.\" Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (david@prism.demon.co.uk)
.\"
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.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
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.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
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.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.\" References consulted:
.\"     Linux libc source code
.\"     Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)
.\"     386BSD man pages
.\" Modified 1993-07-25 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
.\" Modified 2004-10-31 by aeb
.\"
.TH RESOLVER 3 2015-03-29 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
res_init, res_query, res_search, res_querydomain, res_mkquery, res_send,
dn_comp, dn_expand \- resolver routines
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <netinet/in.h>
.B #include <arpa/nameser.h>
.B #include <resolv.h>
.B extern struct __res_state _res;
.sp
.B int res_init(void);
.sp
.BI "int res_query(const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.RS
.BI "unsigned char *" answer ", int " anslen );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int res_search(const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.RS
.BI "unsigned char *" answer ", int " anslen );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int res_querydomain(const char *" name ", const char *" domain ,
.RS
.BI "int " class ", int " type ", unsigned char *" answer ,
.BI "int " anslen );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int res_mkquery(int " op ", const char *" dname ", int " class ,
.RS
.BI "int " type ", const unsigned char *" data ", int " datalen ,
.BI "const unsigned char *" newrr ", unsigned char *" buf ", int " buflen );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int res_send(const unsigned char *" msg ", int " msglen ,
.RS
.BI "unsigned char *" answer ", int " anslen );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int dn_comp(const char *" exp_dn ", unsigned char *" comp_dn ,
.RS
.BI "int " length ", unsigned char **" dnptrs ", unsigned char **" lastdnptr );
.RE
.sp
.BI "int dn_expand(const unsigned char *" msg ", const unsigned char *" eomorig ,
.RS
.BI "const unsigned char *" comp_dn ", char *" exp_dn ,
.BI "int " length );
.RE
.fi
.sp
Link with \fI\-lresolv\fP.
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions make queries to and interpret the responses from Internet
domain name servers.
.PP
The
.BR res_init ()
function reads the configuration files (see
.BR resolv.conf (5))
to get the default domain name and name
server address(es).
If no server is given, the local host is tried.
If no domain is given, that associated with the local host is used.
It can be overridden with the environment variable
.BR LOCALDOMAIN .
.BR res_init ()
is normally executed by the first call to one of the
other functions.
.PP
The
.BR res_query ()
function queries the name server for the
fully qualified domain name \fIname\fP of specified \fItype\fP and
\fIclass\fP.
The reply is left in the buffer \fIanswer\fP of length
\fIanslen\fP supplied by the caller.
.PP
The
.BR res_search ()
function makes a query and waits for the response
like
.BR res_query (),
but in addition implements the default and search
rules controlled by
.B RES_DEFNAMES
and
.B RES_DNSRCH
(see description of
\fI_res\fP options below).
.PP
The
.BR res_querydomain ()
function makes a query using
.BR res_query ()
on the concatenation of \fIname\fP and \fIdomain\fP.
.PP
The following functions are lower-level routines used by
.BR res_query ().
.PP
The
.BR res_mkquery ()
function constructs a query message in \fIbuf\fP
of length \fIbuflen\fP for the domain name \fIdname\fP.
The query type
\fIop\fP is usually
.BR QUERY ,
but can be any of the types defined in
\fI<arpa/nameser.h>\fP.
\fInewrr\fP is currently unused.
.PP
The
.BR res_send ()
function sends a preformatted query given in
\fImsg\fP of length \fImsglen\fP and returns the answer in \fIanswer\fP
which is of length \fIanslen\fP.
It will call
.BR res_init (),
if it
has not already been called.
.PP
The
.BR dn_comp ()
function compresses the domain name \fIexp_dn\fP
and stores it in the buffer \fIcomp_dn\fP of length \fIlength\fP.
The compression uses an array of pointers \fIdnptrs\fP to previously
compressed names in the current message.
The first pointer points
to the beginning of the message and the list ends with NULL.
The limit of the array is specified by \fIlastdnptr\fP.
If \fIdnptr\fP is NULL, domain names are not compressed.
If \fIlastdnptr\fP is NULL, the list
of labels is not updated.
.PP
The
.BR dn_expand ()
function expands the compressed domain name
\fIcomp_dn\fP to a full domain name, which is placed in the buffer
\fIexp_dn\fP of size \fIlength\fP.
The compressed name is contained
in a query or reply message, and \fImsg\fP points to the beginning of
the message.
.PP
The resolver routines use global configuration and state information
contained in the structure \fI_res\fP, which is defined in
\fI<resolv.h>\fP.
The only field that is normally manipulated by the
user is \fI_res.options\fP.
