793 lines
19 KiB
HTML
793 lines
19 KiB
HTML
<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Anatomy of the Red Hat FTP site</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE=" Burning a RedHat CD HOWTO
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"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="Introduction"
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HREF="introduction.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="RPM packages"
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HREF="rpm-packages.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="SECT1"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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CELLPADDING="0"
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CELLSPACING="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Burning a RedHat CD HOWTO</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="introduction.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="rpm-packages.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="REDHAT-FTP-SITE"
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></A
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>2. Anatomy of the Red Hat FTP site</H1
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><P
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> In the spirit of the Linux community, Red Hat Software has made available
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their Linux distributions for several platforms on their FTP site. These
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are all available from the top distribution directory
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(<A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/"
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TARGET="_top"
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>pub/redhat/linux/</A
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>).
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Let's have a look at the distribution tree.
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</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="REDHAT-MAIN-TREE"
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></A
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>2.1. Redhat 9 directories organization</H2
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><P
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> The latest distribution is, as of this writing, available only for the
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i386 platform. The toplevel directory appears a bit shallow, given the
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presence of a single architecture. (<A
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HREF="ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/9/en/os/"
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TARGET="_top"
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>pub/redhat/linux/9/en/os/
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</A
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>).
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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i386/
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> Otherwise, the toplevel directory, for releases slightly older than 9, contains
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distributions for the different platforms. For example, the corresponding
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directory for release 7.1 of Redhat Linux, is structured this way:
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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alpha/ i386/ ia64/ ppc/ s390x/
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The root of the i386 directory in a Redhat 9 distribution looks like this:
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 248 Mar 14 2003 autorun
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drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Mar 14 2003 dosutils
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-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 6192 Mar 14 2003 EULA
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-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 18385 Mar 14 2003 GPL
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Mar 14 2003 images
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Mar 14 2003 isolinux
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-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 6127 Mar 14 2003 README
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 13052 Mar 14 2003 README-Accessibility
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 6686 Mar 14 2003 README.de
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 6990 Mar 14 2003 README.es
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 6492 Mar 14 2003 README.fr
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 6805 Mar 14 2003 README.it
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 7995 Mar 14 2003 README.ja
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 7312 Mar 14 2003 README.ko
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 5070 Mar 14 2003 README.pt
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 6613 Mar 14 2003 README.pt_BR
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 5879 Mar 14 2003 README.zh_CN
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 5892 Mar 14 2003 README.zh_TW
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drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 2048 Mar 14 2003 RedHat
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 25824 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 29902 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-de.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 30409 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-es.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 32354 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-fr.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 30064 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 29925 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-it.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 34666 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-ja.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 33520 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-ko.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 29496 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-pt_BR.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 22747 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-pt.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 25217 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-zh_CN.html
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-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 26645 Mar 14 2003 RELEASE-NOTES-zh_TW.html
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-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 1910 Mar 14 2003 RPM-GPG-KEY
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1823 Mar 14 2003 TRANS.TBL
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>SRPMS</TT
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> directory contains the RPMS
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packages in source form.
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>images</TT
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> directory contains boot
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and drivers floppy images that can be copied to a diskette if needed. In the
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9 release, there is only one boot disk image available. This boot image is named
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>bootdisk.img</TT
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>. A secondary driver disk is required beside
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this one if the installation is not performed directly from a CD-ROM or HD. A
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>boot.iso</TT
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> file has now been added to boot a machine from
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the cdrom drive and start (network) installations more easily (i.e. without messing up
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with too many floppies). See section <A
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HREF="installation.html"
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>Installation</A
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> and references
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therein for details and consult the README file in the directory for a more detailed
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explanation of the various files.
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>isolinux</TT
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> directory contains
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the files needed to boot from the CD (and to rebuild bootable CDs which work the
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same way). This process was moved from floppy emulation to no emulation. This
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helps avoiding space constraints and compatibility problems.
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>dosutils</TT
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> directory contains various
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programs for some other operating systems which are sometimes useful to support the
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installation process. An explanatory README file is included also in this case.
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</P
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><P
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> The listing is completed by a lot of files and the
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>RedHat</TT
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> directory. The latter is the
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subject of the next sections while the formers have contents which will appear
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straightforward by simply reading their names (perhaps apart from the EULA,
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or End User License Agreement).
