1312 lines
22 KiB
HTML
1312 lines
22 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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>Partitions And Filesystems</TITLE
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>The Linux FAQ</TH
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect1"
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><H1
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CLASS="sect1"
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><A
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NAME="partitions"
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></A
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>5. Partitions And Filesystems</H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="qandaset"
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><DL
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#virtualized-file-systems-like-raid"
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>Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-linux-share-my-disk-with-dos"
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>Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#how-do-i-access-files-on-my-dos-partition"
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>How Do I Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#support-compressed-ext2-file-systems"
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>Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-i-use-my-stacked"
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>Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drives?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-i-access-os2-hpfs"
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>Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-linux-access-amiga-file-systems"
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>Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-linux-access-bsd-sysv"
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>Can Linux Access BSD, SysV, Etc. UFS?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#can-linux-access-macintosh-file-systems"
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>Can Linux Access MacIntosh File Systems?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#create-file-system-on-a-floppy"
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>How Do I Create a File System on a Floppy?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#support-file-system-encryption"
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>Does Linux Support File System Encryption?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#resize-a-partition-non-destructively"
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>How Do I Resize a Partition Non-Destructively?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#find-the-journalling-file-system"
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>Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#swap-area-isnt-working"
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>Why Isn't My Virtual Memory Swap Area Working?</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>Q: <A
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HREF="partitions.html#add-temporary-swap-space"
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>How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space?</A
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></DT
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></DL
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="qandaentry"
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="question"
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><P
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><A
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NAME="virtualized-file-systems-like-raid"
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></A
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><B
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>Q: </B
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|
>Does Linux Support Virtualized File Systems Like RAID?</P
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></DIV
|
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="answer"
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><P
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><B
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>A: </B
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>The most recent Linux kernels support software RAID, and they will work with RAID disk
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controllers.
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</P
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><P
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>An automounter for NFS partitions is part of most
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Linux distributions.
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</P
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><P
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>In addition, several virtual file system
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projects exist. One of them, the <I
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CLASS="citetitle"
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>Linux Logical Volume
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Manager</I
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>, is located at <A
|
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HREF="http://linux.msede.com/lvm/"
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TARGET="_top"
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><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://linux.msede.com/lvm/</I
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></A
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>.
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="qandaentry"
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><DIV
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CLASS="question"
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><P
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><A
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NAME="can-linux-share-my-disk-with-dos"
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></A
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><B
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>Q: </B
|
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>Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?</P
|
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></DIV
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><DIV
|
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CLASS="answer"
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><P
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><B
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>A: </B
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>Yes. Linux supports many, many filesystems, including the standard MS-DOS partitioning scheme, so it can share your disk with other operating systems.
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</P
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><P
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>Linux supports all known versions of the Microsoft FAT and VFAT file systems,
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including those used by Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000 and Windows ME through loadable kernel modules. In a correctly configured system, they should load automatically when the partitions are mounted.
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</P
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><P
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>Note, however, that many other operating systems may not be exactly
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compatible. DOS's <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>FDISK.EXE</TT
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> and
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<TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>FORMAT.EXE</TT
|
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>, for example, can overwrite data in a Linux
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partition, because they sometimes incorrectly use partition data from the
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partition's boot sector rather than the partition table.
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</P
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><P
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>In order to prevent programs from doing this, it is a good idea to zero
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out under Linux the start of a partition you created, before you use
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MS-DOS or whatever to format it. Type:
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</P
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><P
|
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
|
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><PRE
|
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CLASS="screen"
|
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> $ dd
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if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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>where <EM
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>hdXY</EM
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> is the relevant partition; e.g.,
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<TT
|
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CLASS="filename"
|
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>/dev/hda1</TT
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> for the first partition of the first (IDE)
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disk.
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</P
|
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><P
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>Linux can read and write the files on your DOS and OS/2
|
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FAT partitions and floppies using either the DOS file system type built into
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the kernel or <B
|
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CLASS="command"
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>mtools</B
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>.