This field can contain the bitwise "OR"
of the following options:
.TP
.B RES_INIT
True if
.BR res_init ()
has been called.
.TP
.B RES_DEBUG
Print debugging messages.
This option is available only if glibc was built with debugging enabled,
.\" See resolv/README.
.\" Support for RES_DEBUG was made conditional in glibc 2.2.
which is not the default.
.TP
.B RES_AAONLY
Accept authoritative answers only.
.BR res_send ()
continues until
it finds an authoritative answer or returns an error.
[Not currently implemented].
.TP
.B RES_USEVC
Use TCP connections for queries rather than UDP datagrams.
.TP
.B RES_PRIMARY
Query primary domain name server only.
[Not currently implemented].
.TP
.B RES_IGNTC
Ignore truncation errors.
Don't retry with TCP.
.TP
.B RES_RECURSE
Set the recursion desired bit in queries.
Recursion is carried out
by the domain name server, not by
.BR res_send ().
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_DEFNAMES
If set,
.BR res_search ()
will append the default domain name to
single component names\(emthat is, those that do not contain a dot.
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_STAYOPEN
Used with
.B RES_USEVC
to keep the TCP connection open between queries.
.TP
.B RES_DNSRCH
If set,
.BR res_search ()
will search for hostnames in the current
domain and in parent domains.
This option is used by
.BR gethostbyname (3).
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_INSECURE1
Accept a response from a wrong server and show it on standard output
(for debug purpose only).
.TP
.B RES_INSECURE2
Accept a response which contains a wrong query and show it on standard
output (for debug purpose only).
.TP
.B RES_NOALIASES
Disable usage of
.B HOSTALIASES
environment variable.
.TP
.B RES_USE_INET6
Try an AAAA query before an A query inside the
.BR gethostbyname ()
function, and map IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form" if no AAAA records
are found but an A record set exists.
.TP
.B RES_ROTATE
Causes round-robin selection of name servers from among those listed.
This has the effect of spreading the query load among all listed servers,
rather than having all clients try the first listed server first every
time.
.TP
.B RES_NOCHECKNAME
Disable the modern BIND checking of incoming hostnames and mail names
for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII,
or control characters.
[Not currently implemented].
.TP
.B RES_KEEPTSIG
Do not strip TSIG records.
[Not currently implemented].
.TP
.B RES_BLAST
Send each query simultaneously and recursively to all servers.
Note this option overrides
.BR RES_ROTATE .
.TP
.BR RES_USEBSTRING " (since glibc 2.3.4)"
Make reverse IPv6 lookups using the bit-label format described in RFC 2673;
if this option is not set, then nibble format is used.
.TP
.B RES_NOIP6DOTINT
Use
.I ip6.arpa
zone in IPv6 reverse lookup instead of
.IR ip6.int ,
which is deprecated since glibc 2.3.4.
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.BR RES_USE_EDNS0 " (since glibc 2.6)"
Enables support for the DNS extensions (EDNS0) described in RFC 2671.
.TP
.BR RES_SNGLKUP " (since glibc 2.10)"
By default, glibc performs IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in parallel since
version 2.9.
Some appliance DNS servers cannot handle these queries properly
and make the requests time out.
This option disables the behavior and makes glibc
perform the IPv6 and IPv4 requests sequentially
(at the cost of some slowdown of the resolving process).
.TP
.B RES_SNGLKUPREOP
When
.B RES_SNGLKUP
option is enabled, opens a new socket for the each request.
.TP
.B RES_USE_DNSSEC
Use DNSSEC with OK bit in OPT record.
This option implies
.BR RES_USE_EDNS0 .
.TP
.B RES_NOTLDQUERY
Do not look up unqualified name as a top-level domain (TLD).
.TP
.B RES_DEFAULT
Default option which implies:
.BR RES_RECURSE ,
.BR RES_DEFNAMES ,
.BR RES_DNSRCH
and
.BR RES_NOIP6DOTINT .

.SH RETURN VALUE
The
.BR res_init ()
function returns 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.PP
The
.BR res_query (),
.BR res_search (),
.BR res_querydomain (),
.BR res_mkquery ()
and
.BR res_send ()
functions return the length
of the response, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.PP
The
.BR dn_comp ()
and
.BR dn_expand ()
functions return the length
of the compressed name, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.SH FILES
.nf
/etc/resolv.conf          resolver configuration file
/etc/host.conf            resolver configuration file
.fi
.SH CONFORMING TO
4.3BSD.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR gethostbyname (3),
.BR resolv.conf (5),
.BR resolver (5),
.BR hostname (7),
.BR named (8)