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man2/_exit.2
24
man2/_exit.2
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _exit, _Exit \- terminate the current process
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.BI "void _Exit(int " status );
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The function
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.BR _exit()
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.BR _exit ()
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terminates the calling process "immediately". Any open file descriptors
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belonging to the process are closed; any children of the process are
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inherited by process 1,
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@ -56,38 +56,38 @@ can be collected using one of the
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family of calls.
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.LP
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The function
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.B _Exit()
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.BR _Exit ()
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is equivalent to
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.BR _exit() .
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.BR _exit ().
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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These functions do not return.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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SVr4, SVID, POSIX, X/OPEN, 4.3BSD.
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The function \fB_Exit()\fP was introduced by C99.
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The function \fB_Exit\fP() was introduced by C99.
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.SH NOTES
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For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of
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exit status, zombie processes, signals sent, etc., see
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.BR exit (3).
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.LP
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The function
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.B _exit()
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is like \fBexit()\fP, but does not call any
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.BR _exit ()
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is like \fBexit\fP(), but does not call any
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functions registered with
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.BR atexit()
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.BR atexit ()
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or
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.BR on_exit() .
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.BR on_exit ().
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Whether it flushes
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standard I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with
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.BR tmpfile (3)
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is implementation dependent.
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On the other hand,
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.B _exit()
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.BR _exit ()
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does close open file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay,
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waiting for pending output to finish. If the delay is undesired,
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it may be useful to call functions like \fItcflush()\fP before
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calling \fB_exit()\fP.
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it may be useful to call functions like \fItcflush\fP() before
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calling \fB_exit\fP().
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Whether any pending I/O is cancelled, and which pending I/O may be
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cancelled upon \fB_exit()\fP, is implementation-dependent.
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cancelled upon \fB_exit\fP(), is implementation-dependent.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR execve (2),
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.BR fork (2),
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@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ scheduled alarm.
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share the same timer; calls to one will interfere with use of the
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other.
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.PP
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.B sleep()
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.BR sleep ()
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may be implemented using
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.BR SIGALRM ;
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mixing calls to
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.B alarm()
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.BR alarm ()
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and
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.B sleep()
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.BR sleep ()
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is a bad idea.
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Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to
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@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ and inherited by child processes.
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The
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.I addr
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parameter of
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.B free_hugepages()
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.BR free_hugepages ()
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tells which page is being freed: it was the return value of a
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call to
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.BR alloc_hugepages() .
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.BR alloc_hugepages ().
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(The memory is first actually freed when all users have released it.)
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The
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.I addr
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parameter of
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.B alloc_hugepages()
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.BR alloc_hugepages ()
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is a hint, that the kernel may or may not follow.
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Addresses must be properly aligned.
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.LP
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@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
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This interface is marked as legacy by X/OPEN.
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.SH NOTES
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FreeBSD has a stronger
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.I jail()
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.IR jail ()
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system call.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR chdir (2),
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ execve \- execute program
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.BI "int execve(const char *" filename ", char *const " argv
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.BI "[], char *const " envp []);
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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\fBexecve()\fP executes the program pointed to by \fIfilename\fP.
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\fBexecve\fP() executes the program pointed to by \fIfilename\fP.
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\fIfilename\fP must be either a binary executable, or a script
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starting with a line of the form "\fB#! \fIinterpreter \fR[arg]".
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In the latter case, the interpreter must be a valid pathname for an
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pointer. The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the
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called program's main function, when it is defined as \fBint main(int
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argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\fR.
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\fBexecve()\fP does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and
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\fBexecve\fP() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and
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stack of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program
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loaded. The program invoked inherits the calling process's PID, and any
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open file descriptors that are not set to close on exec. Signals pending
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@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ the calling process are reset to their default behaviour.
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The SIGCHLD signal (when set to SIG_IGN) may or may not be reset to SIG_DFL.
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If the current program is being ptraced, a \fBSIGTRAP\fP is sent to it
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after a successful \fBexecve()\fP.
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after a successful \fBexecve\fP().
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If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by
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\fIfilename\fP, and the calling process is not being ptraced,
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@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ shared libraries. This interpreter is typically
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version 5, or \fI/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fR for binaries linked with the
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GNU libc version 2.
