.\"
.\"  epoll by Davide Libenzi ( efficient event notification retrieval )
.\"  Copyright (C) 2003  Davide Libenzi
.\"
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.\"
.\"  Davide Libenzi <davidel@xmailserver.org>
.\"
.\"
.TH EPOLL 7 "2002-10-23" Linux "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
epoll \- I/O event notification facility
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B #include <sys/epoll.h>
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B epoll
is a variant of 
.BR poll (2)
that can be used either as Edge or Level Triggered interface and scales
well to large numbers of watched fds. Three system calls are provided to
set up and control an
.B epoll
set: 
.BR epoll_create (2),
.BR epoll_ctl (2),
.BR epoll_wait (2).

An
.B epoll
set is connected to a file descriptor created by
.BR epoll_create (2).
Interest for certain file descriptors is then registered via 
.BR epoll_ctl (2).
Finally, the actual wait is started by 
.BR epoll_wait (2).
.SH NOTES
The
.B epoll
event distribution interface is able to behave both as Edge Triggered
( ET ) and Level Triggered ( LT ). The difference between ET and LT
event distribution mechanism can be described as follows. Suppose that
this scenario happens :
.TP
.B 1
The file descriptor that represents the read side of a pipe (
.B RFD
) is added inside the
.B epoll
device.
.TP
.B 2
Pipe writer writes 2Kb of data on the write side of the pipe.
.TP
.B 3
A call to
.BR epoll_wait (2)
is done that will return
.B RFD
as ready file descriptor.
.TP
.B 4
The pipe reader reads 1Kb of data from
.BR RFD .
.TP
.B 5
A call to
.BR epoll_wait (2)
is done.
.PP

If the
.B RFD
file descriptor has been added to the
.B epoll
interface using the
.B EPOLLET
flag, the call to
.BR epoll_wait (2)
done in step
.B 5
will probably hang because of the available data still present in the file
input buffers and the remote peer might be expecting a response based on the
data it already sent. The reason for this is that Edge Triggered event
distribution delivers events only when events happens on the monitored file.
So, in step
.B 5
the caller might end up waiting for some data that is already present inside
the input buffer. In the above example, an event on
.B RFD
will be generated because of the write done in
.BR 2
and the event is consumed in
.BR 3 .
Since the read operation done in
.B 4
does not consume the whole buffer data, the call to
.BR epoll_wait (2)
done in step
.B 5
might lock indefinitely. The
.B epoll
interface, when used with the
.B EPOLLET
flag ( Edge Triggered )
should use non-blocking file descriptors to avoid having a blocking
read or write starve the task that is handling multiple file descriptors.
The suggested way to use
.B epoll
as an Edge Triggered 
.RB ( EPOLLET )
interface is below, and possible pitfalls to avoid follow.
.RS
.TP 
.B i
with non-blocking file descriptors
.TP 
.B ii
by going to wait for an event only after
.BR read (2)
or 
.BR write (2)
return EAGAIN
.RE
.PP
On the contrary, when used as a Level Triggered interface,
.B epoll
is by all means a faster
.BR poll (2),
and can be used wherever the latter is used since it shares the
same semantics. Since even with the Edge Triggered
.B epoll
multiple events can be generated up on receival of multiple chunks of data,
the caller has the option to specify the
.B EPOLLONESHOT
flag, to tell
.B epoll
to disable the associated file descriptor after the receival of an event with
.BR epoll_wait (2).
When the
.B EPOLLONESHOT
flag is specified, it is caller responsibility to rearm the file descriptor using
.BR epoll_ctl (2)
with
.BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
.SH EXAMPLE FOR SUGGESTED USAGE
While the usage of
.B epoll
when employed like a Level Triggered interface does have the same
semantics of
.BR poll (2),
an Edge Triggered usage requires more clarification to avoid stalls
in the application event loop. In this example, listener is a
non-blocking socket on which
.BR listen (2)
has been called. The function do_use_fd() uses the new ready
file descriptor until EAGAIN is returned by either
.BR read (2)
or
.BR write (2).
An event driven state machine application should, after having received
EAGAIN, record its current state so that at the next call to do_use_fd()
it will continue to
.BR read (2)
or
.BR write (2)
from where it stopped before.  

