diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 index 6182eea8a..3c1c207fc 100644 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ tell the computer what to do. That is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands are. Below a bare minimum, to get started. -.SS "Login" +.SS Login In order to start working, you probably first have to login, that is, give your username and password. See also @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. See also .BR xterm (1). -.SS "The shell" +.SS The shell One types commands to the .IR shell , the command interpreter. @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ The command .I grep (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. Here it finds Maja's telephone number. -.SS "Pathnames and the current directory" +.SS Pathnames and the current directory Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. Each has a .I "pathname" @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ The command .I cd changes the current directory. Try "cd /" and "pwd" and "cd" and "pwd". -.SS "Directories" +.SS Directories The command .I mkdir makes a new directory. @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ of the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, and it may be better to use .BR locate (1). -.SS "Disks and filesystems" +.SS Disks and filesystems The command .I mount will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ detaches it again. The command .I df will tell you how much of your disk is still free. -.SS "Processes" +.SS Processes On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously. The one you are talking to runs in the .IR foreground , @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ request: please go away. And "kill \-9" followed by the number of the process is an immediate kill. Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. -.SS "Getting information" +.SS Getting information There are thousands of commands, each with many options. Traditionally commands are documented on .IR "man pages" , diff --git a/man1/time.1 b/man1/time.1 index a3f7baf8a..18ea8f43d 100644 --- a/man1/time.1 +++ b/man1/time.1 @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ sys %S .in .PP is used. -.SS "The format string" +.SS The format string The format is interpreted in the usual printf-like way. Ordinary characters are directly copied, tab, newline and backslash are escaped using \et, \en and \e\e, @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Number of signals delivered to the process. .TP .B %x (Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command. -.SS "GNU options" +.SS GNU options .TP .BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified @@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Do not send the results to \fIstderr\fP, but overwrite the specified file. .TP .B "\-v, \-\-verbose" Give very verbose output about all the program knows about. -.SS "GNU standard options" +.SS GNU standard options .TP .B "\-\-help" Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. diff --git a/man2/_syscall.2 b/man2/_syscall.2 index 9605e2522..41e59b8e0 100644 --- a/man2/_syscall.2 +++ b/man2/_syscall.2 @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ main(void) exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .fi -.SS "Sample output" +.SS Sample output .nf code error = 0 uptime = 502034s diff --git a/man2/accept.2 b/man2/accept.2 index 0a58d162c..d90be73a9 100644 --- a/man2/accept.2 +++ b/man2/accept.2 @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ for the accepted socket. On error, \-1 is returned, and .I errno is set appropriately. -.SS "Error handling" +.SS Error handling Linux .BR accept () (and diff --git a/man2/capget.2 b/man2/capget.2 index 09fa5f277..89bd106e4 100644 --- a/man2/capget.2 +++ b/man2/capget.2 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ use the easier-to-use interfaces .BR capsetp (3) and .BR capgetp (3). -.SS "Current details" +.SS Current details Now that you have been warned, some current kernel details. The structures are defined as follows. .sp diff --git a/man2/clone.2 b/man2/clone.2 index 735ad70fa..9698ff0a6 100644 --- a/man2/clone.2 +++ b/man2/clone.2 @@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ space of the calling process at the time of Memory writes or file mappings/unmappings performed by one of the processes do not affect the other, as with .BR fork (2). -.SS "sys_clone" +.SS sys_clone The .B sys_clone system call corresponds more closely to diff --git a/man2/execve.2 b/man2/execve.2 index 1b2269332..e9ff141e7 100644 --- a/man2/execve.2 +++ b/man2/execve.2 @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ For portable use, .I optional-arg should either be absent, or be specified as a single word (i.e., it should not contain white space); see NOTES below. -.SS "Limits on size of arguments and environment" +.SS Limits on size of arguments and environment Most UNIX implementations impose some limit on the total size of the command-line argument .RI ( argv ) diff --git a/man2/fcntl.2 b/man2/fcntl.2 index 4e6e3b663..83c47d899 100644 --- a/man2/fcntl.2 +++ b/man2/fcntl.2 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ and we identify the argument using the name or .I void is specified if the argument is not required. -.SS "Duplicating a file descriptor" +.SS Duplicating a file descriptor .TP .BR F_DUPFD " (\fIint\fP)" Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ see the description of .B O_CLOEXEC in .BR open (2). -.SS "File descriptor flags" +.SS File descriptor flags The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ is ignored. .BR F_SETFD " (\fIint\fP)" Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by .IR arg . -.SS "File status flags" +.SS File status flags Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized by .BR open (2) @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ flags. .\" FIXME . According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable .\" via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this .\" See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994 -.SS "Advisory locking" +.SS Advisory locking .BR F_GETLK ", " F_SETLK " and " F_SETLKW are used to acquire, release, and test for the existence of record locks (also known as file-segment or file-region locks). @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ should be avoided; use and .BR write (2) instead. -.SS "Mandatory locking" +.SS Mandatory locking (Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, and are advisory by default. @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ and The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS below. -.SS "Managing signals" +.SS Managing signals .BR F_GETOWN , .BR F_SETOWN , .BR F_GETOWN_EX , @@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ structure as its second argument, and the field of this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases against multiple files). -.SS "File and directory change notification (dnotify)" +.SS File and directory change notification (dnotify) .TP .BR F_NOTIFY " (\fIint\fP)" (Linux 2.4 onward) @@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ which provides a much superior interface for obtaining notifications of file system events. See .BR inotify (7). -.SS "Changing the capacity of a pipe" +.SS Changing the capacity of a pipe .TP .BR F_SETPIPE_SZ " (\fIint\fP; since Linux 2.6.35)" Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by diff --git a/man2/intro.2 b/man2/intro.2 index d4ad7a866..3ad5837a7 100644 --- a/man2/intro.2 +++ b/man2/intro.2 @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform. See .BR standards (7). .SH NOTES -.SS "Calling directly" +.SS Calling directly In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly, but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement a nice wrapper function for you. diff --git a/man2/ioctl_list.2 b/man2/ioctl_list.2 index 91f9fb488..f5a03f1a5 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_list.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_list.2 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ These are marked \fI//\ MORE\fP and documented further in a separate section. .PP This list is very incomplete. -.SS "ioctl structure" +.SS ioctl structure .\" added two sections - aeb Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. In principle these constants are completely arbitrary, but people have diff --git a/man2/ioprio_set.2 b/man2/ioprio_set.2 index f89ac1d6f..976d852eb 100644 --- a/man2/ioprio_set.2 +++ b/man2/ioprio_set.2 @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ These system calls only have an effect when used in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities. As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler. -.SS "Selecting an I/O scheduler" +.SS Selecting an I/O scheduler I/O Schedulers are selected on a per-device basis via the special file .IR /sys/block//queue/scheduler . @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ Password: .RB "#" " echo cfq > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler" .fi .RE -.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler" +.SS The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler Since v3 (aka CFQ Time Sliced) CFQ implements I/O nice levels similar to those of CPU scheduling. @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ constantly accessing the disk. Refer to .I Documentation/block/ioprio.txt for more information on the CFQ I/O Scheduler and an example program. -.SS "Required permissions to set I/O priorities" +.SS Required permissions to set I/O priorities Permission to change a process's priority is granted or denied based on two assertions: .TP diff --git a/man2/kill.2 b/man2/kill.2 index f4076544b..90b46fec8 100644 --- a/man2/kill.2 +++ b/man2/kill.2 @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ at least one unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the .BR kill () returns. -.SS "Linux notes" +.SS Linux notes Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules for the permissions required for an unprivileged process to send a signal to another process. diff --git a/man2/mlock.2 b/man2/mlock.2 index 33f02a814..ece2c1edf 100644 --- a/man2/mlock.2 +++ b/man2/mlock.2 @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ respectively unlocking part or all of the calling process's virtual address space, so that pages in the specified virtual address range may once more to be swapped out if required by the kernel memory manager. Memory locking and unlocking are performed in units of whole pages. -.SS "mlock() and munlock()" +.SS mlock() and munlock() .BR mlock () locks pages in the address range starting at .I addr @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ and continuing for bytes. After this call, all pages that contain a part of the specified memory range can be moved to external swap space again by the kernel. -.SS "mlockall() and munlockall()" +.SS mlockall() and munlockall() .BR mlockall () locks all pages mapped into the address space of the calling process. @@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ has locked using and .BR mmap (2) .BR MAP_LOCKED . -.SS "Limits and permissions" +.SS Limits and permissions In Linux 2.6.8 and earlier, a process must be privileged .RB ( CAP_IPC_LOCK ) diff --git a/man2/nanosleep.2 b/man2/nanosleep.2 index 401f8e97b..77ab7461b 100644 --- a/man2/nanosleep.2 +++ b/man2/nanosleep.2 @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ function; ... Consequently, these time services shall expire when the requested relative interval elapses, independently of the new or old value of the clock. .RE -.SS "Old behavior" +.SS Old behavior In order to support applications requiring much more precise pauses (e.g., in order to control some time-critical hardware), .BR nanosleep () diff --git a/man2/perf_event_open.2 b/man2/perf_event_open.2 index 60d007e52..b06b50738 100644 --- a/man2/perf_event_open.2 +++ b/man2/perf_event_open.2 @@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ This defines the size of the user stack to dump on sample. .RE -.SS "Reading results" +.SS Reading results Once a .BR perf_event_open () file descriptor has been opened, the values @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ was specified in read_format. -.SS "MMAP layout" +.SS MMAP layout When using .BR perf_event_open () @@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ This indicates the size of the record. .RE -.SS "Signal overflow" +.SS Signal overflow Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed. The signal handler is set up using the @@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@ a signal is provided for every overflow, even if .I wakeup_events is not set. -.SS "rdpmc instruction" +.SS rdpmc instruction Starting with Linux 3.4 on x86, you can use the .I rdpmc instruction to get low-latency reads without having to enter the kernel. @@ -1749,7 +1749,7 @@ Support for this can be detected with the field in the mmap page; documentation on how to calculate event values can be found in that section. -.SS "perf_event ioctl calls" +.SS perf_event ioctl calls .PP Various ioctls act on .BR perf_event_open () @@ -1829,7 +1829,7 @@ This adds an ftrace filter to this event. The argument is a pointer to the desired ftrace filter. -.SS "Using prctl" +.SS Using prctl A process can enable or disable all the event groups that are attached to it using the .BR prctl (2) diff --git a/man2/select.2 b/man2/select.2 index 0efbb1148..6d8c8f285 100644 --- a/man2/select.2 +++ b/man2/select.2 @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ then call with the desired .IR sigmask , avoiding the race.) -.SS "The timeout" +.SS The timeout The time structures involved are defined in .I and look like diff --git a/man2/stat.2 b/man2/stat.2 index 8bac864d7..ba9271786 100644 --- a/man2/stat.2 +++ b/man2/stat.2 @@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ prescribes the synonyms .BR S_IRUSR , .BR S_IWUSR , .BR S_IXUSR . -.SS "Other systems" +.SS Other systems Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems: .ad l .TS diff --git a/man2/times.2 b/man2/times.2 index bdca549dd..7ff1623a8 100644 --- a/man2/times.2 +++ b/man2/times.2 @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ instead. .