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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On success, \fBexecve()\fP does not return, on error \-1 is returned, and
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On success, \fBexecve\fP() does not return, on error \-1 is returned, and
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.I errno
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is set appropriately.
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.SH ERRORS
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@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
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document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
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EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
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.SH NOTES
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SUID and SGID processes can not be \fBptrace()\fPd.
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SUID and SGID processes can not be \fBptrace\fP()d.
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Linux ignores the SUID and SGID bits on scripts.
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@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ a #! executable shell script.
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.\" Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
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.\" interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
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.\" open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
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.\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve()\fP,
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.\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve\fP(),
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.\" that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
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.\" ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
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@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ In a SysV-like environment, one has the two types
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\fBmcontext_t\fP and \fBucontext_t\fP defined in
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.I <ucontext.h>
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and the four functions
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\fBgetcontext()\fP, \fBsetcontext()\fP, \fBmakecontext()\fP
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and \fBswapcontext()\fP
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\fBgetcontext\fP(), \fBsetcontext\fP(), \fBmakecontext\fP()
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and \fBswapcontext\fP()
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that allow user-level context switching between multiple
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threads of control within a process.
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.LP
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ with \fBsigset_t\fP and \fBstack_t\fP defined in
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.IR <signal.h> .
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Here \fIuc_link\fP points to the context that will be resumed
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when the current context terminates (in case the current context
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was created using \fBmakecontext()\fP), \fIuc_sigmask\fP is the
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was created using \fBmakecontext\fP()), \fIuc_sigmask\fP is the
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set of signals blocked in this context (see
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.BR sigprocmask (2)),
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\fIuc_stack\fP is the stack used by this context (see
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@ -66,24 +66,24 @@ and \fIuc_mcontext\fP is the
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machine-specific representation of the saved context,
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that includes the calling thread's machine registers.
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.LP
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The function \fBgetcontext()\fP initializes the structure
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The function \fBgetcontext\fP() initializes the structure
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pointed at by \fIucp\fP to the currently active context.
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.LP
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The function \fBsetcontext()\fP restores the user context
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The function \fBsetcontext\fP() restores the user context
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pointed at by \fIucp\fP. A successful call does not return.
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The context should have been obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext()\fP,
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or \fBmakecontext()\fP, or passed as third argument to a signal
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The context should have been obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext\fP(),
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or \fBmakecontext\fP(), or passed as third argument to a signal
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handler.
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.LP
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If the context was obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext()\fP,
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If the context was obtained by a call of \fBgetcontext\fP(),
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program execution continues as if this call just returned.
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.LP
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If the context was obtained by a call of \fBmakecontext()\fP,
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If the context was obtained by a call of \fBmakecontext\fP(),
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program execution continues by a call to the function \fIfunc\fP
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specified as the second argument of that call to \fBmakecontext()\fP.
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specified as the second argument of that call to \fBmakecontext\fP().
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When the function \fIfunc\fP returns, we continue with the
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\fIuc_link\fP member of the structure \fIucp\fP specified as the
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first argument of that call to \fBmakecontext()\fP.
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first argument of that call to \fBmakecontext\fP().
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When this member is NULL, the thread exits.
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.LP
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If the context was obtained by a call to a signal handler,
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@ -92,27 +92,27 @@ program instruction following the instruction interrupted
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by the signal". However, this sentence was removed in SUSv2,
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and the present verdict is "the result is unspecified".
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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When successful, \fBgetcontext()\fP returns 0 and \fBsetcontext()\fP
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When successful, \fBgetcontext\fP() returns 0 and \fBsetcontext\fP()
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does not return. On error, both return \-1 and set \fIerrno\fP
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appropriately.
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.SH ERRORS
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None defined.
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.SH NOTES
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The earliest incarnation of this mechanism was the
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\fIsetjmp()\fP/\fIlongjmp()\fP mechanism. Since that does not define
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\fIsetjmp\fP()/\fIlongjmp\fP() mechanism. Since that does not define
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the handling of the signal context, the next stage was the
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\fIsigsetjmp()\fP/\fIsiglongjmp()\fP pair.
