diff --git a/man4/initrd.4 b/man4/initrd.4 index 427f71dcd..59b707b1a 100644 --- a/man4/initrd.4 +++ b/man4/initrd.4 @@ -59,32 +59,31 @@ different device. .\" .\" .\" -.SH "BOOT-UP OPERATION" +.SS "Boot-up Operation" When booting up with .BR initrd ", the system boots as follows:" -.RS 0.2i -.PP -1. The boot loader loads the kernel program and +.IP 1. 3 +The boot loader loads the kernel program and .IR /dev/initrd "'s contents into memory." -.PP -2. On kernel startup, +IP 2. +On kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the device .I /dev/initrd onto device .I /dev/ram0 and then frees the memory used by .IR /dev/initrd "." -.PP -3. The kernel then read-write mounts device +.IP 3. +The kernel then read-write mounts device .I /dev/ram0 as the initial root file system. -.PP -4. If the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root file-system +.IP 4. +If the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root file-system (e.g. .I /dev/ram0 ) then the kernel skips to the last step for the usual boot sequence. -.PP -5. If the executable file +.IP 5. +If the executable file .IR /linuxrc " is present in the initial root file-system, " /linuxrc is executed with UID 0. (The file @@ -93,8 +92,8 @@ must have executable permission. The file .I /linuxrc can be any valid executable, including a shell script.) -.PP -6. If +.IP 6. +If .I /linuxrc is not executed or when .I /linuxrc @@ -107,8 +106,8 @@ file-system, then the behavior of the kernel is See the .BR NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.) -.PP -7. If the normal root file has directory +.IP 7. +If the normal root file has directory .IR /initrd ", device" .I /dev/ram0 is moved from @@ -129,14 +128,14 @@ exits, the behavior of the kernel is See the .BR NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.) -.PP -8. The usual boot sequence (e.g. invocation of +.IP 8. +The usual boot sequence (e.g. invocation of .IR /sbin/init ) is performed on the normal root file system. .\" .\" .\" -.SH OPTIONS +.SS Options The following boot loader options when used with .BR initrd ", affect the kernel's boot-up operation:" .TP @@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system. .\" .\" .\" -.SH "CHANGING THE NORMAL ROOT FILE SYSTEM" +.SS "Changing the Normal Root File System" By default, the kernel's settings (e.g. set in the kernel file with @@ -258,20 +257,19 @@ for information on the modern method of changing the root file system. .\" .\" .\" -.SH USAGE +.SS Usage The main motivation for implementing .BR initrd was to allow for modular kernel configuration at system installation. .PP A possible system installation scenario is as follows: -.RS 0.2i -.PP -1. The loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel +.IP 1. 3 +The loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel (e.g. support for .IR /dev/ram ", " /dev/initrd ", and the ext2 file-system) and loads " .IR /dev/initrd " with a gzipped version of the initial file-system. -.PP -2. The executable +.IP 2. +The executable .IR /linuxrc determines what is needed to (1) mount the normal root file-system (i.e., device type, device drivers, file system) and (2) the @@ -279,18 +277,18 @@ distribution media (e.g. CD-ROM, network, tape, ...). This can be done by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a hybrid approach. -.PP -3. The executable +.IP 3. +The executable .IR /linuxrc loads the necessary modules from the initial root file-system. -.PP -4. The executable +.IP 4. +The executable .IR /linuxrc creates and populates the root file system. (At this stage the normal root file system does not have to be a completed system yet.) -.PP -5. The executable +.IP 5. +The executable .IR /linuxrc " sets " /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev, unmount .IR /proc ", " @@ -298,11 +296,11 @@ the normal root file system and any other file systems it has mounted, and then terminates. .PP 6. The kernel then mounts the normal root file system. -.PP -7. Now that the file system is accessible and intact, +.IP 7. +Now that the file system is accessible and intact, the boot loader can be installed. -.PP -8. The boot loader is configured to load into +.IP 8. +The boot loader is configured to load into .IR /dev/initrd a file system with the set of modules that was used to bring up the system. (e.g. Device @@ -310,10 +308,9 @@ a file system with the set of modules that was used to bring up the system. can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is written from .IR /dev/ram0 to a file.) -.PP -9. The system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be +.IP 9. +The system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be performed. -.RE .PP The key role of .IR /dev/initrd @@ -356,7 +353,7 @@ boot floppy and then bootstrap a bigger ram disk via .\" .\" .\" -.SH CONFIGURATION +.SS Configuration The .I /dev/initrd is a read-only block device assigned @@ -398,14 +395,15 @@ the RAM disk driver cannot be loaded as a module. .\" .\" .SH NOTES -1. With the current kernel, any file systems that remain mounted when +.IP 1. 3 +With the current kernel, any file systems that remain mounted when .IR /dev/ram0 " is moved from " / " to " /initrd continue to be accessible. However, the .IR /proc/mounts entries are not updated. -.PP -2. With the current kernel, if directory +.IP 2. +With the current kernel, if directory .IR /initrd " does not exist, then " .I /dev/ram0 will NOT be fully unmounted if @@ -416,8 +414,8 @@ If then .IR /dev/ram0 will remain in memory. -.PP -3. Users of +.IP 3. +Users of .IR /dev/initrd should not depend on the behavior give in the above notes. The behavior may change in future versions of the Linux kernel.