mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
233 lines
7.4 KiB
Groff
233 lines
7.4 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
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.\" includes some material by other authors that was formerly
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.\" in intro.2.
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.\"
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.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
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.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
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.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
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.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
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.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
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.\" USA.
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.\"
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.TH STANDARDS 7 2006-08-03 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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Standards \- C and UNIX Standards
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The
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.B "CONFORMING TO"
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section that appears in many manual pages identifies
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various standards to which the documented interface conforms.
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The following list briefly describes these standards.
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.TP
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.B V7
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Version 7, the ancestral UNIX from Bell Labs.
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.TP
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.B 4.2BSD
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This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release
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of the
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.IR "Berkeley Software Distribution",
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released by the University of California at Berkeley.
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This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP
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stack and the sockets API.
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4.2BSD was released in 1983.
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.sp
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Earlier major BSD releases included \fI3BSD\fP (1980), \fI4BSD\fP (1980),
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and \fI4.1BSD\fP (1981).
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.TP
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.B 4.3BSD
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The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.
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.TP
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.B 4.4BSD
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The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.
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This was the last major Berkeley release.
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.TP
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.B System V
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This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983
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release of its commercial System V (five) release.
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The previous major AT&T release was
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.IR "System III" ,
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released in 1981.
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.TP
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.B System V release 2 (SVr2)
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This was the next System V release, made in 1985.
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The SVr2 was formally described in the
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.IR "System V Interface Definition version 1"
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.RI ( "SVID 1" )
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published in 1985.
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.TP
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.B System V release 3 (SVr3)
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This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.
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This release was formally described in the
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.IR "System V Interface Definition version 2"
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.RI ( "SVID 2" ).
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.TP
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.B System V release 4 (SVr4)
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This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.
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This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference
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Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall
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1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)
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This release was formally described in the
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.IR "System V Interface Definition version 3"
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.RI ( "SVID 3" ),
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and is considered the definitive System V release.
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.TP
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.B SVID 4
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System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.
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Available online at http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/ .
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.TP
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.B C89
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This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI
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(American National Standards Institute) in 1989
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.RI ( X3.159-1989 ).
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Sometimes this is known as
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.IR "ANSI C" ,
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but since C99 is also an
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ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous.
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This standard was also ratified by
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ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990
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.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ),
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and is thus occasionally referred to as
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.IR "ISO C90" .
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.TP
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.B C99
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This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999
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.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ).
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1-1990
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"Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments".
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IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990
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.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ).
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Further information can be found
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in Donald Lewine's "POSIX Programmer's Guide" (O'Reilly & Associates,
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Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-937175-73-0).
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The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman.
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.TP
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.B POSIX.2
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IEEE Std 1003.2-1992,
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describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993
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.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ).
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.TP
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.BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)"
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IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993
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describing real-time facilities
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for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996
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.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ).
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For further information, see
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"POSIX.4: Programming for the real world"
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by Bill O. Gallmeister (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 1-56592-074-0).
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1c
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IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 describing the POSIX threads interfaces.
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1d
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IEEE Std 1003.1c-1999 describing additional real-time extensions.
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1g
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IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000 describing networking APIs (including sockets).
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1j
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IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000 describing advanced real-time extensions.
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1-1996
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A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.
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.TP
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.B XPG3
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Released in 1989, this was the first significant release of the
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.IR "X/Open Portability Guide" ,
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produced by the
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X/Open Company, a multi-vendor consortium.
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This multi-volume guide was based on the POSIX standards.
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.TP
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.B XPG4
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A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.
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.TP
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.B XPG4v2
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A 1994 revision of XPG4.
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This is also referred to as
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.IR "Spec 1170" ,
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where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces
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defined by this standard.
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.TP
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.B SUS (SUSv1)
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Single UNIX Specification.
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This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards
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(X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2,
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X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4).
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Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
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.IR "UNIX 95" .
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.TP
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.B SUSv2
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Single UNIX Specification version 2.
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Sometimes also referred to as
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.IR XPG5 .
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This standard appeared in 1997.
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Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
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.IR "UNIX 98" .
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See also
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http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version2/ .)
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.TP
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.B POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3
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This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the
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POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document,
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conducted under the auspices of the Austin group
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(http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ .)
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The standard is available online at
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http://www.unix-systems.org/version3/ ,
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and the interfaces that it describes are also available in the Linux
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manual pages package under sections 1p and 3p (e.g., "man 3p open").
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.sp
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The standard defines two levels of conformance:
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.IR "POSIX conformance" ,
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which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system;
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and
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.IR "XSI Conformance",
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which additionally mandates a set of interfaces
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(the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance.
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XSI-conformant systems can be branded
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.IR "UNIX 03" .
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(XSI conformance constitutes the
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.I "Single UNIX Specification version 3"
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.RI ( SUSv3 ).)
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.sp
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The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:
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.sp
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.BR XBD :
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Definitions, terms and concepts, header file specifications.
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.sp
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.BR XSH :
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Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library
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functions in actual implementations).
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.sp
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.BR XCU :
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Specifications of commands and utilities
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(i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).
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.sp
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.BR XRAT :
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Informative text on the other parts of the standard.
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.sp
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POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the
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library functions standardised in C99 are also
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standardised in POSIX.1-1001.
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.sp
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Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements)
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of the original 2001 standard have occurred:
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TC1 in 2003 (referred to as
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.IR POSIX.1-2003 ),
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and TC2 in 2004 (referred to as
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.IR POSIX.1-2004 ).
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR feature_test_macros (7)
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