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\fIsigsetjmp\fP()/\fIsiglongjmp\fP() pair.
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The present mechanism gives much more control. On the other hand,
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there is no easy way to detect whether a return from \fBgetcontext()\fP
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is from the first call, or via a \fBsetcontext()\fP call.
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there is no easy way to detect whether a return from \fBgetcontext\fP()
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is from the first call, or via a \fBsetcontext\fP() call.
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The user has to invent her own bookkeeping device, and a register
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variable won't do since registers are restored.
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.LP
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When a signal occurs, the current user context is saved and
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a new context is created by the kernel for the signal handler.
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Do not leave the handler using \fIlongjmp()\fP: it is undefined
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what would happen with contexts. Use \fIsiglongjmp()\fP or
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\fIsetcontext()\fP instead.
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Do not leave the handler using \fIlongjmp\fP(): it is undefined
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what would happen with contexts. Use \fIsiglongjmp\fP() or
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\fIsetcontext\fP() instead.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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SUSv2
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
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@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ gethostname, sethostname \- get/set host name
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These functions are used to access or to change the host name of the
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current processor.
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The
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.B gethostname()
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.BR gethostname ()
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function returns a NUL-terminated hostname (set earlier by
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.BR sethostname() )
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.BR sethostname ())
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in the array \fIname\fP that has a length of \fIlen\fP bytes.
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In case the NUL-terminated hostname does not fit, no error is
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returned, but the hostname is truncated. It is unspecified
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ getpagesize \- get memory page size
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.B int getpagesize(void);
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The function
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.B getpagesize()
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.BR getpagesize ()
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returns the number of bytes in a page, where a "page" is the thing
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used where it says in the description of
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.BR mmap (2)
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|
@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ This call first appeared in 4.2BSD.
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2.
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In SUSv2 the
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.B getpagesize()
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.BR getpagesize ()
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call is labeled "legacy", and in POSIX 1003.1-2001
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it has been dropped.
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HPUX does not have this call.
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.SH NOTES
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Whether
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.B getpagesize()
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.BR getpagesize ()
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is present as a Linux system call depends on the architecture.
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If it is, it returns the kernel symbol PAGE_SIZE,
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which is architecture and machine model dependent.
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ should not find PAGE_SIZE at compile time from a header file,
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but use an actual system call, at least for those architectures
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(like sun4) where this dependency exists.
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Here libc4, libc5, glibc 2.0 fail because their
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.B getpagesize()
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.BR getpagesize ()
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returns a statically derived value, and does not use a system call.
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Things are OK in glibc 2.1.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
|
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@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fails with the error
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A limit on the combined number of
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.BR flock ()
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locks and
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.BR fcntl()
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.BR fcntl ()
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leases that this process may establish.
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.TP
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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|
@ -331,11 +331,11 @@ points outside the accessible address space.
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is not valid.
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.TP
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.B EPERM
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An unprivileged process tried to use \fBsetrlimit()\fP to
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An unprivileged process tried to use \fBsetrlimit\fP() to
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increase a soft or hard limit above the current hard limit; the
|
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.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
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capability is required to do this.
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Or, the process tried to use \fBsetrlimit()\fP to increase
|
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Or, the process tried to use \fBsetrlimit\fP() to increase
|
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the soft or hard RLIMIT_NOFILE limit above the current kernel
|
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maximum (NR_OPEN).
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.SH BUGS
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|
|
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@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ These functions are always successful.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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POSIX, 4.3BSD.
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.SH HISTORY
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In Unix V6 the \fBgetuid()\fP call returned (euid << 8) + uid.
|
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Unix V7 introduced separate calls \fBgetuid()\fP and \fBgeteuid()\fP.
|
||||
In Unix V6 the \fBgetuid\fP() call returned (euid << 8) + uid.
|
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Unix V7 introduced separate calls \fBgetuid\fP() and \fBgeteuid\fP().
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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||||
.BR setreuid (2),
|
||||
.BR setuid (2)
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ipc \- System V IPC system calls
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.BI "int ipc(unsigned int " call ", int " first ", int " second ,
|
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.BI "int " third ", void *" ptr ", long " fifth );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B ipc()
|
||||
.BR ipc ()
|
||||
is a common kernel entry point for the System V IPC calls
|
||||
for messages, semaphores, and shared memory.
|
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.I call
|
||||
|
@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ the other arguments are passed through to the appropriate call.