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</P
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><P
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>There is reportedly a GPL'd OS/2
|
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device driver that will read and write Linux ext2 partitions.
|
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</P
|
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><P
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|
>For information about FAT32 partition support, see
|
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<A
|
|
HREF="http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/fat32.html"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/fat32.html</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
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</P
|
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><P
|
|
>See <A
|
|
HREF="app-management.html#what-software-does-linux-support"
|
|
><I
|
|
>What Software does Linux Support?</I
|
|
></A
|
|
> for details and status of the
|
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emulators for DOS, MS Windows, and System V programs.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>See also, "Can Linux access Amiga file systems?", "Can Linux access Macintosh
|
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file systems?", "Can Linux access BSD, SysV, etc., UFS?", and "Can Linux
|
|
access SMB file systems?"
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>There are said to be NTFS drivers under development, which should support compression
|
|
as a standard feature.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="how-do-i-access-files-on-my-dos-partition"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>How Do I Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Use the DOS file system, type, for example:
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|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> $ mkdir /dos $
|
|
mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If it's a floppy, don't forget to <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>umount</B
|
|
> it before ejecting it!
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>You can use the
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>conv=text/binary/auto</TT
|
|
>, <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>umask=nnn</TT
|
|
>,
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>uid=nnn</TT
|
|
>, and <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>gid=nnn</TT
|
|
> options to control
|
|
the automatic line-ending conversion, permissions and ownerships of the files
|
|
in the DOS file system as they appear under Linux. If you mount your DOS file
|
|
system by putting it in your <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/fstab</TT
|
|
>, you can record
|
|
the options (comma-separated) there, instead of defaults.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Alternatively, you can use mtools, available in both binary and source form
|
|
on the FTP sites. See <A
|
|
HREF="linux-distributions.html#get-linux-material-by-ftp"
|
|
><I
|
|
>Where Are the Linux FTP Archives?</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>A kernel patch (known as the fd-patches) is available which allows floppies
|
|
with nonstandard numbers of tracks and/or sectors to be used; this patch is
|
|
included in the 1.1 alpha testing kernel series.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="support-compressed-ext2-file-systems"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>The <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>ext2compr</TT
|
|
> project provides a kernel patch Information
|
|
about them is located at <A
|
|
HREF="http://e2ompr.memalpha.cx/e2compr/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://e2ompr.memalpha.cx/e2compr/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>There is also a Web site for the e2compr patches. The code is still
|
|
experimental and consists of patches for the 2.0 and 2.1 kernels. For more
|
|
information about the project, including the latest patches, and the address
|
|
of the mailing list, look up the URL at <A
|
|
HREF="http://debs.fuller.edu/e2compr/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://debs.fuller.edu/e2compr/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>[Roderich Schupp, Peter Moulder
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>zlibc</I
|
|
> is a program that allows existing applications
|
|
to read compressed (GNU gzip'ed) files as if they were not compressed. Look
|
|
at <A
|
|
HREF="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>. The author
|
|
is Alain Knaff.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>There is also a compressing block device
|
|
driver, "DouBle," by Jean-Marc Verbavatz, which can provide on-the-fly disk
|
|
compression in the kernel. The source-only distribution is located at
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/patches/diskdrives/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/patches/diskdrives/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
This driver compresses inodes and directory information as well as
|
|
files, so any corruption of the file system is likely to be serious.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>There is also a package called tcx (Transparently Compressed
|
|
Executables), which allows you to keep infrequently used executables
|
|