.nf
struct epoll_event ev, *events;

for(;;) {
    nfds = epoll_wait(kdpfd, events, maxevents, \-1);

    for(n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) {
        if(events[n].data.fd == listener) {
            client = accept(listener, (struct sockaddr *) &local,
                            &addrlen);
            if(client < 0){
                perror("accept");
                continue;
            }
            setnonblocking(client);
            ev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
            ev.data.fd = client;
            if (epoll_ctl(kdpfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, client, &ev) < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "epoll set insertion error: fd=%d\\n",
                        client);
                return \-1;
            }
        }
        else
            do_use_fd(events[n].data.fd);
    }
}
.fi

When used as an Edge triggered interface, for performance reasons, it is
possible to add the file descriptor inside the epoll interface (
.B EPOLL_CTL_ADD
) once by specifying (
.BR EPOLLIN | EPOLLOUT
). This allows you to avoid
continuously switching between
.B EPOLLIN
and
.B EPOLLOUT
calling
.BR epoll_ctl (2)
with
.BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD .

.SH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

.TP 
.B Q1 
What happens if you add the same fd to an epoll_set twice?
.TP
.B A1 
You will probably get EEXIST. However, it is possible that two
threads may add the same fd twice. This is a harmless condition.
.TP
.B Q2 
Can two
.B epoll
sets wait for the same fd? If so, are events reported
to both
.B epoll
sets fds?
.TP
.B A2
Yes. However, it is not recommended. Yes it would be reported to both.
.TP
.B Q3
Is the
.B epoll
fd itself poll/epoll/selectable?
.TP
.B A3
Yes.
.TP
.B Q4 
What happens if the
.B epoll
fd is put into its own fd set?
.TP
.B A4
It will fail. However, you can add an
.B epoll
fd inside another epoll fd set. 
.TP
.B Q5
Can I send the
.B epoll
fd over a unix-socket to another process?
.TP
.B A5
No.
.TP
.B Q6
Will the close of an fd cause it to be removed from all
.B epoll
sets automatically?
.TP
.B A6
Yes.
.TP
.B Q7 
If more than one event comes in between
.BR epoll_wait (2)
calls, are they combined or reported separately?
.TP
.B A7
They will be combined.
.TP
.B Q8
Does an operation on an fd affect the already collected but not yet reported
events?
.TP
.B A8
You can do two operations on an existing fd. Remove would be meaningless for
this case. Modify will re-read available I/O.
.TP
.B Q9
Do I need to continuously read/write an fd until EAGAIN when using the
.B EPOLLET
flag ( Edge Triggered behaviour ) ?
.TP
.B A9
No you don't. Receiving an event from
.BR epoll_wait (2)
should suggest to you that such file descriptor is ready for the requested I/O
operation. You have simply to consider it ready until you will receive the
next EAGAIN. When and how you will use such file descriptor is entirely up
to you. Also, the condition that the read/write I/O space is exhausted can
be detected by checking the amount of data read/write from/to the target
file descriptor. For example, if you call
.BR read (2)
by asking to read a certain amount of data and
.BR read (2)
returns a lower number of bytes, you can be sure to have exhausted the read
I/O space for such file descriptor. Same is valid when writing using the
.BR write (2)
function.
.SH POSSIBLE PITFALLS AND WAYS TO AVOID THEM
.TP
.B o Starvation ( Edge Triggered )
.PP
If there is a large amount of I/O space, it is possible that by trying to drain
it the other files will not get processed causing starvation. This
is not specific to
.BR epoll .
.PP
.PP
The solution is to maintain a ready list and mark the file descriptor as ready
in its associated data structure, thereby allowing the application to
remember which files need to be processed but still round robin amongst
all the ready files. This also supports ignoring subsequent events you
receive for fd's that are already ready.
.TP
.B o If using an event cache...  
.PP
If you use an event cache or store all the fd's returned from
.BR epoll_wait (2),
then make sure to provide a way to mark its closure dynamically (ie- caused by 
a previous event's processing). Suppose you receive 100 events from 
.BR epoll_wait (2),
and in event #47 a condition causes event #13 to be closed. 
If you remove the structure and 
.BR close ()
the fd for event #13, then your 
event cache might still say there are events waiting for that fd causing 
confusion.
.PP 
One solution for this is to call, during the processing of event 47,
.BR epoll_ctl ( EPOLL_CTL_DEL )
to delete fd 13 and 
.BR close (), 
then mark its associated
data structure as removed and link it to a cleanup list. If you find another
event for fd 13 in your batch processing, you will discover the fd had been
previously removed and there will be no confusion.
.SH CONFORMING TO
.BR epoll (7)
is a new API introduced in Linux kernel 2.5.44.
Its interface should be finalized in Linux kernel 2.5.66.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR epoll_create (2),
.BR epoll_ctl (2),
.BR epoll_wait (2)