321 lines
14 KiB
HTML
321 lines
14 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="SGML-Tools 1.0.9">
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<TITLE>CD-Writing HOWTO: Introduction</TITLE>
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<LINK HREF="CD-Writing-HOWTO-2.html" REL=next>
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<LINK HREF="CD-Writing-HOWTO.html#toc1" REL=contents>
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<BODY>
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<A HREF="CD-Writing-HOWTO-2.html">Next</A>
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Previous
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<A HREF="CD-Writing-HOWTO.html#toc1">Contents</A>
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<HR>
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<H2><A NAME="s1">1. Introduction</A></H2>
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<P>Many people use Linux to burn CD-ROMs, because it is reliable
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and easy. No bluescreens while burning and no headaches about
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getting the right combination of hard- and software. It just
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works once properly set up. The CD-writing HOWTO explains the
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setup, how to put data on the media and gives some interesting
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applications kindly submitted by the readers.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.1">1.1 Copyright, license and terms of usage</A>
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</H2>
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<P>Copyright Winfried Trümper 1996-2000. All rights reserved.
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<P>Redistribution and use, with or without modification, are permitted
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provided that the name of the author may not be used to endorse or
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promote products derived from this software without specific prior
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written permission. In this sense, translations are welcome and need
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not to be authorized by me.
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<P><B>The author disclaims all warranties with regard to this
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document, including all implied warranties of merchantability and
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fitness for a certain purpose; in no event shall the author be liable
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for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages
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whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in
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an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising
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out of or in connection with the use of this document.</B>
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<P>Short: read and use at your own risk. No money-back guarantee.
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If you want to understand why this document has always been
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under a very weak license and not under the gnu GPL or similar restrictive,
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then you should read this article from the german computer magazine
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c't:
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<A HREF="http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/inhalt/te/8375/1.html">http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/inhalt/te/8375/1.html</A> (currently only in German language).
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.2">1.2 Availability</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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<P>As the editor of this document I mostly sum up what other people report to
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me. I'm not a software developer nor an expert in hardware, so for
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specific problems with hard- or software you may want to ask somebody else.
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What always makes sense is to report solutions for problems not already
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covered by the HOWTO to me.
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<P>
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<P>I get several hundred e-mails concerning the CD-Writing HOWTO each year.
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So please be patient with me, as I cannot always answer within hours.
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However, I read everything immediately and put you on my CDR-queue. Before
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you ask a question, please make sure you are aware of the newest
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version of this document; it is always available from
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<A HREF="http://www.guug.de/~winni/linux/">http://www.guug.de/~winni/linux/</A>.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.3">1.3 Suggested readings</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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<P>You may need the handbook for your Linux-distribution to learn about
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installing a new kernel. I'm really clueless about this issue when
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it comes to any other Linux distribution than my own.
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<P>The
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<A HREF="http://www.fadden.com/cdrfaq/">CD-R FAQ</A>
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is a general FAQ about compact-disk recordables (CD-R), CD-writers and
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the required software.
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As most CD-writers can be used to read CD-ROMs, too, you may want to read
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the <I>Linux CD-ROM HOWTO</I>, the <I>Linux SCSI
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HOWTO</I> and the <I>Linux Kernel HOWTO</I>.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.4">1.4 Terminology ... lasers at maximum ... fire!</A>
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</H2>
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<P>
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<P><I>CD-ROM</I> stands for <I>Compact Disc Read Only Memory</I>, a
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storage medium utilizing an optical laser to sense microscopic pits on a
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colorful shimmering disk. The pits represent the bits of the information
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and are so petite that some billions of them fit on the
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disc. Thus a CD is a mass-storage medium.
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<P>The term <I>CD-R</I> is a short form of <I>CD-ROM recordable</I> and
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refers to a CD that doesn't have those microscopic pits on its surface.
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Thus it is empty. The CD-R has a special chemical film inside into which
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pits can be burned. This is done by giving the laser which normally just
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senses the pits a little bit more power so it burns the pits. This action
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can only be taken <B>once</B> on a CD-R. You can leave out some
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areas for later writing, creating a so called <I>multi-session CD</I>.
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<P>The <I>CD-ROM rewritable</I> (short: <I>CD-RW</I>) was developed to
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work around the limitation of CD-R media. With a CD-RW burner the laser
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can do both, burn pits into the media and also melt the media back into
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its original state. This is possible, because the laser does not really
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burn holes into the media, which would get lost in a puff of smoke.
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A decent analogy for the technique is an ice-hockey game: by
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driving over the ice, a players (laser) leave scratches in
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it. The pattern in the ice (media) is a recording of what
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happened on the ice during one round. In between the periods
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of the game, the Zamboni cleaning car drives over the ice and
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fills the scratches by melting the very top layer of the ice.
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(Zamboni is <I>the</I> brand name for cleaning cars in
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ice-hockey stadiums). This way the pattern on the ice is
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cleared and a new round can begin. The scientific term for
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evaporating, condensing, melting and freezing is "phase
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change", thus the name "phase change devices" for
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CD-RW-writers.
