mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
716 lines
19 KiB
Groff
716 lines
19 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
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.\" Parts Copyright (c) 1995 Nicolai Langfeldt (janl@ifi.uio.no), 1/1/95
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.\" and Copyright (c) 2006, 2007, 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
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.\"
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.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
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.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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.\" preserved on all copies.
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.\"
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.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
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.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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.\" permission notice identical to this one.
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.\"
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.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
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.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
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.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
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.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
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.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
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.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
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.\" professionally.
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.\"
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.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
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.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
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.\" %%%LICENSE_END
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.\"
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.\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
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.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
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.\" Modified 1995-05-18 by Todd Larason <jtl@molehill.org>
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.\" Modified 1997-01-31 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
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.\" Modified 1995-01-09 by Richard Kettlewell <richard@greenend.org.uk>
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.\" Modified 1998-05-13 by Michael Haardt <michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de>
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.\" Modified 1999-07-06 by aeb & Albert Cahalan
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.\" Modified 2000-01-07 by aeb
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.\" Modified 2004-06-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
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.\" 2007-06-08 mtk: Added example program
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.\" 2007-07-05 mtk: Added details on underlying system call interfaces
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.\"
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.TH STAT 2 2021-08-27 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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stat, fstat, lstat, fstatat \- get file status
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.B #include <sys/stat.h>
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.PP
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.BI "int stat(const char *restrict " pathname ,
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.BI " struct stat *restrict " statbuf );
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.BI "int fstat(int " fd ", struct stat *" statbuf );
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.BI "int lstat(const char *restrict " pathname ,
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.BI " struct stat *restrict " statbuf );
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.PP
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h> " "/* Definition of " AT_* " constants */"
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.B #include <sys/stat.h>
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.PP
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.BI "int fstatat(int " dirfd ", const char *restrict " pathname ,
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.BI " struct stat *restrict " statbuf ", int " flags );
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.fi
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.PP
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.RS -4
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Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
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.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
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.RE
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.PP
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.BR lstat ():
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.nf
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/* Since glibc 2.20 */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
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|| _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
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.\" _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
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|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
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|| /* Glibc 2.19 and earlier */ _BSD_SOURCE
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.fi
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.PP
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.BR fstatat ():
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.nf
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Since glibc 2.10:
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_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
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Before glibc 2.10:
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_ATFILE_SOURCE
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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These functions return information about a file, in the buffer pointed to by
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.IR statbuf .
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No permissions are required on the file itself, but\(emin the case of
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.BR stat (),
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.BR fstatat (),
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and
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.BR lstat ()\(emexecute
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(search) permission is required on all of the directories in
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.I pathname
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that lead to the file.
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.PP
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.BR stat ()
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and
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.BR fstatat ()
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retrieve information about the file pointed to by
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.IR pathname ;
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the differences for
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.BR fstatat ()
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are described below.
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.PP
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.BR lstat ()
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is identical to
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.BR stat (),
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except that if
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.I pathname
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is a symbolic link, then it returns information about the link itself,
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not the file that the link refers to.
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.PP
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.BR fstat ()
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is identical to
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.BR stat (),
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except that the file about which information is to be retrieved
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is specified by the file descriptor
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.IR fd .
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.\"
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.SS The stat structure
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All of these system calls return a
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.I stat
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structure, which contains the following fields:
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.PP
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.in +4n
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.EX
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struct stat {
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dev_t st_dev; /* ID of device containing file */
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ino_t st_ino; /* Inode number */
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mode_t st_mode; /* File type and mode */
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nlink_t st_nlink; /* Number of hard links */
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uid_t st_uid; /* User ID of owner */
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gid_t st_gid; /* Group ID of owner */
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dev_t st_rdev; /* Device ID (if special file) */
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off_t st_size; /* Total size, in bytes */
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blksize_t st_blksize; /* Block size for filesystem I/O */
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blkcnt_t st_blocks; /* Number of 512B blocks allocated */
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/* Since Linux 2.6, the kernel supports nanosecond
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precision for the following timestamp fields.