compressed and only uncompress them temporarily when in use. It is located at
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/compress/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/compress/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="can-i-use-my-stacked"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drives?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Until recently, not very
|
|
easily. You can access DOS 6.X volumes from the DOS emulator ("What software
|
|
does Linux support? "), but it's harder than accessing a normal DOS volume
|
|
via the DOS kernel option, a module, or mtools.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>There is a
|
|
recently added package, dmsdos, that reads and writes compressed file systems
|
|
like DoubleSpace/DriveSpace in MS-DOS 6.x and Win95, as well as Stacker
|
|
versions 3 and 4. It is a loadable kernel module. Look at
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/dosfs/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/dosfs/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="can-i-access-os2-hpfs"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Yes, but Linux access to HPFS partitions is
|
|
read-only. HPFS file system access is available as an option when compiling
|
|
the kernel or as a module. See the
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>Documentation/filesystems/hpfs.txt</TT
|
|
> file in the kernel
|
|
source distribution. See <A
|
|
HREF="development.html#upgrade-recompile-kernel"
|
|
><I
|
|
>How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
Then you can mount HPFS partition, using, for example:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> $ mkdir /hpfs $ mount -t hpfs
|
|
/dev/hda5 /hpfs</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="can-linux-access-amiga-file-systems"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Can Linux Access Amiga File Systems?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>The Linux kernel has support
|
|
for the Amiga Fast File System (AFFS) version 1.3 and later, both as a
|
|
compile-time option and as a module. The file
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt</TT
|
|
> in the Linux kernel
|
|
source distribution has more information.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>See <A
|
|
HREF="development.html#upgrade-recompile-kernel"
|
|
><I
|
|
>How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Linux supports AFFS hard-drive partitions only. Floppy access
|
|
is not supported due to incompatibilities between Amiga floppy controllers
|
|
and PC and workstation controllers. The AFFS driver can also mount disk
|
|
partitions used by the Un*x Amiga Emulator, by Bernd Schmidt.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="can-linux-access-bsd-sysv"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Can Linux Access BSD, SysV, Etc. UFS?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Recent kernels can mount (read only) the
|
|
UFS file system used by System V; Coherent; Xenix; BSD; and derivatives like
|
|
SunOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and NeXTStep. UFS support is available as a kernel
|
|
compile-time option and a module.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>See <A
|
|
HREF="development.html#upgrade-recompile-kernel"
|
|
><I
|
|
>How To Upgrade/Recompile a Kernel</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="can-linux-access-macintosh-file-systems"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Can Linux Access MacIntosh File Systems?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>There is a set of user-level programs that read and write the older Macintosh Hierarchical File
|
|
System (HFS). It is available at
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/</TT
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Access to the newer, HFS+ file systems is still under development.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="create-file-system-on-a-floppy"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>How Do I Create a File System on a Floppy?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>If you are running recent Gnome or KDE desktops, you have a GUI tool that makes formatting floppies easy.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy at the command prompt:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
|
|
$ mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>For a 5.25 inch floppy, use <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/dev/fd0h1200</TT
|
|
> and 1200 as appropriate.
|
|
For the <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>B:</TT
|
|
> drive use <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/dev/fd1</TT
|
|
>
|
|
instead of <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/dev/fd0</TT
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>-m 0</B
|
|
> option tells <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>mkfs.ext2</SPAN
|
|
>
|
|
not to reserve any space on the
|
|
disk for the superuserusually the last 10% is reserved for root.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The first command performs a low-level format. The second creates an
|
|
empty file system. You can mount the floppy like a hard disk partition and
|
|
simply <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>cp</B
|
|
> and <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>mv</B
|
|
> files, etc.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Device naming conventions generally are the same as for other unices.
