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This commit is contained in:
Michael Kerrisk 2007-06-23 07:56:56 +00:00
parent 66ee0c7e89
commit f19a0f03ee
43 changed files with 306 additions and 303 deletions
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2
man3/clock_getres.3
View File

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ The
and
.I tp
arguments are
.B timespec
.I timespec
structs, as specified in
.IR <time.h> :
.sp

26
man3/cmsg.3
View File

@ -52,22 +52,22 @@ This sequence should only be accessed
using the macros described in this manual page and never directly.
See the specific protocol man pages for the available control message types.
The maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket can be set using the
.B net.core.optmem_max
.I net.core.optmem_max
sysctl; see
.BR socket (7).
.PP
.BR CMSG_FIRSTHDR ()
returns a pointer to the first
.B cmsghdr
.I cmsghdr
in the ancillary
data buffer associated with the passed
.BR msghdr .
.IR msghdr .
.PP
.BR CMSG_NXTHDR ()
returns the next valid
.B cmsghdr
.I cmsghdr
after the passed
.BR cmsghdr .
.IR cmsghdr .
It returns NULL when there isn't enough space left in the buffer.
.PP
.BR CMSG_ALIGN (),
@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ This is a constant expression.
.PP
.B CMSG_DATA
returns a pointer to the data portion of a
.BR cmsghdr .
.IR cmsghdr .
.PP
.B CMSG_LEN
returns the value to store in the
.I cmsg_len
member of the
.B cmsghdr
.I cmsghdr
structure, taking into account any necessary
alignment.
It takes the data length as an argument.
@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ expression.
To create ancillary data, first initialize the
.I msg_controllen
member of the
.B msghdr
.I msghdr
with the length of the control message buffer.
Use
.BR CMSG_FIRSTHDR ()
on the
.B msghdr
.I msghdr
to get the first control message and
.B CMSG_NEXTHDR
to get all subsequent ones.
@ -112,19 +112,19 @@ In each control message, initialize
(with
.BR CMSG_LEN ),
the other
.B cmsghdr
.I cmsghdr
header fields, and the data portion using
.BR CMSG_DATA .
Finally, the
.I msg_controllen
field of the
.B msghdr
.I msghdr
should be set to the sum of the
.BR CMSG_SPACE ()
of the length of
all control messages in the buffer.
For more information on the
.BR msghdr ,
.IR msghdr ,
see
.BR recvmsg (2).
.PP
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ When the control message buffer is too short to store all messages, the
flag is set in the
.I msg_flags
member of the
.BR msghdr .
.IR msghdr .
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
This ancillary data model conforms to the POSIX.1g draft, 4.4BSD-Lite,
the IPv6 advanced API described in RFC\ 2292 and the SUSv2.

2
man3/ecvt.3
View File

@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ is recommended.
Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of
.I ndigits
as
.BR size_t .
.IR size_t .
Not all locales use a point as the radix character (`decimal point').
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR ecvt_r (3),

8
man3/ecvt_r.3
View File

@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ The functions
and
.BR qfcvt_r ()
are identical to
.BR ecvt ,
.BR fcvt ,
.BR qecvt
.BR ecvt (),
.BR fcvt (),
.BR qecvt ()
and
.BR qfcvt ,
.BR qfcvt (),
respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static
buffer, but instead use the supplied
.I buf

2
man3/fseek.3
View File

@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ setting and storing the current value of the file offset into or from the
object referenced by
.IR pos .
On some non-UNIX systems an
.B fpos_t
.I fpos_t
object may be a complex object and these routines may be the only way to
portably reposition a text stream.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"

6
man3/ftok.3
View File

@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ function uses the identity of the file named by the given
and the least significant 8 bits of
.I proj_id
(which must be non-zero) to generate a
.B key_t
.I key_t
type System V IPC key, suitable for use with
.BR msgget (2),
.BR semget (2),
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ The value returned should be different when the
(simultaneously existing) files or the project IDs differ.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success the generated
.B key_t
.I key_t
value is returned.
On failure \-1 is returned, with
.I errno
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ that is why the behavior is said to be undefined when
is zero.
.LP
Of course no guarantee can be given that the resulting
.B key_t
.I key_t
is unique.
Typically, a best effort attempt combines the given
.I proj_id

3
man3/getipnodebyname.3
View File

@ -81,8 +81,7 @@ functions can access multiple network address families.
Unlike the
.B gethostby
functions,
these
functions return pointers to dynamically allocated memory.
these functions return pointers to dynamically allocated memory.
The
.BR freehostent (3)
function is used to release the dynamically allocated memory

4
man3/getopt.3
View File

@ -287,11 +287,11 @@ argument is encountered.
.SM
.B _<PID>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
This variable was used by
.B bash
.BR bash (1)
2.0 to communicate to GNU libc which arguments are the results of
wildcard expansion and so should not be considered as options.
This behavior was removed in
.B bash
.BR bash (1)
version 2.01, but the support remains in GNU libc.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
.TP

6
man3/getrpcent.3
View File

@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ The members of this structure are:
.RS
.PD 0
.TP 20
.B r_name
.I r_name
The name of the server for this rpc program.
.TP 20
.B r_aliases
.I r_aliases
A zero terminated list of alternate names for the rpc program.
.TP 20
.B r_number
.I r_number
The rpc program number for this service.
.PD
.RE

4
man3/gets.3
View File

@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ will be returned in reverse order; only one pushback is guaranteed.
.PP
Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with each other and with
calls to other input functions from the
.B stdio
.I stdio
library for the same input stream.
.PP
For non-locking counterparts, see
@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Use
instead.
.PP
It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from the
.B stdio
.I stdio
library with low-level calls to
.BR read (2)
for the file descriptor associated with the input stream; the results

4
man3/glob.3
View File

@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ The results of a
call are stored in the structure pointed to by
.IR pglob ,
which is a
.B glob_t
.I glob_t
which is declared in
.I <glob.h>
and includes the following elements defined by POSIX.2 (more may be
@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The structure elements
and
.I gl_offs
are declared as
.BR size_t
.IR size_t
in glibc 2.1, as they should according to POSIX.2,
but are declared as
.I int

7
man3/inet_ntop.3
View File

@ -100,9 +100,12 @@ POSIX.1-2001.
Note that RFC\ 2553 defines a prototype where the last parameter
.I cnt
is of type
.BR size_t .
.IR size_t .
Many systems follow RFC\ 2553.
Glibc 2.0 and 2.1 have size_t, but 2.2 has socklen_t.
Glibc 2.0 and 2.1 have
.IR size_t ,
but 2.2 has
.IR socklen_t .
.\" 2.1.3: size_t, 2.1.91: socklen_t
.SH BUGS
.B AF_INET6