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For the details before Linux 2.6, see NOTES. */
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struct timespec st_atim; /* Time of last access */
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struct timespec st_mtim; /* Time of last modification */
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struct timespec st_ctim; /* Time of last status change */
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#define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec /* Backward compatibility */
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#define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
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#define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
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};
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.EE
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.in
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.PP
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.IR Note :
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the order of fields in the
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.I stat
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structure varies somewhat
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across architectures.
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In addition,
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the definition above does not show the padding bytes
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that may be present between some fields on various architectures.
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Consult the glibc and kernel source code
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if you need to know the details.
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.PP
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.\" Background: inode attributes are modified with i_mutex held, but
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.\" read by stat() without taking the mutex.
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.IR Note :
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for performance and simplicity reasons, different fields in the
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.I stat
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structure may contain state information from different moments
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during the execution of the system call.
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For example, if
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.IR st_mode
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or
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.IR st_uid
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is changed by another process by calling
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.BR chmod (2)
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or
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.BR chown (2),
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.BR stat ()
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might return the old
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.I st_mode
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together with the new
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.IR st_uid ,
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or the old
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.I st_uid
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together with the new
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.IR st_mode .
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.PP
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The fields in the
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.I stat
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structure are as follows:
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.TP
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.I st_dev
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This field describes the device on which this file resides.
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(The
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.BR major (3)
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and
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.BR minor (3)
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macros may be useful to decompose the device ID in this field.)
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.TP
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.I st_ino
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This field contains the file's inode number.
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.TP
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.I st_mode
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This field contains the file type and mode.
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See
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.BR inode (7)
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for further information.
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.TP
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.I st_nlink
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This field contains the number of hard links to the file.
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.TP
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.I st_uid
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This field contains the user ID of the owner of the file.
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.TP
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.I st_gid
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This field contains the ID of the group owner of the file.
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.TP
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.I st_rdev
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This field describes the device that this file (inode) represents.
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.TP
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.I st_size
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This field gives the size of the file (if it is a regular
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file or a symbolic link) in bytes.
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The size of a symbolic link is the length of the pathname
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it contains, without a terminating null byte.
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.TP
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.I st_blksize
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This field gives the "preferred" block size for efficient filesystem I/O.
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.TP
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.I st_blocks
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This field indicates the number of blocks allocated to the file,
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in 512-byte units.
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(This may be smaller than
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.IR st_size /512
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when the file has holes.)
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.TP
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.I st_atime
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This is the time of the last access of file data.
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.TP
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.I st_mtime
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This is the time of last modification of file data.
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.TP
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.I st_ctime
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This is the file's last status change timestamp
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(time of last change to the inode).
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.PP
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For further information on the above fields, see
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.BR inode (7).
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.\"
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.SS fstatat()
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The
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.BR fstatat ()
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system call is a more general interface for accessing file information
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which can still provide exactly the behavior of each of
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.BR stat (),
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.BR lstat (),
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and
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.BR fstat ().
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.PP
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If the pathname given in
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.I pathname
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is relative, then it is interpreted relative to the directory
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referred to by the file descriptor
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.I dirfd
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(rather than relative to the current working directory of
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the calling process, as is done by
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.BR stat ()
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and
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.BR lstat ()
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for a relative pathname).
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.PP
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If
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.I pathname
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is relative and
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.I dirfd
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is the special value
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.BR AT_FDCWD ,
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then
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.I pathname
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is interpreted relative to the current working
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directory of the calling process (like
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.BR stat ()
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and
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.BR lstat ()).
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.PP
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If
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.I pathname
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is absolute, then
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.I dirfd
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is ignored.
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.PP
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.I flags
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can either be 0, or include one or more of the following flags ORed:
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.TP
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.BR AT_EMPTY_PATH " (since Linux 2.6.39)"
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.\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
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If
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.I pathname
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is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
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.IR dirfd
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(which may have been obtained using the
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.BR open (2)
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.B O_PATH
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flag).
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In this case,
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.I dirfd
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can refer to any type of file, not just a directory, and
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the behavior of
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.BR fstatat ()
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is similar to that of
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.BR fstat ().
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If
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.I dirfd
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is
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.BR AT_FDCWD ,
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the call operates on the current working directory.
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This flag is Linux-specific; define
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.B _GNU_SOURCE
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.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
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to obtain its definition.
