555 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
555 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
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Commercial Port Advocacy mini-HOWTO
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Doug Loss dloss@seul.org
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v0.1, 29 December 1999
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This document discusses methods that can be used to approach commer<65>
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cial software companies to convince them to port their programs to
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Linux.
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______________________________________________________________________
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Table of Contents
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1. Copyright Information
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2. Why write this?
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3. Other efforts
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4. How to choose companies to approach
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5. The art of cold contacting
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6. What to say
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7. My standard contact message
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8. The final inspirational message
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9. Resources
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______________________________________________________________________
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1. Copyright Information
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This mini-HOWTO is Copyright <20> 2000 by Douglas R. Loss. All rights
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reserved.
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A verbatim copy may be reproduced or distributed in any medium
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physical or electronic without permission of the author. Translations
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are similarly permitted without express permission if they include a
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notice on who translated them.
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Short quotes may be used without prior consent from the author.
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Derivative work and partial distributions of this mini-HOWTO must be
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accompanied by either a verbatim copy of this file or a pointer to a
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verbatim copy.
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Commercial redistribution is allowed and encouraged; the author would
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like to be notified of any such distributions.
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In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
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as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
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on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
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redistribute the HOWTOs.
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We further want all information provided in the HOWTOs to be
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disseminated. If you have questions, please contact Tim Bynum, the
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Linux HOWTO coordinator, at linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu.
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2. Why write this?
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I read over all the other advocacy howtos for Linux that I could find
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(I've listed them in the resource section at the end). They were
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almost all addressed to convincing end users (either business or
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personal) that Linux could meet their needs on a day-to-day basis.
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That's a very useful thing to do, but it wasn't what I was looking
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for. Only the Linux Advocacy Project came close to what I was looking
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for, and it didn't quite cover what I wanted. I wanted something that
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would help me approach organizations making software for other
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platforms and convince them to port their works to Linux. Since I
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couldn't find any howto concerning that I decided to write one.
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In this howto I'll cover how to approach software companies and what
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arguments may be most effective in convincing them to port their
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programs to Linux. I won't talk about trying to convince them to
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release their Linux ports under open source licenses. While that
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might be a good idea, I think these things should be done in small
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steps. Advocating a port to another OS is much more likely to meet
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with interest than advocating what the company may perceive as "giving
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away" product, or advocating a radical change in their basic
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development model.
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3. Other efforts
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There are other groups and individuals doing their parts in trying to
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get various software and hardware vendors to support Linux. Norman
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Jacobowitz is a consultant working with SSC, Inc. on an advocacy
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project that approaches the same problem I'm addressing here, although
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from a different direction. Here's what he told me about his efforts:
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SSC, Inc, publishers of Linux Journal, maintain a "software
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wish list" at <http://www.linuxresources.com/wish>. They
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are currently paying an outside consultant to use these
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results and other data to lobby marketing managers at ISVs
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to port their products to Linux. This is an effective, on
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going project to bring more native software to Linux; so
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please drop by the wish list and vote for your favorite
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software.
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Andrew Mayhew has been trying to convince hardware vendors that making
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Linux drivers, or at least releasing the specifications so the Linux
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community can write the drivers, is a good idea. Here are his
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thoughts:
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I go to conferences. I was most recently at Networld-
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Interop in Atlanta (which was shortly followed by the
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Atlanta Linux Expo). There at Interop I went to many of the
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vendors with two agendas. First, I was there as a respre<72>
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sentative of the ISP that I work for and was looking for
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solutions. But secondly, I was there find out who currently
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had Linux support and if they didn't have Linux support, why
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they didn't and was the company considering it. It is
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interesting to note, that in the large Novell section, there
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were actually two Linux related sub-booths. Additionally,
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Cobalt Micro was there with their thin server, along with
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RedHat and Caldera. Fairly small showings in a nearly com<6F>
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pletely non-Unix related conference, but a showing none the
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less.