4
man3/netlink.3
View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ NLMSG_LENGTH
Given the payload length,
.IR len ,
this macro returns the aligned length to store in the
.B nlmsg_len
.I nlmsg_len
field of the
.IR nlmsghdr .
.TP
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Return the length of the payload associated with the
These macros are non-standard Linux extensions.
.SH NOTES
It is often better to use netlink via
.B libnetlink
.I libnetlink
than via the low level kernel interface.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR netlink (7)

2
man3/printf.3
View File

@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ and
instead (or
.BR asprintf ()
and
.BR vasprintf ).
.BR vasprintf ().
.PP
Linux libc4.[45] does not have a
.BR snprintf (),

4
man3/puts.3
View File

@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ to
.PP
Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with each other and with
calls to other output functions from the
.B stdio
.I stdio
library for the same output stream.
.PP
For non-locking counterparts, see
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ on error.
C89, C99
.SH BUGS
It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from the
.B stdio
.I stdio
library with low-level calls to
.BR write (2)
for the file descriptor associated with the same output stream; the results

18
man3/regex.3
View File

@ -176,23 +176,19 @@ with substring match addresses.
Any unused structure elements will contain the value \-1.
The
.B regmatch_t
.I regmatch_t
structure which is the type of
.I pmatch
is defined in
.IR regex.h .
.RS
.B typedef struct
.br
.B {
.br
.BI " regoff_t " rm_so ;
.br
.BI " regoff_t " rm_eo ;
.br
.B }
.B regmatch_t;
.nf
typedef struct {
regoff_t rm_so;
regoff_t rm_eo;
} regmatch_t;
.fi
.RE
Each

2
man3/setnetgrent.3
View File

@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ handle network group entries
.in -12
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.B netgroup
.I netgroup
is a SunOS invention.
A netgroup database is a list of string triples
.BR (hostname "," username "," domainname)

10
man3/stdarg.3
View File

@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ types.
The include file
.I <stdarg.h>
declares a type
.B va_list
.I va_list
and defines three macros for stepping through a list of arguments whose
number and types are not known to the called function.
.PP
The called function must declare an object of type
.B va_list
.I va_list
which is used by the macros
.BR va_start (),
.BR va_arg (),
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ argument in the call.
The parameter
.I ap
is the
.B va_list
.I va_list
.I ap
initialized by
.BR va_start ().
@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ may be a macro or a function.
.SS va_copy()
.\" Proposal from clive@demon.net, 1997-02-28
An obvious implementation would have a
.B va_list
.I va_list
be a pointer to the stack frame of the variadic function.
In such a setup (by far the most common) there seems
nothing against an assignment
@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ code to
.B stdarg
code, but it also creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to
pass all of their arguments on to a function that takes a
.B va_list
.I va_list
argument, such as
.BR vfprintf (3).
.SH EXAMPLE

4
man3/stdio.3
View File

@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ the standard output before going off and computing so that the output will
appear.
.PP
The
.B stdio
.I stdio
library is a part of the library
.B libc
and routines are automatically loaded as needed by the compilers
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ formatted output conversion
input format conversion
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
The
.B stdio
.I stdio
library conforms to C89.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR close (2),

2
man3/strptime.3
View File

@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function is the converse function to
and converts the character string pointed to by
.I s
to values which are stored in the
.B tm
.I tm
structure pointed to by
.IR tm ,
using the format specified by

4
man3/strtoimax.3
View File

@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ These functions are just like
and
.BR strtoul (3),
except that they return a value of type
.B intmax_t
.I intmax_t
and
.BR uintmax_t ,
.IR uintmax_t ,
respectively.
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, the converted value is returned.

4
man3/strverscmp.3
View File

@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ strverscmp \- compare two version strings
Often one has files
.IR jan1 ", " jan2 ", ..., " jan9 ", " jan10 ", ..."
and it feels wrong when
.B ls
.BR ls (1)
orders them
.IR jan1 ", " jan10 ", ..., " jan2 ", ..., " jan9 .
.\" classical solution: "rename jan jan0 jan?"
In order to rectify this, GNU introduced the
.B \-v
.I \-v
option to
.BR ls (1),
which is implemented using

2
man3/syslog.3
View File

@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ USENET news subsystem
.TP
.B LOG_SYSLOG
messages generated internally by
.B syslogd
.BR syslogd (8)
.TP
.BR LOG_USER " (default)"
generic user-level messages

2
man3/sysv_signal.3
View File

@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ provides reliable signal semantics; see
for details.
The use of
.B sighandler_t
.I sighandler_t
is a GNU extension;
this type is only defined if
the

2
man3/usleep.3
View File

@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Only the
error return is documented by SUSv2.
.SH NOTES
The type
.B useconds_t
.I useconds_t
is an unsigned integer type capable of holding integers
in the range [0,1000000].
Programs will be more portable

8
man3/wordexp.3
View File

@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ performs a shell-like expansion of the string
and returns the result in the structure pointed to by
.IR p .
The data type
.B wordexp_t
.I wordexp_t
is a structure that at least has the fields
.IR we_wordc ,
.IR we_wordv ,
@ -46,18 +46,18 @@ and
The field
.I we_wordc
is a
.B size_t
.I size_t
that gives the number of words in the expansion of
.IR s .
The field
.I we_wordv
is a
.B char **
.I char **
that points to the array of words found.
The field
.I we_offs
of type
.B size_t
.I size_t
is sometimes (depending on
.IR flags ,
see below) used to indicate the number of initial elements in the

10
man3/xdr.3
View File

@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ enum_t *ep;
.ft R
.IP
A filter primitive that translates between C
.BR enum s
.IR enum s
(actually integers) and their external representations.
This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero otherwise.
.br
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ float *fp;
.ft R
.IP
A filter primitive that translates between C
.BR float s
.IR float s
and their external representations.
This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero otherwise.
.br
@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ short *sp;
.ft R
.IP
A filter primitive that translates between C
.B short
.I short
integers and their external representations.
This routine returns one if it succeeds, zero otherwise.
.br
@ -715,13 +715,13 @@ bool_t (*defaultarm) (); /* may equal \s-1NULL\s0 */
.ft R
.IP
A filter primitive that translates between a discriminated C
.B union
.I union
and its corresponding external representation.
It first
translates the discriminant of the union located at
.IR dscmp .
This discriminant is always an
.BR enum_t .
.IR enum_t .
Next the union located at
.I unp
is translated.