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.TP
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.BR AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT " (since Linux 2.6.38)"
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Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
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.I pathname
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if it is a directory that is an automount point.
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This allows the caller to gather attributes of an automount point
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(rather than the location it would mount).
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Since Linux 4.14,
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.\" commit 42f46148217865a545e129612075f3d828a2c4e4
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also don't instantiate a nonexistent name in an
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on-demand directory such as used for automounter indirect maps.
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This
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flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
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.IP
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Both
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.BR stat ()
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and
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.BR lstat ()
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act as though
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.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
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was set.
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.IP
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The
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.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
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can be used in tools that scan directories
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to prevent mass-automounting of a directory of automount points.
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.IP
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This flag is Linux-specific; define
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.B _GNU_SOURCE
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.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
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to obtain its definition.
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.TP
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.B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
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If
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.I pathname
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is a symbolic link, do not dereference it:
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instead return information about the link itself, like
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.BR lstat ().
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(By default,
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.BR fstatat ()
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dereferences symbolic links, like
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.BR stat ().)
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.PP
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See
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.BR openat (2)
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for an explanation of the need for
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.BR fstatat ().
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.SH RETURN VALUE
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On success, zero is returned.
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On error, \-1 is returned, and
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.I errno
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is set to indicate the error.
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.SH ERRORS
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.TP
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.B EACCES
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Search permission is denied for one of the directories
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in the path prefix of
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.IR pathname .
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(See also
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.BR path_resolution (7).)
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.TP
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.B EBADF
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.I fd
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is not a valid open file descriptor.
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.TP
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.B EBADF
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.RB ( fstatat ())
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.I pathname
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is relative but
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.I dirfd
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is neither
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.B AT_FDCWD
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nor a valid file descriptor.
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.TP
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.B EFAULT
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Bad address.
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.TP
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.B EINVAL
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.RB ( fstatat ())
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Invalid flag specified in
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.IR flags .
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.TP
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.B ELOOP
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Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the path.
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.TP
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.B ENAMETOOLONG
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.I pathname
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is too long.
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.TP
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.B ENOENT
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A component of
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.I pathname
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does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link.
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.TP
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.B ENOENT
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.I pathname
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is an empty string and
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.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
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was not specified in
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.IR flags .
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.TP
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.B ENOMEM
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Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
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.TP
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.B ENOTDIR
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A component of the path prefix of
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.I pathname
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is not a directory.
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.TP
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.B ENOTDIR
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.RB ( fstatat ())
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.I pathname
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is relative and
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.I dirfd
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is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
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.TP
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.B EOVERFLOW
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.I pathname
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or
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.I fd
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refers to a file whose size, inode number,
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or number of blocks cannot be represented in, respectively, the types
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.IR off_t ,
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.IR ino_t ,
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or
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.IR blkcnt_t .
|
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This error can occur when, for example,
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an application compiled on a 32-bit platform without
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.I \-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
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calls
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.BR stat ()
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on a file whose size exceeds
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.I (1<<31)\-1
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bytes.
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.SH VERSIONS
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.BR fstatat ()
|
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was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16;
|
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library support was added to glibc in version 2.4.
|
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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.BR stat (),
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.BR fstat (),
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.BR lstat ():
|
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SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1.2008.
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.\" SVr4 documents additional
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.\" .BR fstat ()
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|
.\" error conditions EINTR, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW. SVr4
|
|
.\" documents additional
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.\" .BR stat ()
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|
.\" and
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|
.\" .BR lstat ()
|
|
.\" error conditions EINTR, EMULTIHOP, ENOLINK, and EOVERFLOW.