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Most of the companies that I was talking to are primarily
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hardware vendors. They already don't make any money off of
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their drivers. They just need to develop the drivers so
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that people will use their hardware. My typical approach to
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one of these companies was to first ask about the product in
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general, so that they could get through their marketing
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routine quickly, and then ask about driver support. When
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the only words out of their mouths would be Windows 95, 98,
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and NT, I would ask about other platforms explaining that I
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run in a multiplatform environment and would need interoper<65>
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ability between these platforms. In introducing the idea
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that they should support other platforms I would only slowly
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work in the idea of Linux as one of them. I found that
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introducing the idea that I wanted driver support for Linux
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right off typically got me a knee-jerk reaction which would
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basically have the person shutdown and try to find a way to
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get out of the conversation. But if you can get their
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defenses down then you can explain to them how, in general,
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all they would need to invest to get Linux drivers would be
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to openly publish the specifications for talking to whatever
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hardware and possibly providing hardware to key developers.
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The biggest argument to this, is typically, "We have some
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proprietary ways of doing X and don't want to have that
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information out in the open." The usual way around this
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problem is to explain that being able to talk and use a
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device does not normally mean having to know what propri<72>
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etary tricks they are pulling. At least this fits with the
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wireless LAN and the Fibre Channel IP people that I was
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dealing with.
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One smaller company, which I think may attempt to find some<6D>
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one in the community to help develop a driver for them came
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up with an interesting solution around the proprietary
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issues as well. This being that they would have the initial
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developers sign NDAs for the hardware documentation, but the
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source code could be open source so long as the documenta<74>
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tion in the source was not just a copy of what the company
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provided the developer.
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For software companies, I think it is a very good idea to
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point out that there is nothing or very little available of
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their kind of software; whatever that area of software is.
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But it probably should also be noted what does exist. Of
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particular interest would be the development tools, the
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development support available, and possibly information
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about other porting projects. In terms of these other pro<72>
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jects they would be interested in the porting problems that
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they have solved or would similarly be tackling.
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4. How to choose companies to approach
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First, you need to identify an area where Linux is deficient in
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programs. I wouldn't try to convince any company to port their web
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server to Linux. There are plenty of such programs available. I'd
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much rather use my time trying to convince companies to port games or
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kindergarten through 12th grade educational programs to Linux, as
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there's very little of those types available (none in the educational
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area, so far as I know).
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Second, you need to identify companies that are most likely to be
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interested. I have no hard evidence of this, but I strongly suspect
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that your efforts will meet more success if you concentrate on second-
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tier companies rather than on market leaders in your chosen category.
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Companies with seemingly dated products or products that were aimed at
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obscure platforms would seem to be good targets. Their software may
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not be dated for Linux users since we're not always taken in by the
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hype factor. They may well be looking for new markets for their
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products as their present market dwindles along with their ability to
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compete. I doubt that Disney or Davidson and Co. would consider
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porting their educational programs nearly as quickly as say, Soleil
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Software or Topologika. Also, if a company provides its software for
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both Windows and Macintosh currently, it may be more likely to
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consider supporting yet another OS than one that is exclusive to the
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Windows or Mac world. If all the companies in your target category
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are Windows or Macintosh exclusive I'd try the Mac shops first, as a
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Linux port would give them a much greater market expansion (on a
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percentage basis) than it would a Windows-only company.
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5. The art of cold contacting
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What you will be doing is known in the fund-raising business as "cold
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contacting." This means that your "target" company won't have known
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that you'll be contacting it, and won't have been primed to hear your
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message. A 1% response rate is considered normal. You should be able
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to do better than that.
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In a sense all target companies will be slightly primed to hear about
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Linux due to the remarkable amount of publicity it's been getting of
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late. In that respect your contact won't be completely cold. That's
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good.
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The first thing to do is to identify someone in the company to
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contact. It's always best (if possible) to identify an actual
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individual rather than a job title. Depending on the size of the
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company and its organizational structure, your best bet is the head of
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program development. If that isn't a possibility, try for the head of
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whatever technical section the company may have. If that isn't
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possible, read over whatever bios might be available in the "about the
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company" section of the company's web site (they almost all have
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something like this) and pick the person who seems most likely to be
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intrigued by Linux and to become an internal advocate for a Linux
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port. Finally, if none of the above things works try contacting the
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head of the company. Incidentally, it won't hurt to contact more than
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one person in the company if your bio research shows somebody other
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than the head of program development as the most likely person to be
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interested.
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Your initial contact should probably be via email. First, email
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usually goes directly to the person addressed rather than being
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filtered through various layers of the organization as postal mail and
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telephone calls are. Second, with email everyone starts equal.
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Physical presentation and elocution don't enter into the contact, so
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the logic of the message may be more apparent.