\" .PP .\" On older systems the number of clock ticks per second is given .\" by the variable HZ. -.SS "Historical" +.SS Historical SVr1-3 returns .I long and the struct members are of type diff --git a/man2/ustat.2 b/man2/ustat.2 index 11b14ad2e..30ce1c038 100644 --- a/man2/ustat.2 +++ b/man2/ustat.2 @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ is deprecated and has only been provided for compatibility. All new programs should use .BR statfs (2) instead. -.SS "HP-UX notes" +.SS HP-UX notes The HP-UX version of the .I ustat structure has an additional field, diff --git a/man2/vfork.2 b/man2/vfork.2 index ab850d386..8e7d408e7 100644 --- a/man2/vfork.2 +++ b/man2/vfork.2 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED .RE .ad b .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "Standard description" +.SS Standard description (From POSIX.1) The .BR vfork () @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ was called, or calls any other function before successfully calling or one of the .BR exec (3) family of functions. -.SS "Linux description" +.SS Linux description .BR vfork (), just like .BR fork (2), @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ arrive after the child releases the parent's memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls .BR execve (2)). -.SS "Historic description" +.SS Historic description Under Linux, .BR fork (2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty incurred by diff --git a/man2/wait.2 b/man2/wait.2 index 7311cdbc4..ef529c6d2 100644 --- a/man2/wait.2 +++ b/man2/wait.2 @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ In the remainder of this page, a child whose state has changed and which has not yet been waited upon by one of these system calls is termed .IR waitable . -.SS "wait() and waitpid()" +.SS wait() and waitpid() The .BR wait () system call suspends execution of the calling process until one of its @@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ returned true. (since Linux 2.6.10) returns true if the child process was resumed by delivery of .BR SIGCONT . -.SS "waitid()" +.SS waitid() The .BR waitid () system call (available since Linux 2.6.9) provides more precise diff --git a/man3/cfree.3 b/man3/cfree.3 index 1089f2924..b3976c050 100644 --- a/man3/cfree.3 +++ b/man3/cfree.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ This function should never be used. Use .BR free (3) instead. -.SS "1-arg cfree" +.SS 1-arg cfree In glibc, the function .BR cfree () is a synonym for @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The declaration is sometimes in .I and sometimes in .IR . -.SS "3-arg cfree" +.SS 3-arg cfree Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument .BR cfree (), apparently as an analog to diff --git a/man3/dbopen.3 b/man3/dbopen.3 index 7bf02dfcd..9861e4c9e 100644 --- a/man3/dbopen.3 +++ b/man3/dbopen.3 @@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ manual page for more information.) routines return \-1 on error (setting .IR errno ) and 0 on success. -.SS "Key/data pairs" +.SS Key/data pairs Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs. Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure: .in +4n diff --git a/man3/dlopen.3 b/man3/dlopen.3 index 7fbc1f052..90b5bee56 100644 --- a/man3/dlopen.3 +++ b/man3/dlopen.3 @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The four functions .BR dlclose (), .BR dlerror () implement the interface to the dynamic linking loader. -.SS "dlerror()" +.SS dlerror() The function .BR dlerror () returns a human readable string describing the most recent error @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ since the last call to .BR dlerror (). It returns NULL if no errors have occurred since initialization or since it was last called. -.SS "dlopen()" +.SS dlopen() The function .BR dlopen () loads the dynamic library file named by the null-terminated @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with If .BR dlopen () fails for any reason, it returns NULL. -.SS "dlsym()" +.SS dlsym() The function .BR dlsym () takes a "handle" of a dynamic library returned by @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ will find the next occurrence of a function in the search order after the current library. This allows one to provide a wrapper around a function in another shared library. -.SS "dlclose()" +.SS dlclose() The function .BR dlclose () decrements the reference count on the dynamic library handle @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ symbols in it, then the dynamic library is unloaded. The function .BR dlclose () returns 0 on success, and nonzero on error. -.SS "The obsolete symbols _init() and _fini()" +.SS The obsolete symbols _init() and _fini() The linker recognizes special symbols .B _init and diff --git a/man3/fenv.3 b/man3/fenv.3 index 3faab7ae3..0f2be5293 100644 --- a/man3/fenv.3 +++ b/man3/fenv.3 @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The .I invalid exception occurs when there is no well-defined result for an operation, as for 0/0 or infinity \- infinity or sqrt(\-1). -.SS "Exception handling" +.SS Exception handling Exceptions are represented in two ways: as a single bit (exception present/absent), and these bits correspond in some implementation-defined way with bit positions in an integer, @@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ The value of should reflect the current rounding mode as set by .BR fesetround () (but see BUGS). -.SS "Floating-point environment" +.SS Floating-point environment The entire floating-point environment, including control modes and status flags, can be handled as one opaque object, of type diff --git a/man3/fmtmsg.3 b/man3/fmtmsg.3 index 31e48fb8a..074cdd24b 100644 --- a/man3/fmtmsg.3 +++ b/man3/fmtmsg.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ information can be found. It should contain the .I label value and a unique identification number. -.SS "Dummy arguments" +.SS Dummy arguments Each of the arguments can have a dummy value. The dummy classification value .B MM_NULLMC @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ the empty string, and .B MM_NULLSEV is a synonym for .BR NO_SEV . -.SS "The classification argument" +.SS The classification argument The .I classification argument is the sum of values describing 4 types of information. @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ It is a recoverable error. .TP .B MM_NRECOV It is a nonrecoverable error. -.SS "The severity argument" +.SS The severity argument The .I severity argument can take one of the following values: diff --git a/man3/gamma.3 b/man3/gamma.3 index d4a00b1f8..a26dbe5f1 100644 --- a/man3/gamma.3 +++ b/man3/gamma.3 @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ functions, as appropriate. For the definition of the Gamma function, see .BR tgamma (3). -.SS "*BSD version" +.SS *BSD version The libm in 4.4BSD and some versions of FreeBSD had a .BR gamma () function that computes the Gamma function, as one would expect. -.SS "glibc version" +.SS glibc version Glibc has a .BR gamma () function that is equivalent to diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 index 93fdf7041..d1d5ee29c 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ The function frees the memory that was allocated for the dynamically allocated linked list .IR res . -.SS "Extensions to getaddrinfo() for Internationalized Domain Names" +.SS Extensions to getaddrinfo() for Internationalized Domain Names .PP Starting with glibc 2.3.4, .BR getaddrinfo () diff --git a/man3/gethostbyname.3 b/man3/gethostbyname.3 index 0f9687b7c..ff2bd9535 100644 --- a/man3/gethostbyname.3 +++ b/man3/gethostbyname.3 @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ The BSD prototype for uses .I const char * for the first argument. -.SS "System V/POSIX extension" +.SS System V/POSIX extension POSIX requires the .BR gethostent () call, that should return the next entry in the host data base. @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ The glibc version will ignore ipv6 entries. This function is not reentrant, and glibc adds a reentrant version .BR gethostent_r (). -.SS "GNU extensions" +.SS GNU extensions Glibc2 also has a .BR gethostbyname2 () that works like diff --git a/man3/getnameinfo.3 b/man3/getnameinfo.3 index 781f44a54..d4147de1c 100644 --- a/man3/getnameinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getnameinfo.3 @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ cannot be determined.) If set, then the numeric form of the service address is returned. (When not set, this will still happen in case the service's name cannot be determined.) -.SS "Extensions to getnameinfo() for Internationalized Domain Names" +.SS Extensions to getnameinfo() for Internationalized Domain Names .PP Starting with glibc 2.3.4, .BR getnameinfo () diff --git a/man3/getspnam.3 b/man3/getspnam.3 index 6644e916c..d51f087dd 100644 --- a/man3/getspnam.3 +++ b/man3/getspnam.3 @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ These were the functions that formed the original shadow API. They are widely available. .\" Also in libc5 .\" SUN doesn't have sgetspent() -.SS "Reentrant versions" +.SS Reentrant versions Analogous to the reentrant functions for the password database, glibc also has reentrant functions for the shadow password database. The diff --git a/man3/login.3 b/man3/login.3 index d6d6a9929..86086fc1a 100644 --- a/man3/login.3 +++ b/man3/login.3 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ and writes it to both the utmp and the wtmp file. The function .BR logout () clears the entry in the utmp file again. -.SS "GNU details" +.SS GNU details More precisely, .BR login () takes the argument diff --git a/man3/printf.3 b/man3/printf.3 index a703ff3a0..bbb2f5b87 100644 --- a/man3/printf.3 +++ b/man3/printf.3 @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ would cause copying to take place between objects that overlap (e.g., if the target string array and one of the supplied input arguments refer to the same buffer). See NOTES. -.SS "Return value" +.SS Return value Upon successful return, these functions return the number of characters printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings). @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ or more means that the output was truncated. (See also below under NOTES.) If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned. -.SS "Format of the format string" +.SS Format of the format string The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, if any. The format string is composed of zero or more directives: ordinary @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Thus, .in results in "1234567.89" in the POSIX locale, in "1234567,89" in the nl_NL locale, and in "1.234.567,89" in the da_DK locale. -.SS "The flag characters" +.SS The flag characters The character % is followed by zero or more of the following flags: .TP .B # @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ the output uses the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For example, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic digits in the Persian ("fa_IR") locale. .