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|||
.PP
|
||||
User programs should call the appropriate functions by their usual names.
|
||||
Only standard library implementors and kernel hackers need to know about
|
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.BR ipc() .
|
||||
.BR ipc ().
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
\fBipc()\fP is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
|
||||
\fBipc\fP() is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
|
||||
intended to be portable.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR msgctl (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ to any of the target processes.
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|||
The pid or process group does not exist.
|
||||
Note that an existing process might be a zombie,
|
||||
a process which already committed termination, but
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||||
has not yet been \fBwait()\fPed for.
|
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has not yet been \fBwait\fP()ed for.
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.SH NOTES
|
||||
The only signals that can be sent task number one, the
|
||||
.I init
|
||||
|
@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ Linux allows a process to signal itself, but on Linux the call
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
POSIX 1003.1-2003 requires that if a process sends a signal to itself,
|
||||
and that process does not have the signal blocked, and no other thread
|
||||
has it unblocked or is waiting for it in \fIsigwait()\fP, at least one
|
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has it unblocked or is waiting for it in \fIsigwait\fP(), at least one
|
||||
unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the
|
||||
call of \fIkill()\fP returns.
|
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call of \fIkill\fP() returns.
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.SH "LINUX HISTORY"
|
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Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules
|
||||
for the permissions required for an unprivileged process
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ The function
|
|||
is available since Linux 2.3.31.
|
||||
It is Linux specific, and should be avoided in portable applications.
|
||||
See also the
|
||||
.I mmap64()
|
||||
.IR mmap64 ()
|
||||
function that is part of the LFS (Large File Summit).
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR getpagesize (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ SVr4, SVID.
|
|||
.SH NOTE
|
||||
The pointer argument is declared as \fIstruct msgbuf *\fP with
|
||||
libc4, libc5, glibc 2.0, glibc 2.1. It is declared as \fIvoid *\fP
|
||||
(\fIconst void *\fP for \fImsgsnd()\fP) with glibc 2.2, following the SUSv2.
|
||||
(\fIconst void *\fP for \fImsgsnd\fP()) with glibc 2.2, following the SUSv2.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR msgctl (2),
|
||||
.BR msgget (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ locking tasks will contain a race condition. The solution for performing
|
|||
atomic file locking using a lockfile is to create a unique file on
|
||||
the same file system (e.g., incorporating hostname and pid), use
|
||||
.BR link (2)
|
||||
to make a link to the lockfile. If \fBlink()\fP returns 0, the lock is
|
||||
to make a link to the lockfile. If \fBlink\fP() returns 0, the lock is
|
||||
successful. Otherwise, use
|
||||
.BR stat (2)
|
||||
on the unique file to check if its link count has increased to 2,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pread, pwrite \- read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offset
|
|||
.BI "ssize_t pwrite(int " fd ", const void *" buf ", size_t " count ", off_t " offset );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B pread()
|
||||
.BR pread ()
|
||||
reads up to
|
||||
.I count
|
||||
bytes from file descriptor
|
||||
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ at offset
|
|||
.IR buf .
|
||||
The file offset is not changed.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.B pwrite()
|
||||
.BR pwrite ()
|
||||
writes up to
|
||||
.I count
|
||||
bytes from the buffer starting at
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ read \- read from a file descriptor
|
|||
.BI "ssize_t read(int " fd ", void *" buf ", size_t " count );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B read()
|
||||
.BR read ()
|
||||
attempts to read up to
|
||||
.I count
|
||||
bytes from file descriptor
|
||||
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ into the buffer starting at
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I count
|
||||
is zero, \fBread()\fP returns zero and has no other results.
|
||||
is zero, \fBread\fP() returns zero and has no other results.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I count
|
||||
is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the result is unspecified.
|
||||
|
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ It is not an error if this number is smaller than the number of bytes
|
|||
requested; this may happen for example because fewer bytes are actually
|
||||
available right now (maybe because we were close to end-of-file, or
|
||||
because we are reading from a pipe, or from a terminal), or because
|
||||
\fBread()\fP was interrupted by a signal.
|
||||
\fBread\fP() was interrupted by a signal.
|
||||
On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set appropriately. In this case it is left unspecified whether
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ readahead \- perform file readahead into page cache
|
|||
.BI "ssize_t readahead(int " fd ", off64_t *" offset ", size_t " count );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
populates the page cache with data from a file so that subsequent
|
||||
reads from that file will not block on disk I/O.
