first. </EM>
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<HR>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc1">1.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html">Introduction</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.1">1.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.1">Copyright, Disclaimer, & Credits</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.2">1.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.2">New Versions of this Serial-HOWTO</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.3">1.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.3">New in Recent Versions </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.4">1.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.4">Related HOWTO's, etc. about the Serial Port </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.5">1.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.5">Feedback</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc1.6">1.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.6">What is a Serial Port?</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc2">2.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-2.html">Quick Help</A></H2>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc3">3.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-3.html">How the Hardware Transfers Bytes </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc3.1">3.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.1">Transmitting</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc3.2">3.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.2">Receiving</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc3.3">3.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.3">The Large Serial Buffers</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc4">4.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html">Serial Port Basics </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.1">4.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.1">What is a Serial Port ?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.2">4.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.2">IO Address & IRQ</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.3">4.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.3">Names: ttyS0, ttyS1, etc.</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.4">4.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.4">Interrupts </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.5">4.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.5">Data Flow (Speeds)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.6">4.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.6">Flow Control </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.7">4.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.7">Data Flow Path; Buffers </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.8">4.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.8">Complex Flow Control Example</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.9">4.9</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.9">Serial Driver Module</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.10">4.10</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.10">The Serial Port is Now Obsolete on PCs </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.11">4.11</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.11">RS-232 Cable Is Low Speed & Short Distance </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc4.12">4.12</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-4.html#ss4.12">Inefficient PCI Interface to the Computer (in some cases)</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc5">5.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html">Multiport Serial Boards/Cards/Adapters</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.1">5.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.1">Intro to Multiport Serial</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.2">5.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.2">Dumb vs. Smart Cards</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.3">5.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.3">Getting/Enabling a Driver</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.4">5.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.4">Multiport Devices in the /dev Directory,</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.5">5.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.5">Making Legacy Multiport Devices in the /dev Directory</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.6">5.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.6">Standard PC Serial Cards</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.7">5.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.7">Dumb Multiport Serial Boards (with standard UART chips)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.8">5.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.8">Intelligent Multiport Serial Boards</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc5.9">5.9</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.9">Unsupported Multiport Boards</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc6">6.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-6.html">Servers for Serial Ports</A></H2>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc7">7.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-7.html">Configuring Overview</A></H2>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc8">8.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html">Locating the Serial Port: IO address, IRQs </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.1">8.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.1">What Bus is my Serial Port On?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.2">8.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.2">IO & IRQ Overview</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.3">8.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.3">PCI Bus Support </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.4">8.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.4">Common mistakes made re low-level configuring</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.5">8.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.5">IRQ & IO Address Must be Correct </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.6">8.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.6">What is the IO Address and IRQ per the driver ?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.7">8.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.7">What is the IO Address & IRQ of my Serial Port Hardware?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.8">8.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.8">Choosing Serial IRQs </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.9">8.9</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.9">Choosing Addresses --Video card conflict with ttyS3</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.10">8.10</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.10">Set IO Address & IRQ in the hardware (mostly for PnP)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc8.11">8.11</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.11">Giving the IRQ and IO Address to Setserial</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc9">9.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-9.html">Configuring the Serial Driver (high-level) "stty"</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc9.1">9.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.1">Overview</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc9.2">9.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.2">Flow Control</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc10">10.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html">Serial Port Devices /dev/ttyS2, etc. </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.1">10.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.1">Serial Port Names: ttyS4, etc</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.2">10.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.2">The PCI Bus</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.3">10.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.3">Serial Port Device Names & Numbers </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.4">10.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.4">More on Serial Port Names </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.5">10.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.5">USB (Universal Serial Bus) Serial Ports</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.6">10.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.6">Link ttySN to /dev/modem</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.7">10.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.7">Which Connector on the Back of my PC is ttyS1, etc? </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc10.8">10.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.8">Creating Devices In the /dev directory </A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc11">11.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html">Interesting Programs You Should Know About</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.1">11.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.1">Serial Monitoring/Diagnostics Programs </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.2">11.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.2">Changing Interrupt Priority</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.3">11.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.3">What is Setserial ? </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.4">11.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.4">Stty </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.5">11.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.5">What is isapnp ?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.6">11.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.6">Connecting two PCs together via serial ports</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc11.7">11.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.7">Connect the serial port to a fast network: ser2net</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc12">12.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-12.html">Speed (Flow Rate) </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc12.1">12.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.1">Very High Speeds </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc12.2">12.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.2">Higher Serial Throughput </A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc13">13.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-13.html">Locking Out Others</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc13.1">13.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.1">Introduction</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc13.2">13.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.2">Lock-Files </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc13.3">13.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.3">Change Owners, Groups, and/or Permissions of Device Files</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc14">14.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-14.html">Serial Communications Programs And Utilities</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc14.1">14.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.1">List of Software</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc14.2">14.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.2">kermit and zmodem</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc15">15.