\" outdigits keyword in locale file -.SS "The field width" +.SS The field width An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) specifying a minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer characters @@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ positive field width. In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to contain the conversion result. -.SS "The precision" +.SS The precision An optional precision, in the form of a period (\(aq.\(aq) followed by an optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" @@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ string for and .B S conversions. -.SS "The length modifier" +.SS The length modifier Here, "integer conversion" stands for .BR d , .BR i , @@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ and .BR Lf , .BR Lg , .BR LG ). -.SS "The conversion specifier" +.SS The conversion specifier A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: .TP diff --git a/man3/regex.3 b/man3/regex.3 index 0f69a27e0..ace964df4 100644 --- a/man3/regex.3 +++ b/man3/regex.3 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree \- POSIX regex functions .BI "void regfree(regex_t *" preg ); .fi .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "POSIX regex compiling" +.SS POSIX regex compiling .BR regcomp () is used to compile a regular expression into a form that is suitable for subsequent @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ whether .I eflags contains .BR REG_NOTEOL . -.SS "POSIX regex matching" +.SS POSIX regex matching .BR regexec () is used to match a null-terminated string against the precompiled pattern buffer, @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The match-end-of-line operator always fails to match (but see the compilation flag .B REG_NEWLINE above) -.SS "Byte offsets" +.SS Byte offsets Unless .B REG_NOSUB was set for the compilation of the pattern buffer, it is possible to @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The relative .I rm_eo element indicates the end offset of the match, which is the offset of the first character after the matching text. -.SS "POSIX error reporting" +.SS POSIX error reporting .BR regerror () is used to turn the error codes that can be returned by both .BR regcomp () @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ are nonzero, is filled in with the first .I "errbuf_size \- 1" characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq). -.SS "POSIX pattern buffer freeing" +.SS POSIX pattern buffer freeing Supplying .BR regfree () with a precompiled pattern buffer, diff --git a/man3/stdio.3 b/man3/stdio.3 index 13085c93f..8222c0ef1 100644 --- a/man3/stdio.3 +++ b/man3/stdio.3 @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Function versions of the macro functions and .B putchar exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed. -.SS "List of functions" +.SS List of functions .TS ; lb lb diff --git a/man3/sysconf.3 b/man3/sysconf.3 index a7fbf0ef3..a3a3ba2ba 100644 --- a/man3/sysconf.3 +++ b/man3/sysconf.3 @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ The .BR sysconf () argument will be .BR _SC_FOO . -.SS "POSIX.1 variables" +.SS POSIX.1 variables We give the name of the variable, the name of the .BR sysconf () argument used to inquire about its value, @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ format the value .B 199009L indicates the Sept. 1990 revision. -.SS "POSIX.2 variables" +.SS POSIX.2 variables Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities. .TP .BR BC_BASE_MAX " - " _SC_BC_BASE_MAX diff --git a/man3/termios.3 b/man3/termios.3 index d03b53cf6..508da154d 100644 --- a/man3/termios.3 +++ b/man3/termios.3 @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ _BSD_SOURCE .SH DESCRIPTION The termios functions describe a general terminal interface that is provided to control asynchronous communications ports. -.SS "The termios structure" +.SS The termios structure .LP Many of the functions described here have a \fItermios_p\fP argument that is a pointer to a \fItermios\fP structure. @@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ and .BR VTIME , see the description of noncanonical mode below. -.SS "Retrieving and changing terminal settings" +.SS Retrieving and changing terminal settings .PP .BR tcgetattr () gets the parameters associated with the object referred by \fIfd\fP and @@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ the change occurs after all output written to the object referred by .I fd has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read will be discarded before the change is made. -.SS "Canonical and noncanonical mode" +.SS Canonical and noncanonical mode The setting of the .B ICANON canon flag in @@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ MIN byte have been read, or when the inter-byte timeout expires. Because the timer is only started after the initial byte becomes available, at least one byte will be read. -.SS "Raw mode" +.SS Raw mode .LP .BR cfmakeraw () sets the terminal to something like the @@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ The terminal attributes are set as follows: termios_p\->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB); termios_p\->c_cflag |= CS8; .fi -.SS "Line control" +.SS Line control .LP .BR tcsendbreak () transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific @@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ transmitting data to the system. .LP The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its input nor its output is suspended. -.SS "Line speed" +.SS Line speed The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values of the input and output baud rates in the \fItermios\fP structure. The new values do not take effect diff --git a/man3/ttyslot.3 b/man3/ttyslot.3 index bcb11a65d..f26a8e352 100644 --- a/man3/ttyslot.3 +++ b/man3/ttyslot.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ returns the index of the current user's entry in some file. .LP Now "What file?" you ask. Well, let's first look at some history. -.SS "Ancient history" +.SS Ancient history There used to be a file .I /etc/ttys in UNIX V6, that was read by the @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Later systems have more elaborate syntax. System V-like systems have .I /etc/inittab instead. -.SS "Ancient history (2)" +.SS Ancient history (2) On the other hand, there is the file .I /etc/utmp listing the people currently logged in. @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ using the call to find the number of the line in .I /etc/ttys (counting from 1). -.SS "The semantics of ttyslot" +.SS The semantics of ttyslot Thus, the function .BR ttyslot () returns the index of the controlling terminal of the calling process diff --git a/man3/undocumented.3 b/man3/undocumented.3 index d81c3e5d3..b498e6d38 100644 --- a/man3/undocumented.3 +++ b/man3/undocumented.3 @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ please look in the source code, write a man page (using a style similar to that of the other Linux section 3 man pages), and send it to .B mtk.manpages@gmail.com for inclusion in the next man page release. -.SS "The list" +.SS The list .BR authdes_create (3), .BR authdes_getucred (3), diff --git a/man3/wordexp.3 b/man3/wordexp.3 index bf25eb366..4fdf4ab14 100644 --- a/man3/wordexp.3 +++ b/man3/wordexp.3 @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ More precisely, it does not free its argument, but it frees the array .I we_wordv and the strings that points to. -.SS "The string argument" +.SS The string argument Since the expansion is the same as the expansion by the shell (see .BR sh (1)) of the parameters to a command, the string @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ If the argument contains a word that starts with an unquoted comment character #, then it is unspecified whether that word and all following words are ignored, or the # is treated as a non-comment character. -.SS "The expansion" +.SS The expansion The expansion done consists of the following stages: tilde expansion (replacing ~user by user's home directory), variable substitution (replacing $FOO by the value of the environment @@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ The result of expansion of special parameters .LP Field splitting is done using the environment variable $IFS. If it is not set, the field separators are space, tab and newline. -.SS "The output array" +.SS The output array The array .I we_wordv contains the words found, followed by a NULL. -.SS "The flags argument" +.SS The flags argument The .I flag argument is a bitwise inclusive OR of the following values: diff --git a/man4/console_codes.4 b/man4/console_codes.4 index 4203bb924..47bbe87e3 100644 --- a/man4/console_codes.4 +++ b/man4/console_codes.4 @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility such as .BR tput (1), or .BR reset (1). -.SS "Linux console controls" +.SS Linux console controls This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences that invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a glyph at the current cursor location) on the Linux console. @@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ ESC [ 12 ; \fIn\fP ] Bring specified console to the front. ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen. ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes. .TE -.SS "Character sets" +.SS Character sets The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols. The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC, @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ s = map[c] is sent to the video memory. The bitmap that corresponds to s is found in the character ROM, and can be changed using .BR setfont (8). -.SS "Mouse tracking" +.SS Mouse tracking The mouse tracking facility is intended to return .BR xterm (1)-compatible mouse status reports. @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, 8=Meta, 16=Control. Again \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event. The upper left corner is (1,1). -.SS "Comparisons with other terminals" +.SS Comparisons with other terminals Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console, as being "VT100-compatible". Here we discuss differences between the diff --git a/man4/initrd.4 b/man4/initrd.4 index 80efeba73..1b6121899 100644 --- a/man4/initrd.4 +++ b/man4/initrd.4 @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ different device. .\" .\" .\" -.SS "Boot-up operation" +.SS Boot-up operation When booting up with .BR initrd , the system boots as follows: @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system. .\" .\" .