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The subject of your message should be understated. "Make Millions
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Easily!" will just get your message deleted as spam. Try something
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like "A good new market for your programs," or "An overlooked market
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for your software."
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The first sentence in your message should probably be a conditional
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apology for sending the message to the wrong person if the person
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receiving it is the wrong person. The next sentence should request
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that the message be forwarded to the right person and that that
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person's email address be sent back to you for future contacts. This
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has a few effects. The apology establishes that you're not a know-it-
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all and that you are polite. The request reinforces the politeness
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and quietly lets it be known that this won't be a one-time contact.
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That's important. It's a lot easier to blow off a message if you
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don't think you'll ever hear from the writer again.
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That brings up another point. If things work out right, you won't be
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making just a one-time contact with this company. You will be signing
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up to be an outside contact for them, a source of information about
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things Linux. As such, there are some guidelines to follow in all
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your contacts. Be polite. Be patient. Be truthful. Be helpful.
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Stay apart from internal politics.
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Be polite means responding civilly to all messages, even if you
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consider them insulting or moronic. Remember, "A soft answer turneth
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away wrath." Besides, it's just possible that you may have
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misunderstood the message. Asking for a restatement of the message to
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clear up its meaning can't hurt.
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Be patient means answering what you consider obvious questions calmly
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and clearly, and answering them as many times as necessary. Email
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isn't real-time; you can take a jog around to block to cool down
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before answering yet another, "But doesn't a Linux port mean we'd be
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expected to give our products away?" message.
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Be truthful means answering each question to the best of your ability,
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and saying "I don't know" when that's the correct answer. However, "I
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don't know" is only the first part of that answer; "but I'll find out
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and get back to you" is the rest of it.
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Be helpful means going beyond just answering the immediate question
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and trying to address the reasons the question was asked. For
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example, one company asked me how it could publicize the existence of
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a Linux port if it did one. I mentioned the standard places
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(comp.os.linux.announce, Linux Weekly News, Freshmeat, Slashdot, Linux
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Journal). Then I brought the question up in the seul-dev-apps mailing
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list. The discussion there eventually started the development of the
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lu-news system <http://linuxunited.org/projects/news/>.
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Stay apart from internal politics means keeping a little distance
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between yourself and your company contact. However friendly your
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exchanges are, your role shouldn't be one of confidante but one of
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outside expert and advocate. You won't force the company into
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supporting Linux. You can only make sure they know about the
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opportunity and help them find the best way to take advantage of it.
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You should probably be prepared to answer questions about why no one
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else in the target company's market niche is developing for Linux (if
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that's indeed the case), and what capabilities are available in Linux,
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such as multimedia. Are the available media players exploitable
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commercially? Do they run efficiently? You might also make the point
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that a port to Linux of a graphical program will mean a port to the X
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Window System and will mean that the program is much easier to port to
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any other OS that uses X, such as Solaris, AIX, or HPUX.
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Andrew Mayhew brought up this point to me, and it makes a lot of
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sense:
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It has been my (albeit limited) experience that structuring
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the email/letter sent to companies with the idea that I or
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one of my clients is actually interested in their product at
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the beginning (or as closely as reasonable) of the document
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gets more results. Now, this is only really applicable is
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you mean it.
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6. What to say
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Okay, enough about what tone to adopt. What do you say to convince
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them that the Linux community is worth porting for? Here's what I
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did.
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First, I explained as well as I could just who the Linux community is,
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and why Linux users would be a receptive group for my target company's
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products. I very carefully didn't exaggerate, and made sure that I
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explained when my figures were estimates rather than hard numbers. If
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someone comes up with a way of measuring usage, we may be able to get
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the hard numbers we need for market demographics, but till then we
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have to do our best.
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Next I explained why I thought the Linux market would be good for the
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company to enter.
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Then I laid out the ways in which the company's current program line
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could be ported to Linux. I must say that I lean toward using Abacus
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Research & Development Inc. (ARDI) <http://www.ardi.com> Executor
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technology as a "wrapper" for Macintosh binaries as the easiest and
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quickest way to do that, but WINE <http://www.winehq.com> and the TWIN
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library <http://www.willows.com> (as I understand it,these two groups
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are now working together) are all possible tools to help move programs
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to Linux without full-blown ports. Incidentally, I cleared my letter
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with ARDI before I mentioned any action that their engineers might be
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able to take for the company. You would lose credibility if the
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target company acted on your recommendation, contacted someone like
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ARDI, and was essentially told, "We don't know what you're talking
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about."