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="REDHAT-DIR"
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></A
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>2.2. The "RedHat" directory -- the core of the distribution</H2
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><P
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>
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The most important part of the directory tree is rooted in the
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>RedHat</TT
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> directory:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 53248 Jun 14 03:15 RPMS
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 14 04:15 base
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>RPMS</TT
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> directory contains the major
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part of the Red Hat distribution consisting of a set of RPM (Redhat Package
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Manager) files. An RPM package typically contains binary executables, along
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with relevant configuration files and documentation. See the section
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<A
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HREF="rpm-packages.html"
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>RPM packages</A
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> for more information.
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</P
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>base</TT
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> directory holds different
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files needed during the installation process, like the
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>comps.xml</TT
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> file, which defines the <EM
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>components</EM
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>
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(groups of packages) used during the "Choose packages to install" phase.
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See section <A
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HREF="comps-file.html"
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>The comps file</A
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> for more information on this file, and how
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to use it.
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</P
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><P
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> Two other important files in the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>base</TT
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>
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directory are <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>hdlist</TT
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> and <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>hdlist2</TT
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>
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containing most of the header fields from all the RPMs in the
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>RPMS</TT
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> directory. This means that all
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the interdependencies among RPM packages can be determined just by reading
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these files without having to read all the RPM packages which is quite
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convenient especially during FTP installs. Another use of these files is
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mapping package names to file names (eg. <EM
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>perl</EM
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> to
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<EM
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>perl-5.004-6.i386.rpm</EM
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>). This means that if you want
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to incorporate updates from RedHat (see section <A
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HREF="include-updates.html"
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>Including the updates</A
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>)
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or add your own packages to the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>RPMS</TT
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>
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directory, you need to update <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>hdlist</TT
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> and
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>hdlist2</TT
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>. This is described later in
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<A
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HREF="include-updates.html#INSTALLER-REBUILD"
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>Rebuilding the installer</A
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>. Besides these files, the images from which
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the installation environment (i.e. kernel, python interpreter, anaconda, etc.)
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is loaded are found.
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="UPDATES-DIR"
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></A
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>2.3. The "updates" directory</H2
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><P
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> The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/pub/redhat/linux/updates</TT
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> directory has updates for all
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releases of RedHat's distribution since version 3.0.3. This is the place
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to find software packages that have been updated for some reason or other.
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You should especially be aware of security updates. These are publicised on
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RedHat's errata page whenever a fix is available. The most important files
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found in the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>updates</TT
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> directory are:
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:13 5.2
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:13 6.0
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:13 6.1
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drwxrwsr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 6.2
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drwxrwsr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 7.0
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drwxrwsr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 7.1
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drwxrwsr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:13 7.2
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 7.3
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 8.0
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drwxrwsr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 9
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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> The structure of each of these directories is similar to that described in
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the section <A
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HREF="redhat-ftp-site.html#REDHAT-MAIN-TREE"
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>The Redhat 9 tree</A
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>. So you will find for each version,
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in the subdirectory <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>en/os/</TT
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> a series of
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subdirectories representing the various architectures and a
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>noarch</TT
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> and <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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> SRPMS</TT
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> subdirectories, for packages which work on every architecture
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or are in source form respectively.
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</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 05:28 SRPMS
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 28 18:25 athlon
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 8192 Sep 23 05:28 i386
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 i486
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 28 18:26 i586
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 28 18:26 i686
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 13 10:14 noarch
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
|
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
|
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
|
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><A
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NAME="AEN154"
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></A
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>2.4. Differences for the 8.0 tree</H2
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><P
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|
> The 8.0 distribution layout is almost identical to the one just described. The only
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major differences, in this respect, can be found in the images directory.
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</P
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|
><P
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|
> The <TT
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|
CLASS="FILENAME"
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|
>images</TT
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|
> directory contains boot
|
|
and drivers floppy images that can be copied to a diskette if needed. In the
|
|
8.0 release, there are three boot disk images available. The first boot
|
|
image is called <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>boot.img</TT
|
|
>, and is required when installation
|
|
is performed directly from a CD-ROM. If installing from a NFS mounted disk or FTP
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is required, the <TT
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|
CLASS="FILENAME"
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|
>bootnet.img</TT
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> disk image is needed.