\" -.SS "Changing the normal root file system" +.SS Changing the normal root file system By default, the kernel's settings (e.g., set in the kernel file with diff --git a/man4/mouse.4 b/man4/mouse.4 index e7df38a4d..de72e6019 100644 --- a/man4/mouse.4 +++ b/man4/mouse.4 @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ bit/s string .TE The first byte of a data packet can be used to synchronization purposes. -.SS "Microsoft protocol" +.SS Microsoft protocol The \fBMicrosoft\fP protocol uses 1 start bit, 7 data bits, no parity and one stop bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte packets. @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ byte d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 2 0 dx5 dx4 dx3 dx2 dx1 dx0 3 0 dy5 dy4 dy3 dy2 dy1 dy0 .TE -.SS "3-button Microsoft protocol" +.SS 3-button Microsoft protocol Original Microsoft mice only have two buttons. However, there are some three button mice which also use the Microsoft protocol. @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ releasing the middle button is reported by sending a packet with zero movement and no buttons pressed. (Thus, unlike for the other two buttons, the status of the middle button is not reported in each packet.) -.SS "Logitech protocol" +.SS Logitech protocol Logitech serial 3-button mice use a different extension of the Microsoft protocol: when the middle button is up, the above 3-byte packet is sent. @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ sent, where the 4th byte has value 0x20 (or at least has the 0x20 bit set). In particular, a press of the middle button is reported as 0,0,0,0x20 when no other buttons are down. -.SS "Mousesystems protocol" +.SS Mousesystems protocol The \fBMousesystems\fP protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity and two stop bits at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in @@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ byte d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 Bytes 4 and 5 describe the change that occurred since bytes 2 and 3 were transmitted. -.SS "Sun protocol" +.SS Sun protocol The \fBSun\fP protocol is the 3-byte version of the above 5-byte Mousesystems protocol: the last two bytes are not sent. -.SS "MM protocol" +.SS MM protocol The \fBMM\fP protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, odd parity and one stop bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte diff --git a/man4/random.4 b/man4/random.4 index 170bacc4a..e761aa0a7 100644 --- a/man4/random.4 +++ b/man4/random.4 @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ run during the Linux system shutdown: [ \-r $poolfile ] && bytes=\`cat $poolfile\` || bytes=512 dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes .fi -.SS "/proc Interface" +.SS /proc Interface The files in the directory .I /proc/sys/kernel/random (present since 2.3.16) provide an additional interface to the diff --git a/man4/st.4 b/man4/st.4 index 117a511db..c1bbaa130 100644 --- a/man4/st.4 +++ b/man4/st.4 @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ on the system. Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory .I /sys/class/scsi_tape the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices. -.SS "Data transfer" +.SS Data transfer The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and variable-block mode (if supported by the drive). In fixed-block mode the drive @@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ driver are passed to the driver. The definitions below are from .IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h : -.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em perform a tape operation" +.SS MTIOCTOP \(em perform a tape operation .PP This request takes an argument of type .IR "(struct mtop *)" . @@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate the cleaning request. If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match the masked sense data byte. -.SS "MTIOCGET \(em get status" +.SS MTIOCGET \(em get status .PP This request takes an argument of type .IR "(struct mtget *)" . @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after .BR MTBSS , or .BR MTSEEK ). -.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em get tape position" +.SS MTIOCPOS \(em get tape position .PP This request takes an argument of type .I "(struct mtpos *)" diff --git a/man4/tty_ioctl.4 b/man4/tty_ioctl.4 index 7fc789c46..9cb82090a 100644 --- a/man4/tty_ioctl.4 +++ b/man4/tty_ioctl.4 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ makes for nonportable programs. Use the POSIX interface described in .BR termios (3) whenever possible. -.SS "Get and set terminal attributes" +.SS Get and set terminal attributes .TP .BI "TCGETS struct termios *" argp Equivalent to @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ instead of a .BI "TCSETAW const struct termio *" argp .TP .BI "TCSETAF const struct termio *" argp -.SS "Locking the termios structure" +.SS Locking the termios structure The .I termios structure of a terminal can be locked. @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ structure of the terminal. Only root (more precisely: a process with the .BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) can do this. -.SS "Get and set window size" +.SS Get and set window size Window sizes are kept in the kernel, but not used by the kernel (except in the case of virtual consoles, where the kernel will update the window size when the size of the virtual console changes, @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ When the window size changes, a .B SIGWINCH signal is sent to the foreground process group. -.SS "Sending a break" +.SS Sending a break .TP .BI "TCSBRK int " arg Equivalent to @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Turn break on, that is, start sending zero bits. .TP .B "TIOCCBRK void" Turn break off, that is, stop sending zero bits. -.SS "Software flow control" +.SS Software flow control .TP .BI "TCXONC int " arg Equivalent to @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ for the argument values .BR TCOON , .BR TCIOFF , .BR TCION . -.SS "Buffer count and flushing" +.SS Buffer count and flushing .TP .BI "FIONREAD int *" argp Get the number of bytes in the input buffer. @@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ for the argument values .BR TCIFLUSH , .BR TCOFLUSH , .BR TCIOFLUSH . -.SS "Faking input" +.SS Faking input .TP .BI "TIOCSTI const char *" argp Insert the given byte in the input queue. -.SS "Redirecting console output" +.SS Redirecting console output .TP .B "TIOCCONS void" Redirect output that would have gone to @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ pointing at .I /dev/console or .IR /dev/tty0 . -.SS "Controlling terminal" +.SS Controlling terminal .TP .BI "TIOCSCTTY int " arg Make the given terminal the controlling terminal of the calling process. @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ and .B SIGCONT to the foreground process group and all processes in the current session lose their controlling terminal. -.SS "Process group and session ID" +.SS Process group and session ID .TP .BI "TIOCGPGRP pid_t *" argp When successful, equivalent to @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ This will fail with in case the terminal is not a master pseudoterminal and not our controlling terminal. Strange. -.SS "Exclusive mode" +.SS Exclusive mode .TP .B "TIOCEXCL void" Put the terminal into exclusive mode. @@ -292,14 +292,14 @@ capability.) .TP .B "TIOCNXCL void" Disable exclusive mode. -.SS "Line discipline" +.SS Line discipline .TP .BI "TIOCGETD int *" argp Get the line discipline of the terminal. .TP .BI "TIOCSETD const int *" argp Set the line discipline of the terminal. -.SS "Pseudoterminal ioctls" +.SS Pseudoterminal ioctls .TP .BI "TIOCPKT const int *" argp Enable (when @@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ The BSD ioctls .BR TIOCUCNTL , .B TIOCREMOTE have not been implemented under Linux. -.SS "Modem control" +.SS Modem control .TP .BI "TIOCMGET int *" argp get the status of modem bits. @@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ TIOCM_RNG RNG (ring) TIOCM_RI see TIOCM_RNG TIOCM_DSR DSR (data set ready) .fi -.SS "Marking a line as local" +.SS Marking a line as local .TP .BI "TIOCGSOFTCAR int *" argp ("Get software carrier flag") @@ -405,12 +405,12 @@ If is set, the line behaves as if DCD is always asserted. The software carrier flag is usually turned on for local devices, and is off for lines with modems. -.SS "Linux-specific" +.SS Linux-specific For the .B TIOCLINUX ioctl, see .BR console_ioctl (4). -.SS "Kernel debugging" +.SS Kernel debugging .B "#include " .TP .BI "TIOCTTYGSTRUCT struct tty_struct *" argp diff --git a/man4/wavelan.4 b/man4/wavelan.4 index 3e0a39478..67a8c82e4 100644 --- a/man4/wavelan.4 +++ b/man4/wavelan.4 @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ saved in permanent storage for future use). Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name used by .BR ifconfig (8)). -.SS "Wireless extensions" +.SS Wireless extensions Use .BR iwconfig (8) to manipulate wireless extensions. @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ The and .I misc discarded packet counters are not implemented. -.SS "Private ioctl" +.SS Private ioctl You may use .BR iwpriv (8) to manipulate private ioctls. @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ to count the number of packets received in each of those defined intervals. This distribution might be used to calculate the mean value and standard deviation of the signal level. -.SS "Specific notes" +.SS Specific notes This driver will fail to detect some .B non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent Wavelan cards. diff --git a/man5/charmap.5 b/man5/charmap.5 index da23c29cb..08de33b17 100644 --- a/man5/charmap.5 +++ b/man5/charmap.5 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ multibyte-characters, which are currently not implemented. .PP The last line in a charmap-definition file must contain .B END CHARMAP. -.SS "Symbolic names" +.SS Symbolic names A .B symbolic name for a character contains only characters of the @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence represents the symbolic name .B "\\\\>" enclosed in angle brackets. -.SS "Character encoding" +.SS Character encoding The encoding may be in each of the following three forms: .TP diff --git a/man5/dir_colors.5 b/man5/dir_colors.5 index 124259871..b704380d3 100644 --- a/man5/dir_colors.5 +++ b/man5/dir_colors.5 @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ for .B emacs backup files. This form should be considered obsolete. -.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences" +.SS ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences Most color-capable ASCII terminals today use ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences, and many common terminals without color capability, including .B xterm @@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ and .B FILE codes to the numerical codes for your normal foreground and background colors. -.SS "Other terminal types (advanced configuration)" +.SS Other terminal types (advanced configuration) If you have a color-capable (or otherwise highlighting) terminal (or printer!) which uses a different set of codes, you can still generate a suitable setup. @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ definition will have no effect. A different .B ENDCODE can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect. -.SS "Escape sequences" +.SS Escape sequences To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or .BR stty \-style diff --git a/man5/hosts.5 b/man5/hosts.5 index 5fb303ad6..83cda6c41 100644 --- a/man5/hosts.5 +++ b/man5/hosts.5 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ advantage. .SH NOTES Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately, except in cases where the file is cached by applications. -.SS "Historical notes" +.SS Historical notes RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has since changed. diff --git a/man5/termcap.5 b/man5/termcap.5 index 82a5027de..c56c49371 100644 --- a/man5/termcap.5 +++ b/man5/termcap.5 @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Boolean: :bs:\e Numeric: :co#80:\e String: :sr=\eE[H:\e .fi -.SS "Boolean capabilities" +.SS Boolean capabilities .nf 5i Printer will not echo on screen am Automatic margins which means automatic line wrap @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ xo Terminal uses xon/xoff protocol xs Text typed over standout text will be displayed in standout xt Teleray glitch, destructive tabs and odd standout mode .fi -.SS "Numeric capabilities" +.SS Numeric capabilities .nf co Number of columns dB Delay in milliseconds for backspace on hardcopy terminals @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ ug Underline glitch vt virtual terminal number ws Width of status line if different from screen width .fi -.SS "String capabilities" +.SS String capabilities .nf !1 shifted save key !2 shifted suspend key diff --git a/man7/armscii-8.7 b/man7/armscii-8.7 index 8ec5abafb..901e1a8dc 100644 --- a/man7/armscii-8.7 +++ b/man7/armscii-8.