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There's also Loki Software <http://www.lokisoftware.com>, which does
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ports of commercial software to Linux. So far they're done only
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games, but when I talked with the president of Loki a while ago he was
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quite willing to consider doing similar ports of other types of
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software.
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Finally, I ended with a personal note on why I was trying to convince
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the company to port to Linux. Here's a copy of my standard letter;
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don't copy it word for word, but feel free to adapt its organization
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if you like:
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7. My standard contact message
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Dear Sir or Madam:
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If I've sent this to the wrong address in your organization,
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I apologize; could you please forward it to the appropriate
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person? Also, could you let me know who that appropriate
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person is so I can direct future communications to him or
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her? Thank you.
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I know that [insert company name here] has fine educational
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software programs for both the Macintosh and Windows PCs.
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However, I'd like to speak on behalf of a computer community
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that has heretofore been overlooked by the entire educa<63>
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tional software industry; the Linux community. I'd also
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like to call your attention to porting tools that can make
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|
moving Windows and especially Macintosh software to Linux
|
|||
|
nearly trivial.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Linux is the fastest growing operating system in the world.
|
|||
|
It is impossible to put exact numbers on how quickly it is
|
|||
|
growing because it can be downloaded for free off of the
|
|||
|
internet. The last attempt to estimate the total user base
|
|||
|
in early 1998 came up with 7 million users world-wide in
|
|||
|
early 1998 with over 100% growth/year. The explosion of
|
|||
|
Linux publicity since then has undoubtedly kept that growth
|
|||
|
rate alive, putting the current market at around 20 million
|
|||
|
with rapid expansion for some time to come. That's more
|
|||
|
than the worldwide total of OS/2 users and is near (if not
|
|||
|
more than) the number of Macintosh users. In addition,
|
|||
|
these numbers should probably be in some part subtracted
|
|||
|
from the Windows and Macintosh user figures, as almost all
|
|||
|
of the computers Linux is used on initially had Windows or
|
|||
|
MacOS installed.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Just who are these Linux users? They are primarily male,
|
|||
|
technically educated, and in their early twenties. The
|
|||
|
first two traits are more standard than the last; Linux
|
|||
|
users range from the teens to probably the mid-40s in age.
|
|||
|
(I'm 46, so I had to extend the range at least that far.)
|
|||
|
This is a prime demographic for the educational software
|
|||
|
market. These are people who generally have or will soon
|
|||
|
move into well-paying jobs in technical fields, and who are
|
|||
|
often just starting families. Linux users are usually not
|
|||
|
very patient with MacOS or Windows, and so tend not to see
|
|||
|
or to consider software offerings for those operating sys<79>
|
|||
|
tems.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
To the best of my knowledge, there are currently zero educa<63>
|
|||
|
tional software programs available for Linux. While many
|
|||
|
Linux users will write their own programs if they can't find
|
|||
|
anything to fit their needs, that has so far not been the
|
|||
|
case with educational software. This may be because Linux
|
|||
|
only originated in 1991, and has only experienced explosive
|
|||
|
growth in the last 2-3 years. The market is completely
|
|||
|
open.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
This has only recently been noticed by the Linux community.
|
|||
|
As more of us have young children, the awareness of the need
|
|||
|
for educational software for Linux is growing. I'm sure it
|
|||
|
will only be a matter of time till someone begins to address
|
|||
|
this need.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
What is the easiest, most cost-effective way to enter this
|
|||
|
market? It's certainly not impossible to start from source
|
|||
|
code and rewrite the operating-system-specific routines to
|
|||
|
work with Linux. That's what many Macintosh ISVs did when
|
|||
|
they wanted to enter the Windows market. However, there are
|
|||
|
easier ways.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
There are "wrapper" programs available for both Windows and
|
|||
|
Macintosh programs, which enable them to run on Linux with<74>
|
|||
|
out having to be rewritten extensively. For Windows, there
|
|||
|
is the TWIN library from Willows Software <http://www.wil<69>
|
|||
|
lows.com>. I don't have any direct experience with TWIN,
|
|||
|
but the Willows website gets quite specific on what Windows
|
|||
|
routines move across cleanly and what ones need some touch
|
|||
|
up. The WINE Project (<http://www.winehq.com>) also has
|
|||
|
Winelib, a similar set of libraries that Corel is planning
|
|||
|
to help develop and use in porting its office applications
|
|||
|
to Linux.