64
man4/st.4
View File

@ -253,26 +253,26 @@ Magnetic Tape operations for normal tape use:
.PD 0
.IP MTBSF 14
Backward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
filemarks.
.IP MTBSFM
Backward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
filemarks.
Reposition the tape to the EOT side of the last filemark.
.IP MTBSR
Backward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
records (tape blocks).
.IP MTBSS
Backward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
setmarks.
.IP MTCOMPRESSION
Enable compression of tape data within the drive if
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
is non-zero and disable compression if
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
is zero.
This command uses the MODE page 15 supported by most DATs.
.IP MTEOM
@ -284,27 +284,27 @@ argument is zero.
Otherwise long erase (erase all) is done.
.IP MTFSF
Forward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
filemarks.
.IP MTFSFM
Forward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
filemarks.
Reposition the tape to the BOT side of the last filemark.
.IP MTFSR
Forward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
records (tape blocks).
.IP MTFSS
Forward space over
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
setmarks.
.IP MTLOAD
Execute the SCSI load command.
A special case is available for some HP
autoloaders.
If
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
is the constant MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET plus a number, the number is
sent to the drive to control the autoloader.
.IP MTLOCK
@ -312,11 +312,11 @@ Lock the tape drive door.
.IP MTMKPART
Format the tape into one or two partitions.
If
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
is non-zero, it gives the size of the first partition and the second
partition contains the rest of the tape.
If
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
is zero, the tape is formatted into one partition.
This command is not allowed for a drive unless the partition support
is enabled for the drive (see MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS below).
@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ Re-tension tape.
Rewind.
.IP MTSEEK
Seek to the tape block number specified in
.BR mt_count .
.IR mt_count .
This operation requires either a SCSI-2 drive that supports the \s-1LOCATE\s+1
command (device-specific address)
or a Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, Archive
@ -342,16 +342,16 @@ The block number should be one that was previously returned by
\s-1MTIOCPOS\s+1 if device-specific addresses are used.
.IP MTSETBLK
Set the drive's block length to the value specified in
.BR mt_count .
.IR mt_count .
A block length of zero sets the drive to variable block size mode.
.IP MTSETDENSITY
Set the tape density to the code in
.BR mt_count .
.IR mt_count .
The density codes supported by a drive can be found from the drive
documentation.
.IP MTSETPART
The active partition is switched to
.BR mt_count .
.IR mt_count .
The partitions are numbered from zero.
This command is not allowed for
a drive unless the partition support is enabled for the drive (see
@ -362,11 +362,11 @@ Execute the SCSI unload command (does not eject the tape).
Unlock the tape drive door.
.IP MTWEOF
Write
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
filemarks.
.IP MTWSM
Write
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
setmarks.
.PD
.PP
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ Magnetic Tape operations for setting of device options (by the superuser):
.PD 0
.IP MTSETDRVBUFFER 8
Set various drive and driver options according to bits encoded in
.BR mt_count .
.IR mt_count .
These consist of the drive's buffering mode, a set of Boolean driver
options, the buffer write threshold, defaults for the block size and
density, and timeouts (only in kernels >= 2.1).
@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ written to the medium.
.RE
.IP ""
To control the write threshold the value in
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
must include the constant
\s-1MT_ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD\s+1 logically ORed with a block count in the low 28
bits.
@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ above).
.IP
To set and clear the Boolean options
the value in
.B mt_count
.I mt_count
must include one of the constants \s-1MT_ST_BOOLEANS\s+1,
\s-1MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS\s+1, \s-1MT_ST_CLEARBOOLEANS\s+1, or
\s-1MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS\s+1 logically or'ed with
@ -621,22 +621,22 @@ struct mtget {
daddr_t mt_blkno;
};
.fi
.IP \fBmt_type\fP 11
.IP \fImt_type\fP 11
The header file defines many values for
.BR mt_type ,
.IR mt_type ,
but the current driver reports only the generic types
\s-1MT_ISSCSI1\s+1 (Generic SCSI-1 tape)
and \s-1MT_ISSCSI2\s+1 (Generic SCSI-2 tape).
.PD 0
.IP \fBmt_resid\fP
.IP \fImt_resid\fP
contains the current tape partition number.
.IP \fBmt_dsreg\fP
.IP \fImt_dsreg\fP
reports the drive's current settings for block size (in the low 24
bits) and density (in the high 8 bits).
These fields are defined
by \s-1MT_ST_BLKSIZE_SHIFT\s+1, \s-1MT_ST_BLKSIZE_MASK\s+1,
\s-1MT_ST_DENSITY_SHIFT\s+1, and \s-1MT_ST_DENSITY_MASK\s+1.
.IP \fBmt_gstat\fP
.IP \fImt_gstat\fP
reports generic (device independent) status information.
The header file defines macros for testing these status bits:
.RS
@ -688,20 +688,20 @@ the drive is set not to buffer data.
The drive has requested cleaning.
Implemented in kernels >= 2.4.19 and 2.5.43.
.RE
.IP \fBmt_erreg\fP
.IP \fImt_erreg\fP
The only field defined in
.B mt_erreg
.I mt_erreg
is the recovered error count in the low 16 bits (as defined by
\s-1MT_ST_SOFTERR_SHIFT\s+1 and \s-1MT_ST_SOFTERR_MASK\s+1).
Due to inconsistencies in the way drives report recovered errors, this
count is often not maintained (most drives do not by default report
soft errors but this can be changed with a SCSI MODE SELECT command).
.IP \fBmt_fileno\fP
.IP \fImt_fileno\fP
reports the current file number (zero-based).
This value is set to \-1 when the file number is unknown (e.g., after
\s-1MTBSS\s+1
or \s-1MTSEEK\s+1).
.IP \fBmt_blkno\fP
.IP \fImt_blkno\fP
reports the block number (zero-based) within the current file.
This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after
\s-1MTBSF\s+1,
@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ This request takes an argument of type
.I "(struct mtpos *)"
and reports the drive's notion of the current tape block number,
which is not the same as
.B mt_blkno
.I mt_blkno
returned by \s-1MTIOCGET\s+1.
This drive must be a SCSI-2 drive that supports the \s-1READ POSITION\s+1
command (device-specific address)