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ hexadecimal .SH DESCRIPTION The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, 8-bit coded character set. -.SS "ArmSCII-8 characters" +.SS ArmSCII-8 characters The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/boot.7 b/man7/boot.7 index 3ce41c935..811af3dc7 100644 --- a/man7/boot.7 +++ b/man7/boot.7 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ but can be roughly divided to the following steps: (iii) kernel startup, (iv) init and inittab, (v) boot scripts. We will describe each of these in more detail below. -.SS "Hardware-boot" +.SS Hardware-boot After power-on or hard reset, control is given to a program stored on read-only memory (normally PROM). @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ We do not cover here booting from network. Those who want to investigate this subject may want to research: DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot. -.SS "OS loader" +.SS OS loader In PC, the OS loader is located in the first sector of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR (Master Boot Record). @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ interactive use, to enable specification of alternative kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters to the kernel. -.SS "Kernel startup" +.SS Kernel startup When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process", called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ This process executes the program .IR /sbin/init , passing any parameters that weren't handled by the kernel already. -.SS "init and inittab" +.SS init and inittab When init starts it reads .I /etc/inittab for further instructions. @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and query the current run-level via However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts that actually start/stop the individual services. -.SS "Boot scripts" +.SS Boot scripts .TP Note: The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then start, "status" do display the service status). Running the script without parameters displays the possible arguments. -.SS "Sequencing directories" +.SS Sequencing directories To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR. These @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ To manage the boot order and run-levels, we have to manage these links. However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task (e.g: .BR chkconfig (8)). -.SS "Boot configuration" +.SS Boot configuration Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options and parameters. To allow system administrators to change these diff --git a/man7/bootparam.7 b/man7/bootparam.7 index d59e1618f..36ee368d4 100644 --- a/man7/bootparam.7 +++ b/man7/bootparam.7 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ into a SB compatible mode. Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset of the card that happens if one rebooted instead. -.SS "The argument list" +.SS The argument list The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings (boot arguments) separated by spaces. Most of the boot args take the form of: @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual daemons. Check the manual page for the version of init installed on your system to see what arguments it accepts. -.SS "General non-device specific boot arguments" +.SS General non-device specific boot arguments .TP .B "'init=...'" This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel. @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ instead jump through the BIOS. A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N. -.SS "Boot arguments for use by kernel developers" +.SS Boot arguments for use by kernel developers .TP .B "'debug'" Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline, buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control kernel buffer memory management. For kernel tuners only. -.SS "Boot arguments for ramdisk use" +.SS Boot arguments for ramdisk use (Only if the kernel was compiled with .BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .) In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ leave the initrd data under (This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as the last process that used it has closed .IR /dev/initrd .) -.SS "Boot arguments for SCSI devices" +.SS Boot arguments for SCSI devices General notation for this section: .I iobase @@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x, clock:x, next. For details, see .IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c . -.SS "Hard disks" +.SS Hard disks .TP .B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters" The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk @@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ xd=2,5,0x320,3 .B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks" .IP .BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]] -.SS "IBM MCA bus devices" +.SS IBM MCA bus devices See also .IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt . .TP @@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings: \&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'. The I/O base is that of the CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card. -.SS "Ethernet devices" +.SS Ethernet devices Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name. In its most generic form, it looks something like this: @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation of the param_n values where used. Interested readers should refer to the section in that document on their particular card. -.SS "The floppy disk driver" +.SS The floppy disk driver There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in .I Documentation/floppy.txt (or @@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected interrupts only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.) -.SS "The sound driver" +.SS The sound driver The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in values. This is not recommended, as it is rather complex. @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your own personal values as recommended. Using a boot arg of \&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely. -.SS "ISDN drivers" +.SS ISDN drivers .TP .B "The ICN ISDN driver" Syntax: @@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier. -.SS "Serial port drivers" +.SS Serial port drivers .TP .B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')" Syntax: @@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code. The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem, where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of afsk1200, fsk9600. -.SS "The line printer driver" +.SS The line printer driver .TP .B "'lp='" Syntax: @@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ lp=0. Syntax: .IP wdt=io,irq -.SS "Mouse drivers" +.SS Mouse drivers .TP .B "'bmouse=irq'" The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ x-threshold and y-threshold. Otherwise, the first argument is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold. These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2. -.SS "Video hardware" +.SS Video hardware .TP .B "'no-scroll'" This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll diff --git a/man7/capabilities.7 b/man7/capabilities.7 index f653b2db7..a663c223a 100644 --- a/man7/capabilities.7 +++ b/man7/capabilities.7 @@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ The new permitted set must be a subset of the existing permitted set that the thread does not currently have). .IP 4. The new effective set must be a subset of the new permitted set. -.SS The """securebits"" flags: establishing a capabilities-only environment +.SS The securebits flags: establishing a capabilities-only environment .\" For some background: .\" see http://lwn.net/Articles/280279/ and .\" http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.lsm/5476/ diff --git a/man7/charsets.7 b/man7/charsets.7 index 6181d4250..45543f97b 100644 --- a/man7/charsets.7 +++ b/man7/charsets.7 @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ At the current time, the console driver does not handle combining characters. So Thai, Sioux and any other script needing combining characters can't be handled on the console. -.SS "ISO 2022 and ISO 4873" +.SS ISO 2022 and ISO 4873 The ISO 2022 and 4873 standards describe a font-control model based on VT100 practice. This model is (partially) supported diff --git a/man7/ddp.7 b/man7/ddp.7 index 1ab673f56..74c831b4b 100644 --- a/man7/ddp.7 +++ b/man7/ddp.7 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Raw sockets may be only opened by a process with effective user ID 0 or when the process has the .B CAP_NET_RAW capability. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number, a node number, and a port number. .PP @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis node.\(rq The value of is a link local broadcast address. .\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl] -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options No protocol-specific socket options are supported. .SS /proc interfaces IP supports a set of diff --git a/man7/futex.7 b/man7/futex.7 index c6900d001..f9a156403 100644 --- a/man7/futex.7 +++ b/man7/futex.7 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Processes can share this integer using .BR mmap (2), via shared memory segments or because they share memory space, in which case the application is commonly called multithreaded. -.SS "Semantics" +.SS Semantics .PP Any futex operation starts in user space, but it may necessary to communicate with the kernel using the diff --git a/man7/glob.7 b/man7/glob.7 index 104156653..9da664479 100644 --- a/man7/glob.7 +++ b/man7/glob.7 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ These days there is also a library routine that will perform this function for a user program. The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13). -.SS "Wildcard matching" +.SS Wildcard matching A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq. Globbing is the operation @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq, this character must be matched explicitly. (Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.) -.SS "Empty lists" +.SS Empty lists The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX definition. diff --git a/man7/ipv6.7 b/man7/ipv6.7 index 1c8699abf..c287978dd 100644 --- a/man7/ipv6.7 +++ b/man7/ipv6.7 @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space. When you get an IPv4 connection or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped to v6 and it will be mapped to v6. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format .in +4n .nf struct sockaddr_in6 { @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF: for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6. .PP The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4. -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with .BR setsockopt (2) and read with diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 index 33b183f9c..684c1af60 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Spanish, and Swedish. .P Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters of ISO 10646 (Unicode). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-1 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-1 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 index eedfd9b27..30c468b2f 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ characters used in Nordic languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG .\" is not a "Nordic" country!). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-10 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-10 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 index 3480d6bce..fa1e62236 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-11 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-11 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 index 6a6893943..59a2c66f5 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages. .\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for .\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-13 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-13 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 index 9500baa60..0248a2283 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-14 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-14 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 index 21f6d6655..fbf4a495d 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-15 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-15 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 index af21cfcdc..f90b1b051 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Romanian, Slovenian and Serbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-16 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-16 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 index 5086aa328..2498d46fc 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-2 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-2 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 index 38b68472c..46b0698b4 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-3 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-3 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 index a235a16f4..34aa55c2e 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-4 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-4 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 index ec9b67192..5fa22d9eb 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-5 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-5 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 index 26fb6e6eb..0cbed1f72 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-6 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-6 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 index 1bcb9dc53..cb7acb172 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-7 encodes the characters used in modern monotonic Greek. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-7 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-7 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 index 08f461b19..43adc5a6d 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ISO 8859-8, or "ISO Hebrew" encodes the characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit). Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included, and Yiddish is not provided for. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-8 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-8 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 index 14eb0b854..5981dc17b 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-9, also known as the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-9 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-9 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-r.7 b/man7/koi8-r.7 index ac300d3ca..d588144df 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-r.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-r.7 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ area. .PP A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the ISO-8859-5 character set. -.SS "KOI8-R characters" +.SS KOI8-R characters The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-u.7 b/man7/koi8-u.7 index e4a939ddc..4fad976ab 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-u.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-u.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ KOI8-U is compatible with KOI8-R (RFC 1489) for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case) in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111. -.SS "KOI8-U characters" +.SS KOI8-U characters The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/man.7 b/man7/man.7 index eb3c318b6..0ac38284d 100644 --- a/man7/man.7 +++ b/man7/man.7 @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ command can be used to specify a word in bold followed by a mark of punctuation in Roman. If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line of text. -.SS "Other macros and strings" +.SS Other macros and strings .PP Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings. Unless noted otherwise, all macros @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ By default a given indent is measured in ens; try to use ens or ems as units for indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes. The other key macro definitions are: -.SS "Normal paragraphs" +.SS Normal paragraphs .TP 9m .B \&.LP Same as @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Same as .TP .B \&.PP Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent. -.SS "Relative margin indent" +.SS Relative margin indent .TP 9m .BI \&.RS " i" Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ indented until the corresponding .B \&.RE End relative margin indent and restores the previous value of the prevailing indent. -.SS "Indented paragraph macros" +.SS Indented paragraph macros .TP 9m .BI \&.HP " i" Begin paragraph with a hanging indent @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The tag is given on the next line, but its results are like those of the .B \&.IP command. -.SS "Hypertext link macros" +.SS Hypertext link macros (Feature supported with .B groff only.) @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A number of other link macros are available. See .BR groff_www (7) for more details. -.SS "Miscellaneous macros" +.SS Miscellaneous macros .TP 9m .B \&.DT Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches); @@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Subheading (like .BR \&.SH , but used for a subsection inside a section). -.SS "Predefined strings" +.SS Predefined strings The .B man package has the following predefined strings: @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Trademark Symbol: \*(Tm Left angled double quote: \*(lq .IP \e*(rq Right angled double quote: \*(rq -.SS "Safe subset" +.SS Safe subset Although technically .B man is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools diff --git a/man7/numa.7 b/man7/numa.7 index f5ab2a6d5..4ba49ddc2 100644 --- a/man7/numa.7 +++ b/man7/numa.7 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ and However, applications should normally use the interface provided by .IR libnuma ; see "Library Support" below. -.SS /proc/[number]/numa_maps " (since Linux 2.6.14)" +.SS /proc/[number]/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14) .\" See also Changelog-2.6.14 This file displays information about a process's NUMA memory policy and allocation. diff --git a/man7/path_resolution.7 b/man7/path_resolution.7 index 2b67ef6fd..934b8c47b 100644 --- a/man7/path_resolution.7 +++ b/man7/path_resolution.7 @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ path_resolution \- how a pathname is resolved to a file .SH DESCRIPTION Some UNIX/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames. A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows. -.SS "Step 1: start of the resolution process" +.SS Step 1: start of the resolution process If the pathname starts with the \(aq/\(aq character, the starting lookup directory is the root directory of the calling process. @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ system call.) Pathnames starting with a \(aq/\(aq character are called absolute pathnames. Pathnames not starting with a \(aq/\(aq are called relative pathnames. -.SS "Step 2: walk along the path" +.SS Step 2: walk along the path Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory. Now, for each nonfinal component of the pathname, where a component is a substring delimited by \(aq/\(aq characters, this component is looked up @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ exceeded ("Too many levels of symbolic links"). .\" presently: max recursion depth during symlink resolution: 5 .\" max total number of symbolic links followed: 40 .\" _POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX is 8 -.SS "Step 3: find the final entry" +.SS Step 3: find the final entry The lookup of the final component of the pathname goes just like that of all other components, as described in the previous step, with two differences: (i) the final component need not be a @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ we are just creating it. The details on the treatment of the final entry are described in the manual pages of the specific system calls. -.SS ". and .." +.SS . and .. By convention, every directory has the entries "." and "..", which refer to the directory itself and to its parent directory, respectively. @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ their conventional meanings, regardless of whether they are actually present in the physical file system. One cannot walk down past the root: "/.." is the same as "/". -.SS "Mount points" +.SS Mount points After a "mount dev path" command, the pathname "path" refers to the root of the file system hierarchy on the device "dev", and no longer to whatever it referred to earlier. @@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ longer to whatever it referred to earlier. One can walk out of a mounted file system: "path/.." refers to the parent directory of "path", outside of the file system hierarchy on "dev". -.SS "Trailing slashes" +.SS Trailing slashes If a pathname ends in a \(aq/\(aq, that forces resolution of the preceding component as in Step 2: it has to exist and resolve to a directory. Otherwise a trailing \(aq/\(aq is ignored. (Or, equivalently, a pathname with a trailing \(aq/\(aq is equivalent to the pathname obtained by appending \(aq.\(aq to it.) -.SS "Final symlink" +.SS Final symlink If the last component of a pathname is a symbolic link, then it depends on the system call whether the file referred to will be the symbolic link or the result of path resolution on its contents. @@ -150,21 +150,21 @@ For example, the system call will operate on the symlink, while .BR stat (2) operates on the file pointed to by the symlink. -.SS "Length limit" +.SS Length limit There is a maximum length for pathnames. If the pathname (or some intermediate pathname obtained while resolving symbolic links) is too long, an .B ENAMETOOLONG error is returned ("Filename too long"). -.SS "Empty pathname" +.SS Empty pathname In the original UNIX, the empty pathname referred to the current directory. Nowadays POSIX decrees that an empty pathname must not be resolved successfully. Linux returns .B ENOENT in this case. -.SS "Permissions" +.SS Permissions The permission bits of a file consist of three groups of three bits, cf.\& .BR chmod (1) and @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ instead of the effective group ID. See .BR setfsgid (2). .\" FIXME say something about file system mounted read-only ? -.SS "Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities" +.SS Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities On a traditional UNIX system, the superuser .RI ( root , user ID 0) is all-powerful, and bypasses all permissions restrictions diff --git a/man7/pipe.7 b/man7/pipe.7 index f8314e1dd..5f2d42f34 100644 --- a/man7/pipe.7 +++ b/man7/pipe.7 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ for further details. although FIFOs have a pathname in the file system, I/O on FIFOs does not involve operations on the underlying device (if there is one). -.SS "I/O on pipes and FIFOs" +.SS I/O on pipes and FIFOs The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are created and opened. Once these tasks have been accomplished, @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ are delivered when appropriate. It is not possible to apply .BR lseek (2) to a pipe. -.SS "Pipe capacity" +.SS Pipe capacity A pipe has a limited capacity. If the pipe is full, then a .BR write (2) @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ the caller should check the return value from .BR write (2) to see how many bytes were actually written), and these bytes may be interleaved with writes by other processes. -.SS "Open file status flags" +.SS Open file status flags The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to a pipe or FIFO are .B O_NONBLOCK @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ for details). On Linux, .B O_ASYNC is supported for pipes and FIFOs only since kernel 2.6. -.SS "Portability notes" +.SS Portability notes On some systems (but not Linux), pipes are bidirectional: data can be transmitted in both directions between the pipe ends. According to POSIX.1-2001, pipes only need to be unidirectional. diff --git a/man7/posixoptions.7 b/man7/posixoptions.7 index 5777ea39e..1c2bf89db 100644 --- a/man7/posixoptions.7 +++ b/man7/posixoptions.7 @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ parameter used to inquire about the option, and possibly a very short description. Much more precise detail can be found in the POSIX standard itself, versions of which can nowadays be accessed freely on the web. -.SS "ADV - _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO - _SC_ADVISORY_INFO" +.SS ADV - _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO - _SC_ADVISORY_INFO The following advisory functions are present: .br .nf @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The following advisory functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "AIO - _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO - _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO" +.SS AIO - _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO - _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO The header .I is present. @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "BAR - _POSIX_BARRIERS - _SC_BARRIERS" +.SS BAR - _POSIX_BARRIERS - _SC_BARRIERS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS and @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The following functions are present: .