|
|||
|
For Macintosh programs, Abacus Research & Development, Inc.
|
|||
|
(ARDI <http://www.ardi.com/>) has rewritten a substantial
|
|||
|
fraction of the Macintosh OS and toolbox routines, and makes
|
|||
|
this technology available in two different ways. Executor
|
|||
|
is available both as a Macintosh emulator for end-users and
|
|||
|
as a porting tool for Mac ISVs. Executor is available for
|
|||
|
Linux, DOS and Windows. A demo of Executor for Linux is
|
|||
|
included on the Red Hat 5.1 Linux distribution, the most
|
|||
|
popular commercial distribution. The engineers at ARDI are
|
|||
|
fluent in Macintosh and Linux and can evaluate how hard it
|
|||
|
would be to make a Linux version of your Macintosh software.
|
|||
|
In many cases it can be done without your needing to change
|
|||
|
a single line of code. A Linux version of your program cre<72>
|
|||
|
ated in this way can easily fit on the same CD-ROM as your
|
|||
|
Mac and Windows executables, thereby giving you a three-OS
|
|||
|
program on one SKU. The expenditure required to open up
|
|||
|
this potentially lucrative new market is relatively minor;
|
|||
|
certainly much lower than the cost of the ports many compa<70>
|
|||
|
nies made in expanding from the Mac-only market into the
|
|||
|
Windows and Mac market.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Finally, a personal note. The reason I'm moved to write to
|
|||
|
you proposing that you enter the Linux educational software
|
|||
|
market is my 6-year-old son. I run Linux because, of all
|
|||
|
the operating system choices available, it best fills my
|
|||
|
needs and desires. If there were good educational software
|
|||
|
available for Linux, I'd snap it up. I know I'm not alone;
|
|||
|
I've heard from other parents every time I've mentioned the
|
|||
|
problem in various Linux forums. There's a market out here
|
|||
|
waiting to buy your product. Please don't disappoint us.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
8. The final inspirational message
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
If you decide to take a turn at advocating commercial software ports
|
|||
|
to Linux, remember that in so doing you're not acting as merely one
|
|||
|
individual, but as a representative of our entire community. I know
|
|||
|
we're more honest than Microsoft; I like to think we're less self-
|
|||
|
satisfied than Apple; I hope we're more generous in helping other
|
|||
|
users in need than any of the other user communities. Show those
|
|||
|
qualities to the companies you contact--honesty, humility, and
|
|||
|
helpfulness--and you stand a good chance of being successful.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
9. Resources
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
Here is the list of other advocacy documents I looked through before I
|
|||
|
decided to write this one. While they didn't cover the aspect of
|
|||
|
Linux advocacy I was looking for, they are well worth your time to
|
|||
|
read through. They have a lot of good advice on how to be an
|
|||
|
effective ambassador to the non-Linuxen out there.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linux Advocacy Project <http://www.10mb.com/linux/>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linux Advocacy mini-HOWTO
|
|||
|
<http://www.datasync.com/~rogerspl/Advocacy-HOWTO.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Why Linux? <http://www.seul.org/docs/whylinux.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Why Linux? <http://www.mwsoftware.com/linux/whylinux.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Why use Linux? <http://www.croftj.net/~goob/local/why.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Politics <http://www.linux-center.org/en/politics/index.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> [No Title] <http://www.flash.net/~landley/linux/index.htm>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Advocating Linux
|
|||
|
<http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/~wirzeniu/texts/advocating-linux.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linux FUD Factor
|
|||
|
<http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Hills/9267/fud2.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linux Myth Dispeller
|
|||
|
<http://www.KenAndTed.com/KensBookmark/linux/index.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linuxmanship
|
|||
|
<http://electriclichen.com/people/dmarti/linuxmanship.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Four Phases of Linux Acceptance
|
|||
|
<http://www.xunil.com/xunil/j4phases.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> To use, or not to use? <http://www.linuxos.org/Why-Linux.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<20> Linux Compared to Other OSs
|
|||
|
<http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue25/sorensen.html>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|