1030 lines
15 KiB
HTML
1030 lines
15 KiB
HTML
<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>System-wide setup</TITLE
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TITLE="Introduction"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Belarusian-HOWTO</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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><A
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HREF="x9.html"
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>Prev</A
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Next</A
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="AEN28"
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>2. System-wide setup</A
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></H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="AEN30"
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>2.1. Choosing Charset</A
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></H2
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><P
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> As for now, the choice is mainly between windows-1251 and
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iso-8859-5. Windows-1251 provides compatibility with M$
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Windows and it is is by far the most popular charset for
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nearly all slavic languages. On the other side, iso-8859-5 is
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better supported and easier to set up.
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</P
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><P
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>
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The present HOWTO will explain the use of both charsets in
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parallel. Unless otherwise stated in the text, Belarusian
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support package from
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<A
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HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
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TARGET="_top"
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>the bellinux page</A
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>
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contains all the files mentioned in the present HOWTO.
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="AEN35"
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>2.2. windows-1251 in the kernel</A
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></H2
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><P
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> Windows-1251 support in the kernel is needed to visualize MS
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Windows filenames in cyrillic while the console and X Window
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system are localized in windows-1251. As latest FAT file
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systems store filenames in Unicode, we have to define the
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output charset of the Virtual File System layer and install
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the support for windows-1251 in the kernel.
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</P
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><P
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> There is a patch for 2.2.14 kernels that is included in the
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Belarusian support package. To apply the patch,
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<P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> cd /path_to_your_kernel_source_tree
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></LI
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><LI
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> patch -p0 < patch_for_the_kernel.patch
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Recompile and reinstall the kernel modules.
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Refer to
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<A
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HREF="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html"
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TARGET="_top"
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>Kernel-HOWTO</A
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>
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for the details.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Add
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> codepage=866,iocharset=microsoft-cp1251
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
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windows-1251.
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</P
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><P
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> To test the setup, execute
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> mount /dev/hda -t vfat -o codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5 /mnt/hda
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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as root. Of course, you should replace /dev/hda by the
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name of your vfat partitions containing names in
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cyrillic.
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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>
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="AEN52"
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>2.3. ISO-8859-5 in the kernel</A
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></H2
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><P
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> There is built-in support for iso-8859-5 in Linux kernel.
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To enable iso-8859-5, make sure you compile this module
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in the nls section of the kernel setup. Normally, iso-8859-5
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is compiled by default and can be loaded either automatically
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or by issuing
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> insmod nls_iso8859-5
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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as root.
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</P
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><P
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> Add
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
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iso-8859-5.
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="LOCALE"
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>2.4. Setting locale</A
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></H2
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><P
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>
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<P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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> Belarusian locale is available in glibc 2.2 and later.
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If you do not have the belarusian locale installed in
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your system, you can compile it yourself. The source is
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available at
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<A
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HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
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TARGET="_top"
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>the bellinux page</A
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>.
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Issue
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> localedef -f CP1251 -i be_BY be_BY.CP1251
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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or
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> localedef -f ISO-8899-5 -i be_BY be_BY.ISO-8899-5
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
|
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to compile the locale in windows-1251 encoding or iso8859-5 encoding.
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Check how it works by setting the locale
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> set LANG=be_BY.CP1251; export LANG
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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or
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> set LANG=be_BY.ISO-8859-5; export LANG
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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and running a locale-aware program like
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>date</TT
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>
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or
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>cal</TT
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>.
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</P
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></LI
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></UL
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>
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</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="CONSOLE"
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>2.5. Belarusian in console</A
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></H2
|
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT3"
|
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><H3
|
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CLASS="SECT3"
|
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><A
|
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NAME="AEN75"
|
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>2.5.1. Setting Belarusian with windows-1251</A
|
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></H3
|
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><P
|
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> Some cyrillic console fonts are in fact russian fonts and
|
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lack many cyrillic characters. Fortunately, UniCyr fonts by
|
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Vadinm Zhitnikov have all the glyphs from cp866, cp1251,
|
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iso8859-5 and all printable symbols from koi8-r. Besides
|
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the belarusian keyboard maps which you can find at the
|
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<A
|
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HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
|
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TARGET="_top"
|
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>the bellinux page</A
|
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>
|
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, other files are fairly standard and are available in most
|
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linux distributions. To set up window-1251 in console,
|
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<P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
|
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><P
|
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> Load a UniCyr font
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Load <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>by2_win.kmap</TT
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> keymap.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> loadkeys by2_win
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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> Load Application-Charset Map <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>cp1251.acm</TT
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>
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<TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> consolechars -m cp1251