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<P>This HOWTO deals with the task of writing CD-Rs and CD-RWs. Welcome on board,
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captain.
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<P>
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<H3>Adaptor vs. Adapter</H3>
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<P>The the most frequent spelling within the kernel sources is adapter
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(adapter: 4283, adaptor: 154). Even more important, the parameters of
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module options and aliases are naturally affected, like in
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"scsi_hostadapter". So in order to achieve a consistent spelling throughout
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configuration examples and document text, I follow that convention
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regardless of the correct spelling.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.5">1.5 Supported CD-writers</A>
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</H2>
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<P>USB CD-writers are currently not supported at all. Apart from that you can
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safely assume that most newer IDE/ATAPI- and SCSI-writers work under
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Linux. Newer drives are mostly MMC-compliant and are therefore supported. If
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the SCSI-version of a particular writer works, the IDE/ATAPI-version will
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most likely work and vice versa. However, some people want to get a warm
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and fuzzy feeling by reading the exact model of their writer in some sort
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of compatibility list. That is the reason why I didn't throw the following
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list out of the HOWTO.
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Here is a comprehensive summary of drives reported to work with cdrecord:
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE>
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<PRE>
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Acer: CDRW 4432A, CDRW 6206A, CD-R/RW 6X4X32, 8432A
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BTC: BCE 621E (IDE)
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Compro: CW-7502, CW-7502B
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Creative: MK 4211, RW 4224E,
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Delta: OME-W 141
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Dysan: CRW-1622
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Elite: Elite b444.41
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Goldstar: CED-8041B
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Grundig: CDR 100 IPW
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Guillemot: Maxi CD-R 4X/8X
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HP: SureStore 4020i, SureStore 6020i,
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C4324, C4325
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CD-writer+ 7100, 7200i, 7500e, 8100i, 8110i, 8200i Plus,
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8250i, 9100i, 9110i, 9200e, 9210, 9300i, 9310i
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Hi-Val: CDD 2242, CDD-3610,
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Iomega: ZIPCD 4x650
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JVC: XR-W 2001, XR-W 2010, XR-W 2040, XR-W 2042, XR-RW 2224,
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YR 2626
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Kiss: CDRW (no model given)
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Kodak: PCD 200, PCD 225, PCD 260, PCD 600
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Matsushita: matsushita is the japanese name for panasonic, please see there
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Memorex: CRW-620, CDR-622, CRW-1622, CRW-2224, CDRW-4420
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Microboards: PlayWrite 2000, PlayWrite 4000 RW, PlayWrite 4001 RW
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MicroNet: MasterCD Plus 4x4, MasterCD Plus 4x6
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Mitsubishi: CDRW-226
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Mitsumi: CR-2401-TS, CR-2600 TE, CR-2801 TE,
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CR-4801 TE, CR-4802 TE, CR-4804 TE
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Nomai: 680.RW
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Olympus: CDS 615E, CDS 620E
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Optima: DisKovery 650 CD-R
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OTI: CDRW 965, CDRW 975 (Socrates 1.0)
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Panasonic: CW-7285, CW-7502, CW-7503, CW-7582
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Philips: CDD-521/10, CDD-522,
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CDD-2000, CDD-2600, CDD-3600, CDD-3610, CDD 4201
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PCA 267cr, PCA 460 RW, PCRW 404,
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Omniwriter 26, Omniwriter 26A,
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CDRW800
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Pinnacle: RCD-100, RCD-1000, RCD-5020, RCD-5040
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Pioneer: DW-S114X
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Plasmon: CDR 480, CDR 4220, RF-4100, RF-4102, CDR 4400
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Plextor: CDR PX-24 CS, PX-412 C, PX-R412 C
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PX-R 810Ti, PX-R 820T, PX-W 4220Ti, PX-W 8220T, PX-W 8432T
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Plexwriter RW 4/2/20
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Procom: PCDR 4
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REC: 820s
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Ricoh: RO-1420C+, MP 1420C, MP 6200S, MP 6201S, MP 7040A, MP-7060A
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Samsung: SW-204
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Sanyo: CRD-R24S
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Smart and
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Friendly: CD-RW 226, CD-R 1002, CD-R 1002/PRO, CD-R 1004,
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CD-R 2004, CD-R 2006 PLUS, CD-R 2006 PRO, CD-RW 2224,
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CD-R 4000, CD-R 4006, CD-R 4012, CD-RW 4424A
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CD-R 8020, CD-R 8220
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Sony: CDRX 100E, CDRX 120E, CDRX 140S-RP,
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CDU 920S, CDU 924, CDU 926S, CDU 928E, CDU 948S
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Taiyo Yuden: EW-50
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TEAC: CD-R50S, CD-R55S, CDR-55S, CDR-55K,
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CDR-56S-400, CD-R56S-600, R56S-614
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Traxdata: CRW 2260,
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CDR 4120, CDR 4120 Pro, CDRW 4260, CDRW 4424, CDR 4800
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Turtle Beach: 2040R
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Waitec: wt 2036, wt 2444ei
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WPI (Wearnes): CDRW-622, CDR-632P
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Yamaha: CDR-100, CDR 102, CDR-200, CDR-200t, CDR-200tx
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CDR-400, CDR-400c, CDR-400t, CDR-400tx, CDR-400Atx
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CDW-2216E, CRW-2260, CRW-2260t,
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CRW-4250tx, CRW-4260t, CRW-4260tx, CRW-4261, CRW-4416S,
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CRW-6416S, CRW-8424E
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</PRE>
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<I>Table: CD-writers supported under Linux</I>
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</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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<P>The detailed list of models which have been reported to work or not to work
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under various Unix-like operating systems is available online from
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<A HREF="http://www.guug.de:8080/cgi-bin/winni/lsc-orig.pl">http://www.guug.de:8080/cgi-bin/winni/lsc-orig.pl</A>.