68
man7/ip.7
View File

@ -234,12 +234,12 @@ For datagram sockets, IP options can be only set by the local user.
Calling
.BR getsockopt (2)
with
.I IP_OPTIONS
.B IP_OPTIONS
puts the current IP options used for sending into the supplied buffer.
.TP
.B IP_PKTINFO
Pass an
.I IP_PKTINFO
.B IP_PKTINFO
ancillary message that contains a
.I pktinfo
structure that supplies some information about the incoming packet.
@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ is the local address of the packet and
.I ipi_addr
is the destination address in the packet header.
If
.I IP_PKTINFO
.B IP_PKTINFO
is passed to
.BR sendmsg (2)
and
@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ for the routing table lookup.
.TP
.B IP_RECVTOS
If enabled the
.I IP_TOS
.B IP_TOS
ancillary message is passed with incoming packets.
It contains a byte which specifies the Type of Service/Precedence
field of the packet header.
@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ Expects a boolean integer flag.
.B IP_RECVTTL
When this flag is set
pass a
.I IP_TTL
.B IP_TTL
control message with the time to live
field of the received packet as a byte.
Not supported for
@ -306,17 +306,17 @@ sockets.
.TP
.B IP_RECVOPTS
Pass all incoming IP options to the user in a
.I IP_OPTIONS
.B IP_OPTIONS
control message.
The routing header and other options are already filled in
for the local host.
Not supported for
.I SOCK_STREAM
.B SOCK_STREAM
sockets.
.TP
.B IP_RETOPTS
Identical to
.I IP_RECVOPTS
.B IP_RECVOPTS
but returns raw unprocessed options with timestamp and route record
options not filled in for this hop.
.TP
@ -363,10 +363,10 @@ See
.BR raw (7)
for more information.
When this flag is enabled the values set by
.IR IP_OPTIONS ,
.I IP_TTL
.BR IP_OPTIONS ,
.B IP_TTL
and
.I IP_TOS
.B IP_TOS
are ignored.
.TP
.BR IP_RECVERR " (defined in \fI<linux/errqueue.h>\fP)"
@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ The
.I sock_extended_err
structure describing the error will be passed in a ancillary message with
the type
.I IP_RECVERR
.B IP_RECVERR
and the level
.BR IPPROTO_IP .
.\" or SOL_IP on Linux
@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ The received data portion of the error queue
contains the error packet.
.IP
The
.I IP_RECVERR
.B IP_RECVERR
control message contains a
.I sock_extended_err
structure:
@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ macro.
The
.I sin_family
field of the SO_EE_OFFENDER address is
.I AF_UNSPEC
.B AF_UNSPEC
when the source was unknown.
When the error originated from the network, all IP options
.RI ( IP_OPTIONS ", " IP_TTL ", "
@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ causing the error is returned as normal payload.
.\" On
.\" .B SOCK_STREAM
.\" sockets,
.\" .I IP_RECVERR
.\" .B IP_RECVERR
.\" has slightly different semantics. Instead of
.\" saving the errors for the next timeout, it passes all incoming
.\" errors immediately to the user.
@ -502,12 +502,12 @@ returned by socket function return or
only.
.IP
For raw sockets,
.I IP_RECVERR
.B IP_RECVERR
enables passing of all received ICMP errors to the
application, otherwise errors are only reported on connected sockets
.IP
It sets or retrieves an integer boolean flag.
.I IP_RECVERR
.B IP_RECVERR
defaults to off.
.TP
.B IP_MTU_DISCOVER
@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ Argument is an
or
.I ip_mreq
structure similar to
.IR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
.BR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
.\"
.TP
.B IP_MULTICAST_IF
@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ Argument is an
or
.I ip_mreq
structure similar to
.IR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
.BR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
.IP
When an invalid socket option is passed,
.B ENOPROTOOPT
@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ Not documented.
.BR ip_default_ttl " (integer; default: 64)"
Set the default time-to-live value of outgoing packets.
This can be changed per socket with the
.I IP_TTL
.B IP_TTL
option.
.\"
.TP
@ -929,19 +929,19 @@ Other errors may be generated by the overlaying protocols; see
and
.BR socket (7).
.SH VERSIONS
.IR IP_MTU ,
.IR IP_MTU_DISCOVER ,
.IR IP_PKTINFO ,
.I IP_RECVERR
.BR IP_MTU ,
.BR IP_MTU_DISCOVER ,
.BR IP_PKTINFO ,
.B IP_RECVERR
and
.I IP_ROUTER_ALERT
.B IP_ROUTER_ALERT
are new options in Linux 2.2.
They are also all Linux specific and should not be used in
programs intended to be portable.
.PP
.\" FIXME
.\" To be confirmed that IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE makes it into kernel 2.6.22
.I IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE
.B IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE
is new in Linux 2.6.22.
.PP
.I struct ip_mreqn
@ -961,28 +961,28 @@ it is better to use a multicast group instead of broadcasting.
Broadcasting is discouraged.
.PP
Some other BSD sockets implementations provide
.I IP_RCVDSTADDR
.B IP_RCVDSTADDR
and
.I IP_RECVIF
.B IP_RECVIF
socket options to get the destination address and the interface of
received datagrams.
Linux has the more general
.I IP_PKTINFO
.B IP_PKTINFO
for the same task.
.PP
Some BSD sockets implementations also provide an
.I IP_RECVTTL
.B IP_RECVTTL
option, but an ancillary message with type
.I IP_RECVTTL
.B IP_RECVTTL
is passed with the incoming packet.
This is different from the
.I IP_TTL
.B IP_TTL
option used in Linux.
.PP
Using
.I SOL_IP
.B SOL_IP
socket options level isn't portable, BSD-based stacks use
.I IPPROTO_IP
.B IPPROTO_IP
level.
.SS Compatibility
For compatibility with Linux 2.0, the obsolete