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Installs through PCMCIA adapters need the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>pcmcia.img</TT
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>
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floppy. See section <A
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HREF="installation.html"
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>Installation</A
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|
> and references therein for
|
|
details and consult the README file in the directory for a more detailed explanation
|
|
of the various files.
|
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</P
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></DIV
|
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><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
|
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><A
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NAME="AEN163"
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></A
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>2.5. Differences for the 7.x tree</H2
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><P
|
|
> The two distributions are fairly similar in this respect. The only changes which
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are of some interest to us (and easy to notice with a simple inspection of the main
|
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distribution tree) are represented by a missing
|
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<TT
|
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CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>isolinux</TT
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> directory and some changes in the
|
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<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>RedHat/base</TT
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|
> directory. The first one is due
|
|
to the way the installation CDs are made bootable in releases prior to 8.0
|
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(<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"floppy emulation"</SPAN
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|
> has been superseded by <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
|
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>"no emulation"</SPAN
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>
|
|
in release 8.0), while the second is an effect of the migration of
|
|
the <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>comps</TT
|
|
> file format to <EM
|
|
>XML</EM
|
|
> in Redhat
|
|
releases after 8.0 (that's why it was renamed <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>comps.xml</TT
|
|
>).
|
|
The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>Redhat/base/comps</TT
|
|
> file is, in fact, a simple textual file
|
|
with a quite inflexible syntax in releases prior to and including Redhat 7.3.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN174"
|
|
></A
|
|
>2.6. Differences for the 6.x tree</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
> For release 6.2 (<A
|
|
HREF="ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/6.2/en/os/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
> pub/redhat/linux/6.2/en/os/</A
|
|
>), the last of the 6 series, the organization
|
|
is the following (the previous releases are mostly similar if not really equal, in
|
|
this respect):
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> <TABLE
|
|
BORDER="1"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> alpha/ i386/ sparc/
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> While the root of the i386 directory looks like this:
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="1"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 18385 Sep 7 1999 COPYING
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3400 Mar 8 2000 README
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16300 Mar 8 2000 RELEASE-NOTES
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1908 Sep 25 1999 RPM-GPG-KEY
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512 Sep 27 15:22 RedHat
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 17408 Sep 27 15:22 SRPMS
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 538 Sep 26 1999 autorun
|
|
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 2048 Mar 9 2000 boot.cat
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512 Sep 27 15:22 doc
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512 Sep 27 15:22 dosutils
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512 Sep 27 15:22 images
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 512 Sep 27 15:22 misc
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> In the following paragraphs I will only list differences from the newest
|
|
releases, what is not explicitly mentioned is (or is believed to be) unchanged.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>doc</TT
|
|
> directory contains an
|
|
abundance of information. Most importantly, the RedHat installation manual
|
|
can be found in HTML format in the directory or on the Redhat website
|
|
(<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-6.2-Manual/install-guide/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
> Redhat 6.2 Installation guide</A
|
|
>). Next, there are the reference guide
|
|
and the getting started guide. The documentation for the 7.x/8.0/9 releases is on
|
|
a separate CD (in a different tree, on the ftp site).
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>images</TT
|
|
> directory contains boot floppy
|
|
images that can be copied to a diskette if needed, like for 8.0, 7.3 and 9. See
|
|
section <A
|
|
HREF="installation.html"
|
|
>Installation</A
|
|
> and references therein for details. The
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>misc</TT
|
|
> directory contains source and
|
|
executables of a number of programs needed for the installation.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
The most important part of the directory tree is (again) rooted in
|
|
the <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>RedHat</TT
|
|
> directory:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> <TABLE
|
|
BORDER="1"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 28672 Oct 26 09:01 RPMS
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 26 09:01 base
|
|
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 19 1999 i386
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Oct 26 09:01 instimage
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>RPMS</TT
|
|
> directory should be
|
|
already known to you. See the section <A
|
|
HREF="rpm-packages.html"
|
|
>RPM packages</A
|
|
> for more
|
|
informations. The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>base</TT
|
|
> directory
|
|
holds different book-keeping files needed during the installation process,
|
|
like for releases 7.3, 8.0 and 9. The only noticeable differences being represented
|
|
by a single <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>hdlist</TT
|
|
> file and a missing
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>stage2.img</TT
|
|
> file whose functionalities should be provided
|
|
by the files included in the <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>instimage</TT
|
|
>
|
|
directory. This contains, in fact, a bare-bones live file system with a number
|
|
of programs and shared libraries needed during the installation procedure.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> The <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>updates</TT
|
|
> directory is really similar
|
|
to the one described for release 9 with the only difference of having more
|
|
architecture related directories.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
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CELLPADDING="0"
|
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CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="introduction.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
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ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
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ALIGN="right"
|
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VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="rpm-packages.html"
|
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ACCESSKEY="N"
|
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>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
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><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
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ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Introduction</TD
|
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><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
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ALIGN="center"
|
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VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
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ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>RPM packages</TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
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></DIV
|
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></BODY
|
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|
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> |