\" Batch environment. .\" .SS "CD" .\" C development. -.SS "--- - POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED" +.SS --- - POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then only root may change the owner of a file, and nonroot can only set the group of a file to one of the groups it belongs to. @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ This affects the functions .IR chown (), .IR fchown (). .\" What about lchown() ? -.SS "CS - _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION - _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION" +.SS CS - _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION - _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION This option implies the .B _POSIX_TIMERS option. @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ If is changed by the function .IR clock_settime (), then this affects all timers set for an absolute time. -.SS "CPT - _POSIX_CPUTIME - _SC_CPUTIME" +.SS CPT - _POSIX_CPUTIME - _SC_CPUTIME The clockID CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID is supported. The initial value of this clock is 0 for each process. This option implies the @@ -141,16 +141,16 @@ is present. .\" Fortran development .\" .SS "FR" .\" Fortran runtime -.SS "--- - _POSIX_FILE_LOCKING - _SC_FILE_LOCKING" +.SS --- - _POSIX_FILE_LOCKING - _SC_FILE_LOCKING This option has been deleted. Not in final XPG6. -.SS "FSC - _POSIX_FSYNC - _SC_FSYNC " +.SS FSC - _POSIX_FSYNC - _SC_FSYNC The function .IR fsync () is present. -.SS "IP6 - _POSIX_IPV6 - _SC_IPV6" +.SS IP6 - _POSIX_IPV6 - _SC_IPV6 Internet Protocol Version 6 is supported. -.SS "--- - _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL - _SC_JOB_CONTROL" +.SS --- - _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL - _SC_JOB_CONTROL If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then the system implements POSIX-style job control, and the following functions are present: @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ and the following functions are present: .IR tcsetpgrp (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "MF - _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES - _SC_MAPPED_FILES" +.SS MF - _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES - _SC_MAPPED_FILES Shared memory is supported. The include file .I @@ -176,23 +176,23 @@ The following functions are present: .IR mmap (), .IR msync (), .IR munmap (). -.SS "ML - _POSIX_MEMLOCK - _SC_MEMLOCK" +.SS ML - _POSIX_MEMLOCK - _SC_MEMLOCK Shared memory can be locked into core. The functions .IR mlockall (), .IR munlockall () are present. -.SS "MR/MLR - _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE - _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE" +.SS MR/MLR - _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE - _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE More precisely, ranges can be locked into core. The functions .IR mlock (), .IR munlock () are present. -.SS "MPR - _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION - _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION" +.SS MPR - _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION - _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION The function .IR mprotect () is present. -.SS "MSG - _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING - _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING" +.SS MSG - _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING - _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING The include file .I is present. @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "MON - _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK - _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK" +.SS MON - _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK - _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK .B CLOCK_MONOTONIC is supported. This option implies the @@ -229,19 +229,19 @@ Affected functions are .IR timer_create (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS - _SC_MULTI_PROCESS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS - _SC_MULTI_PROCESS This option has been deleted. Not in final XPG6. .\" .SS "MX" .\" IEC 60559 Floating-Point Option. -.SS "--- - _POSIX_NO_TRUNC" +.SS --- - _POSIX_NO_TRUNC If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then pathname components longer than .B NAME_MAX are not truncated, but give an error. This property may be dependent on the path prefix of the component. -.SS "PIO - _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO - _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO" +.SS PIO - _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO - _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO This option says that one can specify priorities for asynchronous I/O. This affects the functions .br @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ This affects the functions .IR aio_write (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "PS - _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING" +.SS PS - _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING The include file .I is present. @@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ is in effect, then the following functions are present: .IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "RS - _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS" +.SS RS - _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS Raw sockets are supported. Affected functions are .IR getsockopt (), .IR setsockopt (). -.SS "--- - _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS - _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS - _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS option. @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ The following functions are present: .IR pthread_rwlockattr_init (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "RTS - _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS - _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS" +.SS RTS - _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS - _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS Realtime signals are supported. The following functions are present: .br @@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_REGEXP - _SC_REGEXP" +.SS --- - _POSIX_REGEXP - _SC_REGEXP If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then POSIX regular expressions are supported and the following functions are present: @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ and the following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_SAVED_IDS - _SC_SAVED_IDS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_SAVED_IDS - _SC_SAVED_IDS If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then a process has a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID. Affected functions are @@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ Affected functions are .fi .\" .SS "SD" .\" Software development -.SS "SEM - _POSIX_SEMAPHORES - _SC_SEMAPHORES" +.SS SEM - _POSIX_SEMAPHORES - _SC_SEMAPHORES The include file .I is present. @@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "SHM - _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS" +.SS SHM - _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -394,12 +394,12 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_SHELL - _SC_SHELL" +.SS --- - _POSIX_SHELL - _SC_SHELL If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001), the function .IR system () is present. -.SS "SPN - _POSIX_SPAWN - _SC_SPAWN" +.SS SPN - _POSIX_SPAWN - _SC_SPAWN This option describes support for process creation in a context where it is difficult or impossible to use .IR fork (), @@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ the following functions are present: .IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "SPI - _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS - _SC_SPIN_LOCKS" +.SS SPI - _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS - _SC_SPIN_LOCKS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS and @@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "SS - _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER" +.SS SS - _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER The scheduling policy .B SCHED_SPORADIC is supported. @@ -483,13 +483,13 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "SIO - _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO - _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO" +.SS SIO - _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO - _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO Affected functions are .IR open (), .IR msync (), .IR fsync (), .IR fdatasync (). -.SS "TSA - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR" +.SS TSA - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSS - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE" +.SS TSS - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TCT - _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME - _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME" +.SS TCT - _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME - _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME The clockID CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID is supported. This option implies the .B _POSIX_TIMERS @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPI - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT" +.SS TPI - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPP - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT" +.SS TPP - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPS - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING" +.SS TPS - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING If this option is in effect, the different threads inside a process can run with different priorities and/or different schedulers. Affected functions are @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSH - _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED - _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED" +.SS TSH - _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED - _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSF - _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS - _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS" +.SS TSF - _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS - _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSP - _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER" +.SS TSP - _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING option. @@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "THR - _POSIX_THREADS - _SC_THREADS" +.SS THR - _POSIX_THREADS - _SC_THREADS Basic support for POSIX threads is available. The following functions are present: .br @@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TMO - _POSIX_TIMEOUTS - _SC_TIMEOUTS" +.SS TMO - _POSIX_TIMEOUTS - _SC_TIMEOUTS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TMR - _POSIX_TIMERS - _SC_TIMERS" +.SS TMR - _POSIX_TIMERS - _SC_TIMERS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRC - _POSIX_TRACE - _SC_TRACE" +.SS TRC - _POSIX_TRACE - _SC_TRACE POSIX tracing is available. The following functions are present: .br @@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TEF - _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER - _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER" +.SS TEF - _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER - _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE option. @@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRI - _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT - _SC_TRACE_INHERIT" +.SS TRI - _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT - _SC_TRACE_INHERIT Tracing children of the traced process is supported. This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE @@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRL - _POSIX_TRACE_LOG - _SC_TRACE_LOG" +.SS TRL - _POSIX_TRACE_LOG - _SC_TRACE_LOG This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE option. @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TYM - _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECT" +.SS TYM - _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECT The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_VDISABLE" +.SS --- - _POSIX_VDISABLE Always present (probably 0). Value to set a changeable special control character to indicate that it is disabled. diff --git a/man7/pthreads.7 b/man7/pthreads.7 index acac44a0e..c013eed26 100644 --- a/man7/pthreads.7 +++ b/man7/pthreads.7 @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ capabilities (see .IP \- 3 CPU affinity .RB ( sched_setaffinity (2)) -.SS "Pthreads function return values" +.SS Pthreads function return values Most pthreads functions return 0 on success, and an error number of failure. Note that the pthreads functions do not set .IR errno . @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ or a detached thread has terminated. In all pthreads functions that accept a thread ID as an argument, that ID by definition refers to a thread in the same process as the caller. -.SS "Thread-safe functions" +.SS Thread-safe functions A thread-safe function is one that can be safely (i.e., it will deliver the same results regardless of whether it is) called from multiple threads at the same time. @@ -650,10 +650,10 @@ any nonstandard function that may block as a cancellation point. .