59
man7/ipv6.7
View File

@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ v4 API.
Only differences are described in this man page.
.PP
To bind an
.I AF_INET6
.B AF_INET6
socket to any process the local address should be copied from the
.B in6addr_any
.I in6addr_any
variable which has
.I in6_addr
type.
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ may also be used, which expands to a constant expression.
Both of them are in network order.
.PP
The IPv6 loopback address (::1) is available in the global
.B in6addr_loopback
.I in6addr_loopback
variable.
For initializations
.B IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT
@ -78,19 +78,19 @@ struct in6_addr {
.fi
.RE
.sp
.B sin6_family
.I sin6_family
is always set to
.BR AF_INET6 ;
.B sin6_port
.I sin6_port
is the protocol port (see
.B sin_port
.I sin_port
in
.BR ip (7));
.B sin6_flowinfo
.I sin6_flowinfo
is the IPv6 flow identifier;
.B sin6_addr
is the 128bit IPv6 address.
.B sin6_scope_id
.I sin6_addr
is the 128-bit IPv6 address.
.I sin6_scope_id
is an ID of depending of on the scope of the address.
It is new in Linux 2.4.
Linux only supports it for link scope addresses, in that case
@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ A boolean integer flag is zero when it is false, otherwise true.
.TP
.B IPV6_ADDRFORM
Turn an
.I AF_INET6
.B AF_INET6
socket into a socket of a different address family.
Only
.I AF_INET
.B AF_INET
is currently supported for that.
It is only allowed for IPv6 sockets
that are connected and bound to a v4-mapped-on-v6 address.
@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Argument is a pointer to integer.
.B IPV6_MTU_DISCOVER
Control path mtu discovery on the socket.
See
.I IP_MTU_DISCOVER
.B IP_MTU_DISCOVER
in
.BR ip (7)
for details.
@ -172,9 +172,9 @@ between 0 and 255.
Set the device for outgoing multicast packets on the socket.
This is only allowed
for
.I SOCK_DGRAM
.B SOCK_DGRAM
and
.I SOCK_RAW
.B SOCK_RAW
socket.
The argument is an pointer to an interface index (see
.BR netdevice (7))
@ -200,17 +200,17 @@ Argument is a pointer to a boolean value in an integer.
.hy
Set delivery of control messages for incoming datagrams containing
extension headers from the received packet.
.I IPV6_RTHDR
.B IPV6_RTHDR
delivers the routing header,
.I IPV6_AUTHHDR
.B IPV6_AUTHHDR
delivers the authentication header,
.I IPV6_DSTOPTS
.B IPV6_DSTOPTS
delivers the destination options,
.I IPV6_HOPOPTS
.B IPV6_HOPOPTS
delivers the hop options,
.I IPV6_FLOWINFO
.B IPV6_FLOWINFO
delivers an integer containing the flow ID,
.I IPV6_HOPLIMIT
.B IPV6_HOPLIMIT
delivers an integer containing the hop count of the packet.
The control messages have the same type as the socket option.
All these header options can also be set for outgoing packets
@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Argument is a pointer to a boolean value.
.B IPV6_RECVERR
Control receiving of asynchronous error options.
See
.I IP_RECVERR
.B IP_RECVERR
in
.BR ip (7)
for details.
@ -250,19 +250,24 @@ The older
libc5 based IPv6 API implementation for Linux is not described here
and may vary in details.
.PP
Linux 2.4 will break binary compatibility for the sockaddr_in6 for 64bit
Linux 2.4 will break binary compatibility for the
.I sockaddr_in6
for 64-bit
hosts by changing the alignment of
.I in6_addr
and adding an additional
.I sin6_scope_id
field.
The kernel interfaces stay compatible, but a program including
sockaddr_in6 or in6_addr into other structures may not be.
.I sockaddr_in6
or
.I in6_addr
into other structures may not be.
This is not
a problem for 32bit hosts like i386.
a problem for 32-bit hosts like i386.
.PP
The
.B sin6_flowinfo
.I sin6_flowinfo
field is new in Linux 2.4.
It is transparently passed/read by the kernel
when the passed address length contains it.
@ -272,7 +277,7 @@ check the outgoing address length may break.
The
.I sockaddr_in6
structure is bigger than the generic
.BR sockaddr .
.IR sockaddr .
Programs that assume that all address types can be stored safely in a
.I struct sockaddr
need to be changed to use

42
man7/netdevice.7
View File

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux supports some standard ioctls to configure network devices.
They can be used on any socket's file descriptor regardless of the
family or type.
They pass an
.B ifreq
.I ifreq
structure:
.nf
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct ifconf {
.fi
Normally, the user specifies which device to affect by setting
.B ifr_name
.I ifr_name
to the name of the interface.
All other members of the structure may
share memory.
@ -72,19 +72,19 @@ will be returned.
.TP
.B SIOCGIFNAME
Given the
.BR ifr_ifindex ,
.IR ifr_ifindex ,
return the name of the interface in
.BR ifr_name .
.IR ifr_name .
This is the only ioctl which returns its result in
.BR ifr_name .
.IR ifr_name .
.TP
.B SIOCGIFINDEX
Retrieve the interface index of the interface into
.BR ifr_ifindex .
.IR ifr_ifindex .
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFFLAGS ", " SIOCSIFFLAGS
Get or set the active flag word of the device.
.B ifr_flags
.I ifr_flags
contains a bitmask of the following values:
.TS
tab(:);
@ -115,23 +115,23 @@ process may read it.
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFMETRIC ", " SIOCSIFMETRIC
Get or set the metric of the device using
.BR ifr_metric .
.IR ifr_metric .
This is currently not implemented; it sets
.B ifr_metric
.I ifr_metric
to 0 if you attempt to read it and returns
.B EOPNOTSUPP
if you attempt to set it.
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFMTU ", " SIOCSIFMTU
Get or set the MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) of a device using
.BR ifr_mtu .
.IR ifr_mtu .
Setting the MTU is a privileged operation.
Setting the MTU to
too small values may cause kernel crashes.
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFHWADDR ", " SIOCSIFHWADDR
Get or set the hardware address of a device using
.BR ifr_hwaddr .
.IR ifr_hwaddr .
The hardware address is specified in a struct
.IR sockaddr .
.I sa_family
@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ Setting the hardware address is a privileged operation.
.TP
.B SIOCSIFHWBROADCAST
Set the hardware broadcast address of a device from
.BR ifr_hwaddr .
.IR ifr_hwaddr .
This is a privileged operation.
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFMAP ", " SIOCSIFMAP
Get or set the interface's hardware parameters using
.BR ifr_map .
.IR ifr_map .
Setting the parameters is a privileged operation.
.nf
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ and the architecture.
.BR SIOCADDMULTI ", " SIOCDELMULTI
Add an address to or delete an address from the device's link layer
multicast filters using
.BR ifr_hwaddr .
.IR ifr_hwaddr .
These are privileged operations.
See also
.BR packet (7)
@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ for an alternative.
.TP
.BR SIOCGIFTXQLEN ", " SIOCSIFTXQLEN
Get or set the transmit queue length of a device using
.BR ifr_qlen .
.IR ifr_qlen .
Setting the transmit queue length is a privileged operation.
.TP
.B SIOCSIFNAME
Changes the name of the interface specified in
.BR ifr_name
.IR ifr_name
to
.BR ifr_newname .
.IR ifr_newname .
This is a privileged operation.
It is only allowed when the interface
is not up.
@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ means only addresses of the
.B AF_INET
(IPv4) family for compatibility.
The user passes a
.B ifconf
.I ifconf
structure as argument to the ioctl.
It contains a pointer to an array of
.I ifreq
structures in
.B ifc_req
.I ifc_req
and its length in bytes in
.BR ifc_len .
.IR ifc_len .
The kernel fills the ifreqs with all current L3 interface addresses that
are running:
.I ifr_name
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ Overflow is not an error.
.\" .TP
.\" .BR SIOCGIFSLAVE ", " SIOCSIFSLAVE
.\" Get or set the slave device using
.\" .BR ifr_slave .
.\" .IR ifr_slave .
.\" Setting the slave device is a privileged operation.
.\" .PP
.\" FIXME add amateur radio stuff.