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ is effectively rounded down to a page boundary
|
|||
and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or
|
||||
equal to
|
||||
.IR "(offset+count)" .
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
does not read beyond the end of the file.
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
blocks until the specified data has been read.
|
||||
The current file offset of the open file referred to by
|
||||
.I fd
|
||||
is left unchanged.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
On success,
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
returns 0; on failure, \-1 is returned, with
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
set to indicate the cause of the error.
|
||||
|
@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ does not refer to a file type to which
|
|||
can be applied.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
system call is Linux specific, and its use should be avoided
|
||||
in portable applications.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B readahead()
|
||||
.BR readahead ()
|
||||
system call appeared in Linux 2.4.13.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR fadvise (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ remap_file_pages \- create a non-linear file mapping
|
|||
.BI "ssize_t " pgoff ", int " flags );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
system call is used to create a non-linear mapping, that is, a mapping
|
||||
in which the pages of the file are mapped into a non-sequential order
|
||||
in memory.
|
||||
The advantage of using
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
over using repeated calls to
|
||||
.BR mmap (2)
|
||||
is that the former approach does not require the kernel to create
|
||||
|
@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ To create a non-linear mapping we perform the following steps:
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
\fB1.\fp
|
||||
Use
|
||||
.B mmap()
|
||||
.BR mmap ()
|
||||
to create a mapping (which is initially linear).
|
||||
This mapping must be created with the
|
||||
MAP_SHARED flag.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB2.\fp
|
||||
Use one or more calls to
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
to rearrange the correspondence between the pages of the mapping
|
||||
and the pages of the file.
|
||||
It is possible to map the same page of a file
|
||||
|
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Thus,
|
|||
.I start
|
||||
must be an address that falls within
|
||||
a region previously mapped by a call to
|
||||
.BR mmap() .
|
||||
.BR mmap ().
|
||||
Second,
|
||||
.I start
|
||||
specifies the address at which the file pages
|
||||
|
@ -109,18 +109,18 @@ argument must be specified as 0.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I flags
|
||||
argument has the same meaning as for
|
||||
.BR mmap() ,
|
||||
.BR mmap (),
|
||||
but all flags other than MAP_NONBLOCK are ignored.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
On success,
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
returns 0.
|
||||
On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set appropriately.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
system call appeared in Linux 2.5.46.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ is invalid.
|
|||
.\" And possibly others from vma->vm_ops->populate()
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B remap_file_pages()
|
||||
.BR remap_file_pages ()
|
||||
system call is Linux specific.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR getpagesize (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ I can't see the use for it in a clean program.
|
|||
This set is watched to see if data is available for reading from any of
|
||||
its file descriptors. After \fBselect\fP() has returned, \fIreadfds\fP will be
|
||||
cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that
|
||||
are immediately available for reading with a \fBrecv()\fP (for sockets) or
|
||||
\fBread()\fP (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
|
||||
are immediately available for reading with a \fBrecv\fP() (for sockets) or
|
||||
\fBread\fP() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fIwritefds\fP
|
||||
This set is watched to see if there is space to write data to any of
|
||||
its file descriptor. After \fBselect\fP() has returned, \fIwritefds\fP will be
|
||||
cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that
|
||||
are immediately available for writing with a \fBsend()\fP (for sockets) or
|
||||
\fBwrite()\fP (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
|
||||
are immediately available for writing with a \fBsend\fP() (for sockets) or
|
||||
\fBwrite\fP() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fIexceptfds\fP
|
||||
This set is watched for exceptions or errors on any of the file
|
||||
|
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ is data sent on a socket using the \fBMSG_OOB\fP flag, and hence
|
|||
\fBsend\fP(2) about this. After \fBselect\fP() has returned,
|
||||
\fIexceptfds\fP will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those
|
||||
descriptors that are available for reading OOB data. You can only ever
|
||||
read one byte of OOB data though (which is done with \fBrecv()\fP), and
|
||||
read one byte of OOB data though (which is done with \fBrecv\fP()), and
|
||||
writing OOB data (done with \fBsend\fP) can be done at any time and will
|
||||
not block. Hence there is no need for a fourth set to check if a socket
|
||||
is available for writing OOB data.