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html">Serial Tips And Miscellany</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.1">15.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.1">Serial Modules </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.2">15.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.2">Kernel Configuration </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.3">15.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.3">Number of Serial Ports Supported </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.4">15.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.4">Serial Console (console on the serial port)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.5">15.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.5">Line Drivers</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.6">15.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.6">Stopping the Data Flow when Printing, etc.</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.7">15.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.7">Known IO Address Conflicts</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc15.8">15.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.8">Known Defective Hardware</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc16">16.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html">Troubleshooting </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.1">16.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.1">Serial Electrical Test Equipment </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.2">16.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.2">Serial Monitoring/Diagnostics</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.3">16.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.3">(The following subsections are in both the Serial and Modem HOWTOs)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.4">16.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.4">Serial Port Can't be Found</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.5">16.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.5">Linux Creates an Interrupt Conflict (your PC has an ISA slot)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.6">16.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.6">Extremely Slow: Text appears on the screen slowly after long delays</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.7">16.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.7">Somewhat Slow: I expected it to be a few times faster</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.8">16.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.8">The Startup Screen Shows Wrong IRQs for the Serial Ports</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.9">16.9</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.9">"Cannot open /dev/ttyS?: Device or resource busy</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.10">16.10</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.10">"Cannot open /dev/ttyS?: Permission denied"</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.11">16.11</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.11">"Cannot open /dev/ttyS?"</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.12">16.12</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.12">"Operation not supported by device" for ttyS?</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.13">16.13</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.13">"Cannot create lockfile. Sorry" </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.14">16.14</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.14">"Device /dev/ttyS? is locked."</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.15">16.15</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.15">"/dev/tty? Device or resource busy" </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.16">16.16</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.16">"Input/output error" from setserial, stty, pppd, etc.</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.17">16.17</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.17">"LSR safety check engaged"</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.18">16.18</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.18">Overrun errors on serial port</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.19">16.19</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.19">Port gets characters only sporadically</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.20">16.20</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.20">Troubleshooting Tools</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc16.21">16.21</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.21">Almost all characters are wrong; Many missing or many extras</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc17">17.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html">Interrupt Problem Details </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc17.1">17.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.1">Types of interrupt problems</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc17.2">17.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.2">Symptoms of Mis-set or Conflicting Interrupts</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc17.3">17.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.3">Mis-set Interrupts </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc17.4">17.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.4">Interrupt Conflicts </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc17.5">17.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.5">Resolving Interrupt Problems</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc18">18.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html">What Are UARTs? How Do They Affect Performance? </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc18.1">18.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.1">Introduction to UARTS</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc18.2">18.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.2">Two Types of UARTs</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc18.3">18.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.3">FIFOs </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc18.4">18.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.4">Why FIFO Buffers are Small</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc18.5">18.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.5">UART Model Numbers</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc19">19.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html">Pinout and Signals </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc19.1">19.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.1">Pinout of 9-pin and 25-pin serial connectors</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc19.2">19.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.2">Signals May Have No Fixed Meaning</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc19.3">19.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.3">Cabling Between Serial Ports </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc19.4">19.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.4">RTS/CTS and DTR/DSR Flow Control </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc19.5">19.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.5">Preventing a Port From Opening</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc20">20.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html">Voltage Waveshapes </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc20.1">20.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.1">Voltage for a Bit</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc20.2">20.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.2">Voltage Sequence for a Byte </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc20.3">20.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.3">Parity Explained </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc20.4">20.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.4">Forming a Byte (Framing)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc20.5">20.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.5">How "Asynchronous" is Synchronized</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc21">21.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html">Other Serial Devices (not async RS-232) </A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.1">21.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.1">Successors to RS-232 </A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.2">21.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.2">EIA-422-A (balanced) and EIA-423-A (unbalanced)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.3">21.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.3">EIA-485</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.4">21.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.4">EIA-530</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.5">21.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.5">EIA-612/613</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.6">21.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.6">The Universal Serial Bus (USB)</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.7">21.7</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.7">Firewire</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.8">21.8</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.8">MIDI</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc21.9">21.9</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.9">Synchronization & Synchronous </A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc22">22.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html">Other Sources of Information</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc22.1">22.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.1">Books</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc22.2">22.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.2">Serial Software</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc22.3">22.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.3">Related Linux Documents</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc22.4">22.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.4">Serial Mailing List</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc22.5">22.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.5">Internet</A>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="toc23">23.</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html">Appendix A: Very Obsolete Hardware/Software</A></H2>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.1">23.1</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.1">Replacing pre 1990 UARTS</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.2">23.2</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.2">Two Ports with the Same IO address</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.3">23.3</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.3">Configuring by modifying source code</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.4">23.4</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.4">Modems on Multiport Cards Obsolete for Sending at 56k</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.5">23.5</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.5">Lock-Files if you used the depreciated devfs</A>
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<LI><A NAME="toc23.6">23.6</A> <A HREF="Serial-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.6">Devfs (The deprecated Device File System. History)</A>
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</UL>
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<HR>
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