6
man7/netlink.7
View File

@ -366,10 +366,10 @@ Linux 2.6.14.
NETLINK_GENERIC and NETLINK_ISCSI appeared in Linux 2.6.15.
.SH NOTES
It is often better to use netlink via
.B libnetlink
.I libnetlink
or
.B libnl
than via the low level kernel interface.
.I libnl
than via the low-level kernel interface.
.SH BUGS
This manual page is not complete.
.SH EXAMPLE

44
man7/packet.7
View File

@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ for raw packets including the link level header or
for cooked packets with the link level header removed.
The link level
header information is available in a common format in a
.BR sockaddr_ll .
.IR sockaddr_ll .
.I protocol
is the IEEE 802.3 protocol number in network order.
See the
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ packets are passed to and from the device driver without any changes in
the packet data.
When receiving a packet, the address is still parsed and
passed in a standard
.B sockaddr_ll
.I sockaddr_ll
address structure.
When transmitting a packet, the user supplied buffer
should contain the physical layer header.
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Packets sent through a
.B SOCK_DGRAM
packet socket get a suitable physical layer header based on the
information in the
.B sockaddr_ll
.I sockaddr_ll
destination address before they are queued.
By default all packets of the specified protocol type
@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ specifying an address in a
.I struct sockaddr_ll
to bind the packet socket to an interface.
Only the
.B sll_protocol
.I sll_protocol
and the
.B sll_ifindex
.I sll_ifindex
address fields are used for purposes of binding.
The
@ -119,22 +119,22 @@ struct sockaddr_ll {
.fi
.in -0.25i
.B sll_protocol
.I sll_protocol
is the standard ethernet protocol type in network order as defined
in the
.I <linux/if_ether.h>
include file.
It defaults to the socket's protocol.
.B sll_ifindex
.I sll_ifindex
is the interface index of the interface
(see
.BR netdevice (7));
0 matches any interface (only legal for binding).
.B sll_hatype
.I sll_hatype
is a ARP type as defined in the
.I <linux/if_arp.h>
include file.
.B sll_pkttype
.I sll_pkttype
contains the packet type.
Valid types are
.B PACKET_HOST
@ -150,26 +150,26 @@ in promiscuous mode, and
for a packet originated from the local host that is looped back to a packet
socket.
These types make only sense for receiving.
.B sll_addr
.I sll_addr
and
.B sll_halen
.I sll_halen
contain the physical layer (e.g., IEEE 802.3) address and its length.
The exact interpretation depends on the device.
When you send packets it is enough to specify
.BR sll_family ,
.BR sll_addr ,
.BR sll_halen ,
.BR sll_ifindex .
.IR sll_family ,
.IR sll_addr ,
.IR sll_halen ,
.IR sll_ifindex .
The other fields should be 0.
.B sll_hatype
.I sll_hatype
and
.B sll_pkttype
.I sll_pkttype
are set on received packets for your information.
For bind only
.B sll_protocol
.I sll_protocol
and
.B sll_ifindex
.I sll_ifindex
are used.
.SS Socket Options
Packet sockets can be used to configure physical layer multicasting
@ -343,14 +343,14 @@ struct sockaddr_pkt {
.fi
.in -0.25i
.B spkt_family
.I spkt_family
contains
the device type,
.B spkt_protocol
.I spkt_protocol
is the IEEE 802.3 protocol type as defined in
.I <sys/if_ether.h>
and
.B spkt_device
.I spkt_device
is the device name as a null terminated string, for example, eth0.
This structure is obsolete and should not be used in new code.

2
man7/raw.7
View File

@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ When this happens the application should decrease the packet size.
Path MTU discovery can be also turned off using the
.B IP_MTU_DISCOVER
socket option or the
.B ip_no_pmtu_disc
.I ip_no_pmtu_disc
sysctl, see
.BR ip (7)
for details.