|
||||
|
@ -559,10 +559,10 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
|||
The above program properly forwards most kinds of TCP connections
|
||||
including OOB signal data transmitted by \fBtelnet\fP servers. It
|
||||
handles the tricky problem of having data flow in both directions
|
||||
simultaneously. You might think it more efficient to use a \fBfork()\fP
|
||||
simultaneously. You might think it more efficient to use a \fBfork\fP()
|
||||
call and devote a thread to each stream. This becomes more tricky than
|
||||
you might suspect. Another idea is to set non-blocking IO using an
|
||||
\fBioctl()\fP call. This also has its problems because you end up having
|
||||
\fBioctl\fP() call. This also has its problems because you end up having
|
||||
to have inefficient timeouts.
|
||||
|
||||
The program does not handle more than one simultaneous connection at a
|
||||
|
@ -603,8 +603,8 @@ for writing \fImust\fP be written to, and any file descriptor
|
|||
available for reading \fImust\fP be read, etc.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB5.\fP
|
||||
The functions \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and
|
||||
\fBsend()\fP do \fInot\fP necessarily read/write the full amount of data
|
||||
The functions \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and
|
||||
\fBsend\fP() do \fInot\fP necessarily read/write the full amount of data
|
||||
that you have requested. If they do read/write the full amount, its
|
||||
because you have a low traffic load and a fast stream. This is not
|
||||
always going to be the case. You should cope with the case of your
|
||||
|
@ -619,8 +619,8 @@ easily be made as large as the maximum possible packet size on your
|
|||
local network.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB7.\fP
|
||||
The functions \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and
|
||||
\fBsend()\fP as well as the \fBselect()\fP call can return \-1 with an
|
||||
The functions \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and
|
||||
\fBsend\fP() as well as the \fBselect\fP() call can return \-1 with an
|
||||
errno of \fBEINTR\fP or \fBEAGAIN\fP (\fBEWOULDBLOCK\fP) which are not
|
||||
errors. These results must be properly managed (not done properly
|
||||
above). If your program is not going to receive any signals then
|
||||
|
@ -629,14 +629,14 @@ set non-blocking IO, you will not get \fBEAGAIN\fP. Nonetheless
|
|||
you should still cope with these errors for completeness.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB8.\fP
|
||||
Never call \fBread()\fP, \fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, or \fBsend()\fP
|
||||
Never call \fBread\fP(), \fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), or \fBsend\fP()
|
||||
with a buffer length of zero.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB9.\fP
|
||||
Except as indicated in \fB7.\fP, the functions \fBread()\fP,
|
||||
\fBrecv()\fP, \fBwrite()\fP, and \fBsend()\fP never have a return value
|
||||
Except as indicated in \fB7.\fP, the functions \fBread\fP(),
|
||||
\fBrecv\fP(), \fBwrite\fP(), and \fBsend\fP() never have a return value
|
||||
less than 1 except if an error has occurred. For instance, a
|
||||
\fBread()\fP on a pipe where the other end has died returns zero (so
|
||||
\fBread\fP() on a pipe where the other end has died returns zero (so
|
||||
does an end-of-file error), \fIbut\fP only returns zero
|
||||
once (a followup read or write will return \-1). Should
|
||||
any of these functions return 0 or \-1, you should \fInot\fP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ If
|
|||
is zero, the process ID of the current process is used.
|
||||
|
||||
The call
|
||||
.B setpgrp()
|
||||
.BR setpgrp ()
|
||||
is equivalent to
|
||||
.BR setpgid(0,0) .