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<P>
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<P>If your hardware isn't supported you can still use Linux to create an image
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of the CD. You may wish to do so because most burning software for DOS does
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not deal with RockRidge-extensions (Unix-like filesystems on CD-ROM). In a
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second step, you can use DOS or Macintosh software to write the image to
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the CD-R.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.6">1.6 Supported "features"</A>
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</H2>
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<P>Two There are two classes of utilities: the hardware drivers
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and the data-formatters. The hardware drivers support the following
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features:
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE>
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<PRE>
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Supported Feature cdwrite-2.1 cdrecord-1.6 cdrdao
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----------------------------------------------------------
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IDE/ATAPI yes yes yes
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Parallel Port no yes yes
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CD-RW no yes yes
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Audio CD yes yes yes
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Data CD-ROM yes yes partial
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Multisession partial yes no
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TAO (track at once) yes yes yes
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DAO (disk at once) no partial yes
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packet writing no no no
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</PRE>
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<I>Table: </I>
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</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><CODE>cdwrite</CODE> is unmaintained software referenced only for
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completeness. Please use <CODE>cdrecord</CODE> instead, as it
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supports a wider range of hardware and has significantly
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more features. The main benefit of cdrdao is the ability to create audio
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CDs without two seconds of silence between the tracks (writing
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in disk-at-once (DAO) mode).
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<P>The tools classified as "data-formatters" organize the data
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on the media ("put a filesystem on it").
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><CODE>
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<PRE>
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Feature mkisofs mkhybrid mkvcdfs
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-------------------------------------------------------
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ISO 9660 yes yes no
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RockRidge yes yes no
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El Torito yes yes no
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HFS no yes no
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Joliet yes yes no
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Multisession yes yes no
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CD-Extra yes yes no
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Video-CD no no yes
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</PRE>
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<I>Table: </I>
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</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>The most obvious difference between the ISO 9660 filesystem compared to the
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ReiserFS or Extended-2 filesystem is: you can't modify files once they are
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written. Other limitations of the ISO-9660-filesystem include:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI> only 8 levels of sub-directories allowed (counted from
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the top-level directory of the CD)</LI>
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<LI> maximum length for filenames: 32 characters</LI>
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<LI> 650 MB capacity</LI>
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</UL>
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<P><I>RockRidge</I> is an extension to allow longer filenames and a deeper
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directory hierarchy for the ISO-9660 filesystem. When reading a CD-ROM with
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RockRidge extensions under Linux, all the known properties of files like
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owner, group, permissions, symbolic links appear ("feels like a Unix
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filesystem"). These extensions are not available when reading the CD-ROM
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under DOS or the heterogenous Windows-family of operating systems.
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<P><I>El Torito</I> can be used to produce bootable CD-ROMs. For this feature
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to work, the BIOS of your PC must support it. Roughly speaking, the
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first 1.44 (or 2.88 if supported) Mbytes of the CD-ROM contains a
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floppy-disk image supplied by you. This image
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is treated like a floppy by the BIOS and booted from. (As a consequence,
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while booting from this virtual floppy, your original drive A: (/dev/fd0)
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may not be accessible.)
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<P><I>HFS</I> lets a Macintosh read the CD-ROM as if it were an HFS volume
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(the native filesystem for MacOS).
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<P><I>Joliet</I> brings long filenames (among other things) to newer variants
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of Windows (95, 98, NT). However, the author knows of no tool that allows long
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filenames under plain DOS or Windows 3.11.
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<P><I>Video-CDs</I> can be directly played on DVD-devices.
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<P>Section 2.8 lists the availability of the mentioned software.
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<P>
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<P>
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<H2><A NAME="ss1.7">1.7 Mailing Lists</A>
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</H2>
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<P>If you want to join the development team (with the intention
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to actively <I>help</I> them), send e-mail to
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cdwrite-request@other.debian.org and put the word <CODE>subscribe</CODE> in
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body of the message.
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<P>
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<P>
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<HR>
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