54
man7/rtnetlink.7
View File

@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ Rtnetlink consists of these message types
.BR RTM_NEWLINK ", " RTM_DELLINK ", " RTM_GETLINK
Create, remove or get information about a specific network interface.
These messages contain an
.B ifinfomsg
.I ifinfomsg
structure followed by a series of
.B rtattr
.I rtattr
structures.
.nf
@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ struct ifinfomsg {
.fi
.\" FIXME ifi_type
.B ifi_flags
.I ifi_flags
contains the device flags, see
.BR netdevice (7);
.B ifi_index
.I ifi_index
is the unique interface index,
.B ifi_change
.I ifi_change
is reserved for future use and should be always set to 0xFFFFFFFF.
.TS
tab(:);
@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ this replaces the alias device concept in 2.0.
In Linux 2.2 these messages
support IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
They contain an
.B ifaddrmsg
.I ifaddrmsg
structure, optionally followed by
.B rtaddr
.I rtaddr
routing attributes.
.nf
@ -123,19 +123,19 @@ struct ifaddrmsg {
};
.fi
.B ifa_family
.I ifa_family
is the address family type (currently
.B AF_INET
or
.BR AF_INET6 ),
.B ifa_prefixlen
.I ifa_prefixlen
is the length of the address mask of the address if defined for the
family (like for IPv4),
.B ifa_scope
.I ifa_scope
is the address scope,
.B ifa_index
.I ifa_index
is the interface index of the interface the address is associated with.
.B ifa_flags
.I ifa_flags
is a flag word of
.B IFA_F_SECONDARY
for secondary address (old alias interface),
@ -162,21 +162,21 @@ IFA_CACHEINFO:struct ifa_cacheinfo:Address information.
.BR RTM_NEWROUTE ", " RTM_DELROUTE ", " RTM_GETROUTE
Create, remove or receive information about a network route.
These messages contain an
.B rtmsg
.I rtmsg
structure with an optional sequence of
.B rtattr
.I rtattr
structures following.
For
.B RTM_GETROUTE
setting
.B rtm_dst_len
.I rtm_dst_len
and
.B rtm_src_len
.I rtm_src_len
to 0 means you get all entries for the specified routing table.
For the other fields except
.B rtm_table
.I rtm_table
and
.B rtm_protocol
.I rtm_protocol
0 is the wildcard.
.nf
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ See
.IR <linux/rtnetlink.h>
for the routing daemon identifiers which are already assigned.
.B rtm_scope
.I rtm_scope
is the distance to the destination:
.TS
@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ and
are available to the user.
The
.B rtm_flags
.I rtm_flags
have the following meanings:
.TS
@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ RTM_F_CLONED:route is cloned from another route
RTM_F_EQUALIZE:a multicast equalizer (not yet implemented)
.TE
.B rtm_table
.I rtm_table
specifies the routing table
.TS
@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ RTA_CACHEINFO::
Add, remove or receive information about a neighbor table
entry (e.g., an ARP entry).
The message contains an
.B ndmsg
.I ndmsg
structure.
.nf
@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ struct nda_cacheinfo {
};
.fi
.B ndm_state
.I ndm_state
is a bitmask of the following states:
.TS
@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ NUD_PERMANENT:a static entry
.TE
Valid
.B ndm_flags
.I ndm_flags
are:
.TS
@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ NTF_ROUTER:an IPv6 router
.B document the members of the struct better
The
.B rtaddr
.I rtaddr
struct has the following meanings for the
.B rta_type
.I rta_type
field:
.TS
@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ NDA_CACHEINFO:cache statistics.
.TE
If the
.B rta_type
.I rta_type
field is
.B NDA_CACHEINFO
then a

26
man7/socket.7
View File

@ -365,9 +365,9 @@ when it is set using
and this doubled value is returned by
.BR getsockopt (2).
The default value is set by the
.B rmem_default
.I rmem_default
sysctl and the maximum allowed value is set by the
.B rmem_max
.I rmem_max
sysctl.
The minimum (doubled) value for this option is 256.
.TP
@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Using this socket option, a privileged
process can perform the same task as
.BR SO_RCVBUF ,
but the
.B rmem_max
.I rmem_max
limit can be overridden.
.TP
.BR SO_RCVLOWAT " and " SO_SNDLOWAT
@ -454,9 +454,9 @@ when it is set using
and this doubled value is returned by
.BR getsockopt (2).
The default value is set by the
.B wmem_default
.I wmem_default
sysctl and the maximum allowed value is set by the
.B wmem_max
.I wmem_max
sysctl.
The minimum (doubled) value for this option is 2048.
.TP
@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ Using this socket option, a privileged
process can perform the same task as
.BR SO_SNDBUF ,
but the
.B wmem_max
.I wmem_max
limit can be overridden.
.TP
.B SO_TIMESTAMP
@ -542,19 +542,19 @@ files or with the
.BR sysctl (2)
interface.
.TP
.B rmem_default
.I rmem_default
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket receive buffer.
.TP
.B rmem_max
.I rmem_max
contains the maximum socket receive buffer size in bytes which a user may
set by using the
.B SO_RCVBUF
socket option.
.TP
.B wmem_default
.I wmem_default
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket send buffer.
.TP
.B wmem_max
.I wmem_max
contains the maximum socket send buffer size in bytes which a user may
set by using the
.B SO_SNDBUF
@ -564,10 +564,10 @@ socket option.
configure the token bucket filter used to load limit warning messages
caused by external network events.
.TP
.B netdev_max_backlog
.I netdev_max_backlog
Maximum number of packets in the global input queue.
.TP
.B optmem_max
.I optmem_max
Maximum length of ancillary data and user control data like the iovecs
per socket.
.\" netdev_fastroute is not documented because it is experimental
@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ signals
to when an
asynchronous I/O operation has finished or urgent data is available.
The argument is a pointer to a
.BR pid_t .
.IR pid_t .
If the argument is positive, send the signals to that process.
If the
argument is negative, send the signals to the process group with the ID

2
man7/svipc.7
View File

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ This manual page refers to the Linux implementation of the System V
interprocess communication mechanisms:
message queues, semaphore sets, and shared memory segments.
In the following, the word
.B resource
.I resource
means an instantiation of one among such mechanisms.
.SS Resource Access Permissions
For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type