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.PP
|
|
.BR fstatat ():
|
|
POSIX.1-2008.
|
|
.PP
|
|
According to POSIX.1-2001,
|
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.BR lstat ()
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on a symbolic link need return valid information only in the
|
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.I st_size
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field and the file type of the
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.IR st_mode
|
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field of the
|
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.IR stat
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|
structure.
|
|
POSIX.1-2008 tightens the specification, requiring
|
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.BR lstat ()
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|
to return valid information in all fields except the mode bits in
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.IR st_mode .
|
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.PP
|
|
Use of the
|
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.I st_blocks
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and
|
|
.I st_blksize
|
|
fields may be less portable.
|
|
(They were introduced in BSD.
|
|
The interpretation differs between systems,
|
|
and possibly on a single system when NFS mounts are involved.)
|
|
.SH NOTES
|
|
.SS Timestamp fields
|
|
Older kernels and older standards did not support nanosecond timestamp
|
|
fields.
|
|
Instead, there were three timestamp
|
|
.RI fields\(em st_atime ,
|
|
.IR st_mtime ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR st_ctime \(emtyped
|
|
as
|
|
.IR time_t
|
|
that recorded timestamps with one-second precision.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Since kernel 2.5.48, the
|
|
.I stat
|
|
structure supports nanosecond resolution for the three file timestamp fields.
|
|
The nanosecond components of each timestamp are available
|
|
via names of the form
|
|
.IR st_atim.tv_nsec ,
|
|
if suitable feature test macros are defined.
|
|
Nanosecond timestamps were standardized in POSIX.1-2008,
|
|
and, starting with version 2.12,
|
|
glibc exposes the nanosecond component names if
|
|
.BR _POSIX_C_SOURCE
|
|
is defined with the value 200809L or greater, or
|
|
.BR _XOPEN_SOURCE
|
|
is defined with the value 700 or greater.
|
|
Up to and including glibc 2.19,
|
|
the definitions of the nanoseconds components are also defined if
|
|
.B _BSD_SOURCE
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|
or
|
|
.B _SVID_SOURCE
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|
is defined.
|
|
If none of the aforementioned macros are defined,
|
|
then the nanosecond values are exposed with names of the form
|
|
.IR st_atimensec .
|
|
.\"
|
|
.SS C library/kernel differences
|
|
Over time, increases in the size of the
|
|
.I stat
|
|
structure have led to three successive versions of
|
|
.BR stat ():
|
|
.IR sys_stat ()
|
|
(slot
|
|
.IR __NR_oldstat ),
|
|
.IR sys_newstat ()
|
|
(slot
|
|
.IR __NR_stat ),
|
|
and
|
|
.I sys_stat64()
|
|
(slot
|
|
.IR __NR_stat64 )
|
|
on 32-bit platforms such as i386.
|
|
The first two versions were already present in Linux 1.0
|
|
(albeit with different names);
|
|
.\" See include/asm-i386/stat.h in the Linux 2.4 source code for the
|
|
.\" various versions of the structure definitions
|
|
the last was added in Linux 2.4.
|
|
Similar remarks apply for
|
|
.BR fstat ()
|
|
and
|
|
.BR lstat ().
|
|
.PP
|
|
The kernel-internal versions of the
|
|
.I stat
|
|
structure dealt with by the different versions are, respectively:
|
|
.TP
|
|
.IR __old_kernel_stat
|
|
The original structure, with rather narrow fields, and no padding.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.IR stat
|
|
Larger
|
|
.I st_ino
|
|
field and padding added to various parts of the structure to
|
|
allow for future expansion.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.IR stat64
|
|
Even larger
|
|
.I st_ino
|
|
field,
|
|
larger
|
|
.I st_uid
|
|
and
|
|
.I st_gid
|
|
fields to accommodate the Linux-2.4 expansion of UIDs and GIDs to 32 bits,
|
|
and various other enlarged fields and further padding in the structure.
|
|
(Various padding bytes were eventually consumed in Linux 2.6,
|
|
with the advent of 32-bit device IDs and nanosecond components
|
|
for the timestamp fields.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
The glibc
|
|
.BR stat ()
|
|
wrapper function hides these details from applications,
|
|
invoking the most recent version of the system call provided by the kernel,
|
|
and repacking the returned information if required for old binaries.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" A note from Andries Brouwer, July 2007
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" > Is the story not rather more complicated for some calls like
|
|
.\" > stat(2)?
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Yes and no, mostly no. See /usr/include/sys/stat.h .