\" vscanf .\" vsyslog .\" vwscanf -.SS "Compiling on Linux" +.SS Compiling on Linux On Linux, programs that use the Pthreads API should be compiled using .IR "cc \-pthread" . -.SS "Linux implementations of POSIX threads" +.SS Linux implementations of POSIX threads Over time, two threading implementations have been provided by the GNU C library on Linux: .TP @@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ is executed, perhaps using the shell built-in command .RI ( "limit stacksize" in the C shell). -.SS "Determining the threading implementation" +.SS Determining the threading implementation Since glibc 2.3.2, the .BR getconf (1) command can be used to determine @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \(aq{print $3}\(aq ) | \\ Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al .in .fi -.SS "Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" +.SS Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL On systems with a glibc that supports both LinuxThreads and NPTL (i.e., glibc 2.3.\fIx\fP), the .B LD_ASSUME_KERNEL diff --git a/man7/pty.7 b/man7/pty.7 index d6dfc0538..f89db8ef8 100644 --- a/man7/pty.7 +++ b/man7/pty.7 @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ on Linux systems. Since kernel 2.6.4, BSD-style pseudoterminals are considered deprecated (they can be disabled when configuring the kernel); UNIX 98 pseudoterminals should be used in new applications. -.SS "UNIX 98 pseudoterminals" +.SS UNIX 98 pseudoterminals An unused UNIX 98 pseudoterminal master is opened by calling .BR posix_openpt (3). (This function opens the master clone device, @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ and a corresponding file, indicates how many pseudoterminals are currently in use. For further details on these two files, see .BR proc (5). -.SS "BSD pseudoterminals" +.SS BSD pseudoterminals BSD-style pseudoterminals are provided as precreated pairs, with names of the form .I /dev/ptyXY diff --git a/man7/rtnetlink.7 b/man7/rtnetlink.7 index 5ea3f1f3d..bcdb670b3 100644 --- a/man7/rtnetlink.7 +++ b/man7/rtnetlink.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ It is based on netlink messages; see .BR netlink (7) for more information. .\" FIXME ? all these macros could be moved to rtnetlink(3) -.SS "Routing attributes" +.SS Routing attributes Some rtnetlink messages have optional attributes after the initial header: .in +4n diff --git a/man7/signal.7 b/man7/signal.7 index 612daa780..2b08fdd4d 100644 --- a/man7/signal.7 +++ b/man7/signal.7 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ signal \- overview of signals .SH DESCRIPTION Linux supports both POSIX reliable signals (hereinafter "standard signals") and POSIX real-time signals. -.SS "Signal dispositions" +.SS Signal dispositions Each signal has a current .IR disposition , which determines how the process behaves when it is delivered @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ call is delivered to the caller. The buffer returned by .BR read (2) contains a structure describing the signal. -.SS "Signal mask and pending signals" +.SS Signal mask and pending signals A signal may be .IR blocked , which means that it will not be delivered until it is later unblocked. @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ A child created via initially has an empty pending signal set; the pending signal set is preserved across an .BR execve (2). -.SS "Standard signals" +.SS Standard signals Linux supports the standard signals listed below. Several signal numbers are architecture-dependent, as indicated in the "Value" column. @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ is synonymous with .\" parisc is the only exception: SIGSYS is 12, SIGUNUSED is 31 .B SIGSYS on most architectures. -.SS "Real-time signals" +.SS Real-time signals Linux supports real-time signals as originally defined in the POSIX.1b real-time extensions (and now included in POSIX.1-2001). The range of supported real-time signals is defined by the macros @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ resource limit, which specifies a per-user limit for queued signals; see .BR setrlimit (2) for further details. -.SS "Async-signal-safe functions" +.SS Async-signal-safe functions .PP A signal handler function must be very careful, since processing elsewhere may be interrupted diff --git a/man7/time.7 b/man7/time.7 index 18a31393c..e210c8d5e 100644 --- a/man7/time.7 +++ b/man7/time.7 @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ .SH NAME time \- overview of time and timers .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "Real time and process time" +.SS Real time and process time .I "Real time" is defined as time measured from some fixed point, either from a standard point in the past @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ A program can determine the amount of CPU time it has consumed using .BR getrusage (2), or .BR clock (3). -.SS "The hardware clock" +.SS The hardware clock Most computers have a (battery-powered) hardware clock which the kernel reads at boot time in order to initialize the software clock. For further details, see .BR rtc (4) and .BR hwclock (8). -.SS "The software clock, HZ, and jiffies" +.SS The software clock, HZ, and jiffies The accuracy of various system calls that set timeouts, (e.g., .BR select (2), @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ User-space applications can determine the value of this constant using .\" glibc gets this info with a little help from the ELF loader; .\" see glibc elf/dl-support.c and kernel fs/binfmt_elf.c. .\" -.SS "High-resolution timers" +.SS High-resolution timers Before Linux 2.6.21, the accuracy of timer and sleep system calls (see below) was also limited by the size of the jiffy. @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ or looking at the "resolution" entries in HRTs are not supported on all hardware architectures. (Support is provided on x86, arm, and powerpc, among others.) -.SS "The Epoch" +.SS The Epoch UNIX systems represent time in seconds since the .IR Epoch , 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC). @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ provides similar information, but only with accuracy to the nearest second. The system time can be changed using .BR settimeofday (2). -.SS "Broken-down time" +.SS Broken-down time Certain library functions use a structure of type .I tm @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ string representations of the time are described in .BR strftime (3), and .BR strptime (3). -.SS "Sleeping and setting timers" +.SS Sleeping and setting timers Various system calls and functions allow a program to sleep (suspend execution) for a specified period of time; see .BR nanosleep (2), diff --git a/man7/udp.7 b/man7/udp.7 index 139793fce..2c6348841 100644 --- a/man7/udp.7 +++ b/man7/udp.7 @@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ When turned off, UDP will fragment outgoing UDP packets that exceed the interface MTU. However, disabling it is not recommended for performance and reliability reasons. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format UDP uses the IPv4 .I sockaddr_in address format described in .BR ip (7). -.SS "Error handling" +.SS Error handling All fatal errors will be passed to the user as an error return even when the socket is not connected. This includes asynchronous errors @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Each UDP socket is able to use the size for sending data, even if total pages of UDP sockets exceed .I udp_mem pressure. -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options To set or get a UDP socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/udplite.7 b/man7/udplite.7 index dbbb11c99..bc356d757 100644 --- a/man7/udplite.7 +++ b/man7/udplite.7 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The UDP-Lite implementation is a full extension of .BR udp (7), i.e., it shares the same API and API behaviour, and in addition offers two socket options to control the checksum coverage. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format UDP-Litev4 uses the .I sockaddr_in address format described in @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ UDP-Litev6 uses the .I sockaddr_in6 address format described in .BR ipv6 (7). -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options To set or get a UDP-Lite socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/unicode.7 b/man7/unicode.7 index 64fcdf339..56513944f 100644 --- a/man7/unicode.7 +++ b/man7/unicode.7 @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ classic character set and the characters in the range 0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in .BR "ISO 8859-1 Latin-1" . -.SS "Combining characters" +.SS Combining characters Some code points in .B UCS have been assigned to @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ followed by a "combining diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308. Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the Thai script or for mathematical typesetting and users of the International Phonetic Alphabet. -.SS "Implementation levels" +.SS Implementation levels As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms like combining characters, ISO 10646-1 specifies the following three .I implementation levels @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ various characters. They provide guidelines and algorithms for editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying Unicode strings. -.SS "Unicode under Linux" +.SS Unicode under Linux Under GNU/Linux, the C type .I wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer type. @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ by some UTF-8 terminal emulators and ISO 10646 fonts (level 2), but in general precomposed characters should be preferred where available (Unicode calls this .BR "Normalization Form C" ). -.SS "Private area" +.SS Private area In the .BR BMP , the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will never be assigned to any characters by diff --git a/man7/uri.7 b/man7/uri.7 index 90b8119d3..0b4b67bd3 100644 --- a/man7/uri.7 +++ b/man7/uri.7 @@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ URNs are to be supported by the urn: scheme, with a hierarchical name space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented. Not all tools support all schemes. -.SS "Character encoding" +.SS Character encoding .PP URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and used in a variety of situations. @@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ then .IP 2. use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe octets. -.SS "Writing a URI" +.SS Writing a URI When written, URIs should be placed inside double quotes (e.g., "http://www.kernelnotes.org"), enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., ), diff --git a/man7/utf-8.7 b/man7/utf-8.7 index 1ba0b56fa..06dfb175c 100644 --- a/man7/utf-8.7 +++ b/man7/utf-8.7 @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ encoded as: .RS 11100010 10001001 10100000 = 0xe2 0x89 0xa0 .RE -.SS "Application notes" +.SS Application notes Users have to select a .B UTF-8 locale, for example with