40
man7/tcp.7
View File

@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ latency or bandwidth.
To make use of them, the send and
receive buffer sizes must be increased.
They can be set globally with the
.B net.ipv4.tcp_wmem
.I net.ipv4.tcp_wmem
and
.B net.ipv4.tcp_rmem
.I net.ipv4.tcp_rmem
sysctl variables, or on individual sockets by using the
.B SO_SNDBUF
and
@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ The maximum sizes for socket buffers declared via the
and
.B SO_RCVBUF
mechanisms are limited by the global
.B net.core.rmem_max
.I net.core.rmem_max
and
.B net.core.wmem_max
.I net.core.wmem_max
sysctls.
Note that TCP actually allocates twice the size of
the buffer requested in the
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ The rest of the space is used
as the "application" buffer, used to isolate the network
from scheduling and application latencies.
The
.BR tcp_adv_win_scale
.IR tcp_adv_win_scale
default value of 2 implies that the space
used for the application buffer is one fourth that of the
total.
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ depending on the memory in the system.
If this number is
exceeded, the socket is closed and a warning is printed.
.TP
.BR tcp_mem
.IR tcp_mem
This is a vector of 3 integers: [low, pressure, high].
These bounds are used by TCP to track its memory usage.
The
@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ if a RST is received in TIME_WAIT state, we close
the socket immediately without waiting for the end
of the TIME_WAIT period.
.TP
.BR tcp_rmem
.IR tcp_rmem
This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default,
max].
These parameters are used by TCP to regulate receive
@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ on a socket.
- the default size of the receive buffer for a TCP socket.
This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from
the generic global
.B net.core.rmem_default
.I net.core.rmem_default
defined for all protocols.
The default value is 87380
bytes, and is lowered to 43689 in low-memory systems.
@ -465,14 +465,14 @@ If larger receive buffer sizes are desired, this value should
be increased (to affect all sockets).
To employ large TCP
windows, the
.B net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling
.I net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling
must be enabled (default).
.I max
- the maximum size of the receive buffer used by
each TCP socket.
This value does not override the global
.BR net.core.rmem_max .
.IR net.core.rmem_max .
This is not used to limit the size of the receive buffer
declared using
.B SO_RCVBUF
@ -519,10 +519,10 @@ It is not recommended as a tuning mechanism for heavily
loaded servers to help with overloaded or misconfigured
conditions.
For recommended alternatives see
.BR tcp_max_syn_backlog ,
.BR tcp_synack_retries ,
.IR tcp_max_syn_backlog ,
.IR tcp_synack_retries ,
and
.BR tcp_abort_on_overflow .
.IR tcp_abort_on_overflow .
.TP
.BR tcp_syn_retries " (integer; default: 5)"
The maximum number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP
@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ windows are desired, applications can increase the size of
their socket buffers and the window scaling option will be
employed.
If
.BR tcp_window_scaling
.IR tcp_window_scaling
is disabled, TCP will not negotiate the use of window
scaling with the other end during connection setup.
.\"
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ account the bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced.
TCP Westwood+ significantly increases fairness with respect to
TCP Reno in wired networks and throughput over wireless links.
.TP
.BR tcp_wmem
.IR tcp_wmem
This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default, max].
These parameters are used by TCP to regulate send buffer sizes.
TCP dynamically adjusts the size of the send buffer from the
@ -614,20 +614,20 @@ on a socket.
- the default size of the send buffer for a TCP socket.
This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from
the generic global
.B net.core.wmem_default
.I net.core.wmem_default
defined for all protocols.
The default value is 16K bytes.
If larger send buffer sizes are desired, this value
should be increased (to affect all sockets).
To employ large TCP windows, the sysctl variable
.B net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling
.I net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling
must be enabled (default).
.I max
- the maximum size of the send buffer used by
each TCP socket.
This value does not override the global
.BR net.core.wmem_max .
.IR net.core.wmem_max .
This is not used to limit the size of the send buffer
declared using
.B SO_SNDBUF
@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ portable.
.B TCP_LINGER2
The lifetime of orphaned FIN_WAIT2 state sockets.
This option can be used to override the system wide sysctl
.B tcp_fin_timeout
.I tcp_fin_timeout
on this socket.
This is not to be confused with the
.BR socket (7)
@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ pointer field by default.
This violates RFC\ 1122, but is
required for interoperability with other stacks.
It can be changed by the
.B tcp_stdurg
.I tcp_stdurg
sysctl.
.SH BUGS
Not all errors are documented.

4
man7/udp.7
View File

@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ When this happens the application should decrease the packet size.
Path MTU discovery can be also turned off using the
.B IP_MTU_DISCOVER
socket option or the
.B ip_no_pmtu_disc
.I ip_no_pmtu_disc
sysctl, see
.BR ip (7)
for details.
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ However disabling it is not recommended
for performance and reliability reasons.
.SS "Address Format"
UDP uses the IPv4
.B sockaddr_in
.I sockaddr_in
address format described in
.BR ip (7).
.SS "Error Handling"

6
man7/unicode.7
View File

@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying
Unicode strings.
.SS "Unicode Under Linux"
Under GNU/Linux, the C type
.B wchar_t
.I wchar_t
is a signed 32-bit integer type.
Its values are always interpreted
by the C library as
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ variables in the ASCII compatible
multi-byte encoding.
To signal the use of UTF-8 as the character
encoding to all applications, a suitable
.B locale
.I locale
has to be selected via environment variables (e.g.,
"LANG=en_GB.UTF-8").
.PP
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Markus Kuhn: UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
Provides subscription information for the
.B linux-utf8
.I linux-utf8
mailing list, which is the best place to look for advice on using
Unicode under Linux.
.RE

14
man7/unix.7
View File

@ -73,19 +73,19 @@ struct sockaddr_un {
.fi
.in -0.25i
.B sun_family
.I sun_family
always contains
.BR AF_UNIX .
.B sun_path
.I sun_path
contains the zero-terminated pathname of the socket in the file system.
If
.B sun_path
.I sun_path
starts with a null byte (''\0'),
then it refers to the abstract namespace maintained by
the Unix protocol module.
The socket's address in this namespace is given by the rest of the
bytes in
.BR sun_path .
.IR sun_path .
Note that names in the abstract namespace are not zero-terminated.
.SS Socket Options
For historical reasons these socket options are specified with a
@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ type even though they are
.B PF_UNIX
specific.
To send them set the
.B cmsg_level
.I cmsg_level
field of the struct
.B cmsghdr
.I cmsghdr
to
.B SOL_SOCKET
and the
.B cmsg_type
.I cmsg_type
field to the type.
For more information see
.BR cmsg (3).

2
man8/ld.so.8
View File

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux binaries require dynamic linking (linking at run time)
unless the
.B \-static
option was given to
.B ld
.BR ld (1)
during compilation.
.LP
The program

24
man8/zic.8
View File

@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ Gives the (arbitrary) name of the set of rules this rule is part of.
Gives the first year in which the rule applies.
Any integer year can be supplied; the Gregorian calendar is assumed.
The word
.B minimum
.I minimum
(or an abbreviation) means the minimum year representable as an integer.
The word
.B maximum
.I maximum
(or an abbreviation) means the maximum year representable as an integer.
Rules can describe times that are not representable as time values,
with the unrepresentable times ignored; this allows rules to be portable
@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ among hosts with differing time value types.
.B TO
Gives the final year in which the rule applies.
In addition to
.B minimum
.I minimum
and
.B maximum
.I maximum
(as above),
the word
.B only
.I only
(or an abbreviation)
may be used to repeat the value of the
.B FROM
@ -211,19 +211,19 @@ Recognized forms include:
where hour 0 is midnight at the start of the day,
and hour 24 is midnight at the end of the day.
Any of these forms may be followed by the letter
.B w
.I w
if the given time is local
.q "wall clock"
time,
.B s
.I s
if the given time is local
.q standard
time, or
.B u
.I u
(or
.B g
.I g
or
.BR z )
.IR z )
if the given time is universal time;
in the absence of an indicator,
wall clock time is assumed.
@ -235,9 +235,9 @@ This field has the same format as the
.B AT
field
(although, of course, the
.B w
.I w
and
.B s
.I s
suffixes are not used).
.TP
.B LETTER/S