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" The idea is here not so much that syscalls change, but that
|
|
.\" the definitions of struct stat and of the types dev_t and mode_t change.
|
|
.\" This means that libc (even if it does not call the kernel
|
|
.\" but only calls some internal function) must know what the
|
|
.\" format of dev_t or of struct stat is.
|
|
.\" The communication between the application and libc goes via
|
|
.\" the include file <sys/stat.h> that defines a _STAT_VER and
|
|
.\" _MKNOD_VER describing the layout of the data that user space
|
|
.\" uses. Each (almost each) occurrence of stat() is replaced by
|
|
.\" an occurrence of xstat() where the first parameter of xstat()
|
|
.\" is this version number _STAT_VER.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Now, also the definitions used by the kernel change.
|
|
.\" But glibc copes with this in the standard way, and the
|
|
.\" struct stat as returned by the kernel is repacked into
|
|
.\" the struct stat as expected by the application.
|
|
.\" Thus, _STAT_VER and this setup cater for the application-libc
|
|
.\" interface, rather than the libc-kernel interface.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" (Note that the details depend on gcc being used as c compiler.)
|
|
.PP
|
|
On modern 64-bit systems, life is simpler: there is a single
|
|
.BR stat ()
|
|
system call and the kernel deals with a
|
|
.I stat
|
|
structure that contains fields of a sufficient size.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The underlying system call employed by the glibc
|
|
.BR fstatat ()
|
|
wrapper function is actually called
|
|
.BR fstatat64 ()
|
|
or, on some architectures,
|
|
.\" strace(1) shows the name "newfstatat" on x86-64
|
|
.BR newfstatat ().
|
|
.SH EXAMPLES
|
|
The following program calls
|
|
.BR lstat ()
|
|
and displays selected fields in the returned
|
|
.I stat
|
|
structure.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.EX
|
|
#include <sys/types.h>
|
|
#include <sys/stat.h>
|
|
#include <stdint.h>
|
|
#include <time.h>
|
|
#include <stdio.h>
|
|
#include <stdlib.h>
|
|
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
|
|
|
|
int
|
|
main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
|
{
|
|
struct stat sb;
|
|
|
|
if (argc != 2) {
|
|
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname>\en", argv[0]);
|
|
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if (lstat(argv[1], &sb) == \-1) {
|
|
perror("lstat");
|
|
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
printf("ID of containing device: [%jx,%jx]\en",
|
|
(uintmax_t) major(sb.st_dev),
|
|
(uintmax_t) minor(sb.st_dev));
|
|
|
|
printf("File type: ");
|
|
|
|
switch (sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
|
|
case S_IFBLK: printf("block device\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFCHR: printf("character device\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFDIR: printf("directory\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFIFO: printf("FIFO/pipe\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFLNK: printf("symlink\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFREG: printf("regular file\en"); break;
|
|
case S_IFSOCK: printf("socket\en"); break;
|
|
default: printf("unknown?\en"); break;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
printf("I\-node number: %ju\en", (uintmax_t) sb.st_ino);
|
|
|
|
printf("Mode: %jo (octal)\en",
|
|
(uintmax_t) sb.st_mode);
|
|
|
|
printf("Link count: %ju\en", (uintmax_t) sb.st_nlink);
|
|
printf("Ownership: UID=%ju GID=%ju\en",
|
|
(uintmax_t) sb.st_uid, (uintmax_t) sb.st_gid);
|
|
|
|
printf("Preferred I/O block size: %jd bytes\en",
|
|
(intmax_t) sb.st_blksize);
|
|
printf("File size: %jd bytes\en",
|
|
(intmax_t) sb.st_size);
|
|
printf("Blocks allocated: %jd\en",
|
|
(intmax_t) sb.st_blocks);
|
|
|
|
printf("Last status change: %s", ctime(&sb.st_ctime));
|
|
printf("Last file access: %s", ctime(&sb.st_atime));
|
|
printf("Last file modification: %s", ctime(&sb.st_mtime));
|
|
|
|
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
|
}
|
|
.EE
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
.BR ls (1),
|
|
.BR stat (1),
|
|
.BR access (2),
|
|
.BR chmod (2),
|
|
.BR chown (2),
|
|
.BR readlink (2),
|
|
.BR statx (2),
|
|
.BR utime (2),
|
|
.BR capabilities (7),
|
|
.BR inode (7),
|
|
.BR symlink (7)
|