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</PRE
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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></LI
|
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></UL
|
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>
|
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</P
|
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></DIV
|
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="SECT3"
|
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><H3
|
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CLASS="SECT3"
|
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><A
|
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NAME="AEN91"
|
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>2.5.2. Setting Belarusian with iso-8859-5</A
|
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></H3
|
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><P
|
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> There are two ways to set up Belarusian with iso-8859-5
|
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|
|
<P
|
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></P
|
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><UL
|
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><LI
|
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><P
|
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> Load iso-8859-5 font
|
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<TABLE
|
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BORDER="0"
|
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
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WIDTH="90%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
|
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> consolechars -f iso05.f16
|
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</PRE
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></TD
|
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></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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>
|
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</P
|
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></LI
|
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><LI
|
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><P
|
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> Load belarusian keymap
|
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<TT
|
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CLASS="FILENAME"
|
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>by2.kmap</TT
|
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>
|
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or
|
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<TT
|
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CLASS="FILENAME"
|
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>by.kmap</TT
|
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>
|
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<TABLE
|
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BORDER="0"
|
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
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WIDTH="90%"
|
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><TR
|
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><TD
|
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><PRE
|
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CLASS="SCREEN"
|
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> loadkeys by.kmap
|
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loadkeys by2.kmap
|
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</PRE
|
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></TD
|
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></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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>
|
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</P
|
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></LI
|
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></UL
|
|
>
|
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This method has one serious drawback - you will loose all
|
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pseudographic characters and, say, you Midnight Commander
|
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will look somewhat naked. The second method described below
|
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preserves all pseudographic characters:
|
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<P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Load UniCyr font
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16
|
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</PRE
|
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></TD
|
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></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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>
|
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</P
|
|
></LI
|
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><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Load <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>by2.kmap</TT
|
|
>
|
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keymap or
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>by.kmap</TT
|
|
>
|
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<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
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><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> loadkeys by.kmap
|
|
loadkeys by2.kmap
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Load Application-Charset Map <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>iso05.acm</TT
|
|
>
|
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<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
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><TR
|
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><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>consolechars -m iso05
|
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</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
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></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
Beware that different Linux distributions have different
|
|
console-related packages -
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>console-tools</TT
|
|
> or
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>kbd</TT
|
|
>. Abovementioned scripts are meant
|
|
to work with <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>console-tools</TT
|
|
> which is by
|
|
far more popular.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="X-WINDOW"
|
|
>2.6. Belarusian in X Window System</A
|
|
></H2
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN121"
|
|
>2.6.1. ISO-8859-5 in X Window System through XKB</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>This is is quite easy to set up.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they are
|
|
before other fonts in the fontpath. Refer to
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Font-HOWTO.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>Font-HOWTO</A
|
|
>
|
|
for details on how to install fonts.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Get the belarusian keyboard layout <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>by</TT
|
|
> from the
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>the bellinux page</A
|
|
>
|
|
and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/</TT
|
|
>, e.g.
|
|
instead of the belgian keyboard layout
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be</TT
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Put the following stings in your
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/X11/XF86COnfig</TT
|
|
>:
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> XkbModel "microsoft"
|
|
XkbLayout "be"
|
|
XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Don't forget to set up the system locale to
|
|
be_BY.ISO8859-5 as described in <A
|
|
HREF="x28.html#LOCALE"
|
|
>Section 2.4</A
|
|
>.
|
|
You will also want to make sure that iso-8859-5 fonts
|
|
are before any other fonts in your font path.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN140"
|
|
>2.6.2. Windows-1251 in X Window System through XKB</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
> This works only with XFree 4.0.2 and higher.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they
|
|
are before other fonts in the fontpath.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Get the belarusian keyboard layout <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>by</TT
|
|
> from the
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>the bellinux page</A
|
|
>
|
|
and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/</TT
|
|
>, e.g.
|
|
instead of the belgian keyboard layout
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be</TT
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Put the following strings in your
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/X11/XF86Config</TT
|
|
>:
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> XkbModel "microsoft"
|
|
XkbLayout "be"
|
|
XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Don't forget to set up the system locale to be_BY.CP1251
|
|
as described in <A
|
|
HREF="x28.html#LOCALE"
|
|
>Section 2.4</A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
><P
|
|
> To use windows-1251 with XFree 3.3.5 and 4.0, you have to
|
|
apply a patch from Aleksey Novodvorsky that allows the use
|
|
of windows-1251 with XKB. The original location is at
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale</A
|
|
>
|
|
and it is also available from
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>the bellinux page</A
|
|
>.
|
|
Lucky users of Linux-Mandrake RE get a patched XFree86 out
|
|
of box.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
> Belarusian keyboard layout is palnned for all XFree releases
|
|
after 4.0.2. To make it work, you will have to add the
|
|
following lines
|
|
into <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/X11/XF86Config</TT
|
|
>:
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> XkbModel "microsoft"
|
|
XkbLayout "by"
|
|
XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="SECT3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN165"
|
|
>2.6.3. Windows-1251 in X Window System through Xmodmap</A
|
|
></H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>
|
|
<P
|
|
></P
|
|
><UL
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Uncomment
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> XkbDisable
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
line in your <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/X11/XF86COnfig</TT
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Install windows-1251 fonts for X Windows and
|
|
make sure thay are before other fonts in the path.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Make and install xruskb package which can be
|
|
downloaded from
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>http://bellinux.sourceforge.net</A
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Replace .xmm files in your xruskb directory by those
|
|
found at
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>the bellinux page</A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Add the following lines in your .Xdefaults file
|
|
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> xrus*modeButton1.labelString: BEL xrus*modeButton1.label: BEL
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
><LI
|
|
><P
|
|
> Run
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> xrus jcuken-cp1251
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
or
|
|
<TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="90%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
> xrus jcuken-iso5
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
to start keyboard switcher.
|
|
</P
|
|
></LI
|
|
></LI
|
|
></UL
|
|
>
|
|
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="x9.html"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="x188.html"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Introduction</TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Editing texts</TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></BODY
|
|
></HTML
|
|
> |