|
|
They can be found in Matt Welsh's <I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>Installation and Getting
|
|
Started</I
|
|
> guide. Refer to <A
|
|
HREF="online-resources.html#howtos-and-other-documentation"
|
|
><I
|
|
>Where Is the Documentation?</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
A more detailed and technical
|
|
description is <I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>Linux Allocated Devices</I
|
|
> by H. Peter
|
|
Anvin, <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:hpa@zytor.com"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>hpa@zytor.com</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>,
|
|
which is included in LaTeX and ASCII form in the kernel source distribution
|
|
(probably in <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/usr/src/kernel/Documentation/</TT
|
|
>), as
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>devices.tex</TT
|
|
> and <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>devices.txt</TT
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="support-file-system-encryption"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Does Linux Support File System Encryption?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Yes. One file system, ppdd, is archived at <A
|
|
HREF="http://pweb.de.uu.net/flexsys.mtk/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://pweb.de.uu.net/flexsys.mtk/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="resize-a-partition-non-destructively"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>How Do I Resize a Partition Non-Destructively?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Use the <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>FIPS.EXE</B
|
|
> program, included with most Linux
|
|
distributions,under MS-DOS.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>GNU <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>parted</B
|
|
>, a partition editor, is stable enough for non-guru, mere-mortal use with
|
|
relative confidence. Source code for the latest version is at: <A
|
|
HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/parted/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/parted/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>. There's also a
|
|
boot disk image for resizing root partitions and for running <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>parted</B
|
|
>
|
|
on non-Linux machines. The disk image may be easier
|
|
for beginners. Building from source could require some extra configuration.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Parted also has tutorial-style, plain-text documentation for
|
|
Linux and FAT (MS-DOS) file systems.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Also, some commercial distributions come with their own partitioning software,
|
|
like <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Partition Magic</SPAN
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="find-the-journalling-file-system"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>Linux actually supports several journalling file systems. ext3 is now included in current 2.4.x kernels.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>The journalling file system named <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Reiserfs</SPAN
|
|
> has just been released from testing. It is said to make Linux even faster than Linux with the
|
|
<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Ext2</SPAN
|
|
> file system installed, particularly when dealing with many small files.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Complete information is available at <A
|
|
HREF="http://devlinux.org/namesys/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>http://devlinux.org/namesys/</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>JFS is still under development.
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="swap-area-isnt-working"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>Why Isn't My Virtual Memory Swap Area Working?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>When you boot (or enable swapping manually) you should see
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If you don't see any messages at all you are probably missing
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> swapon -av </PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>(the command to enable swapping) in your <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/rc.local</TT
|
|
> or
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/rc.d/*</TT
|
|
> (the system
|
|
startup scripts), or have forgotten to make the right entry in <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/fstab</TT
|
|
>:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> /dev/hda2 none swap
|
|
sw </PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>for example.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If you see:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> Unable to find swap-space signature</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>you have forgotten to run <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>mkswap</B
|
|
>. See the manual page for
|
|
details; it works much like <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>mkfs</B
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Running the command <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>free</B
|
|
>, in addition to showing free memory, should display:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> total used free Swap: 10188 2960 7228</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If typing <TT
|
|
CLASS="literal"
|
|
>cat /proc/swaps</TT
|
|
> reveals only file or
|
|
partition names, but no swap space information, then the swap file or
|
|
partition needs re-initialization.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Use <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>fdisk</B
|
|
> (as root) to determine which partition on a hard
|
|
drive has been designated as the swap partition. The partition still needs to
|
|
be initialized with <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>mkswap</B
|
|
> before enabling it with
|
|
<B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>swapon</B
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>[Andy Jefferson, Steve Withers]
|
|
</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="qandaentry"
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="question"
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="add-temporary-swap-space"
|
|
></A
|
|
><B
|
|
>Q: </B
|
|
>How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space?</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="answer"
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>A: </B
|
|
>In addition to a swap partition, Linux
|
|
can also use a swap file. Some programs, like <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>g++</SPAN
|
|
>,
|
|
can use huge amounts of virtual memory, requiring the temporary creation of
|
|
extra space. To install an extra 64 MB of swap space, for example, use the
|
|
following shell commands:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
># dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=65535
|
|
# mkswap /swap
|
|
# swapon /swap</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>count=</B
|
|
> argument to <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>dd</B
|
|
> determines how
|
|
big the swap file will be. In this example the swap file's name is
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/swap</TT
|
|
>, but the name and location are, generally,
|
|
arbitrary, depending only on the file system's available space and your
|
|
having write permissions in the directory.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>When you don't need the swap space any more, remove it with the following statements:
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
># swapoff /swap
|
|
# rm /swap</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
>
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Take a look also at the <I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>Installation HOWTO</I
|
|
> and
|
|
<I
|
|
CLASS="citetitle"
|
|
>Installation & Getting Started</I
|
|
> for detailed
|
|
instructions.
|
|
</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If that still doesn't provide enough swap space,
|
|
refer to <A
|
|
HREF="tips.html#more-than-128mb-of-swap"
|
|
><I
|
|
>How To Have More Than 128Mb of Swap</I
|
|
></A
|
|
>.
|
|
</P
|
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></DIV
|
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>Prev</A
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