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly,
|
||||
.B getpgrp()
|
||||
.BR getpgrp ()
|
||||
is equivalent to
|
||||
.BR getpgid(0) .
|
||||
Each process group is a member of a session and each process is a
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ When the critical code has completed, the caller then waits for the
|
|||
signals by calling
|
||||
.BR sigsuspend ()
|
||||
with the signal mask that was returned by
|
||||
.BR sigprocmask()
|
||||
.BR sigprocmask ()
|
||||
(in the
|
||||
.IR oldset
|
||||
argument).
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ when NFS-exported, and giving it out is a security concern.
|
|||
Under some OSes the
|
||||
.I fsid
|
||||
can be used as second parameter to the
|
||||
.I sysfs()
|
||||
.IR sysfs ()
|
||||
system call.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The kernel has system calls statfs, fstatfs, statfs64, fstatfs64
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ stime \- set time
|
|||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fBstime\fP() sets the system's idea of the time and date. Time, pointed
|
||||
to by \fIt\fP, is measured in seconds from 00:00:00 GMT January 1, 1970.
|
||||
\fBstime()\fP may only be executed by the superuser.
|
||||
\fBstime\fP() may only be executed by the superuser.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ This function is always successful.
|
|||
SVr4, SVID, X/OPEN, 4.3BSD
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
According to the standard specification (e.g., SVID),
|
||||
\fBsync()\fP schedules the writes, but may return before the actual
|
||||
\fBsync\fP() schedules the writes, but may return before the actual
|
||||
writing is done.
|
||||
However, since version 1.3.20 Linux does actually wait.
|
||||
(This still does not guarantee data integrity: modern disks have
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call
|
|||
with number __NR_xxx defined in
|
||||
.I /usr/include/asm/unistd.h
|
||||
can be found in the kernel source in the routine
|
||||
.IR sys_xxx() .
|
||||
.IR sys_xxx ().
|
||||
(The dispatch table for i386 can be found in
|
||||
.IR /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S .)
|
||||
There are many exceptions, however, mostly because
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ syslog, klogctl \- read and/or clear kernel message ring buffer; set console_log
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
If you need the libc function
|
||||
.BR syslog() ,
|
||||
.BR syslog (),
|
||||
(that talks to
|
||||
.BR syslogd (8)),
|
||||
then look at
|
||||
.BR syslog (3).
|
||||
The system call of this name is about controlling the kernel
|
||||
.I printk()
|
||||
.IR printk ()
|
||||
buffer, and the glibc version is called
|
||||
.BR klogctl() .
|
||||
.BR klogctl ().
|
||||
|
||||
The \fItype\fP argument determines the action taken by this function.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ The file specified by
|
|||
is not an executable of known type,
|
||||
e.g., does not have the correct magic numbers.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
\fBuselib()\fP is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
|
||||
\fBuselib\fP() is Linux specific, and should not be used in programs
|
||||
intended to be portable.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
\fBuselib()\fP was used by early libc startup code to load
|
||||
\fBuselib\fP() was used by early libc startup code to load
|
||||
the shared libraries with names found in an array of names
|
||||
in the binary.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ bytes to the file referenced by the file descriptor
|
|||
.I fd
|
||||
from the buffer starting at
|
||||
.IR buf .
|
||||
POSIX requires that a \fBread()\fP which can be proved to occur after a
|
||||
\fBwrite()\fP has returned returns the new data. Note that not all file
|
||||
POSIX requires that a \fBread\fP() which can be proved to occur after a
|
||||
\fBwrite\fP() has returned returns the new data. Note that not all file
|
||||
systems are POSIX conforming.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
On success, the number of bytes written are returned (zero indicates
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ abort \- cause abnormal program termination
|
|||
.B void abort(void);
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBabort()\fP function causes abnormal program termination unless
|
||||
The \fBabort\fP() function causes abnormal program termination unless
|
||||
the signal SIGABRT is caught and the signal handler does not return.
|
||||
If the \fBabort()\fP function causes program termination, all open
|
||||
If the \fBabort\fP() function causes program termination, all open
|
||||
streams are closed and flushed.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
If the SIGABRT signal is blocked or ignored, the \fBabort()\fP
|
||||
If the SIGABRT signal is blocked or ignored, the \fBabort\fP()
|
||||
function will still override it.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBabort()\fP function never returns.
|
||||
The \fBabort\fP() function never returns.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99)
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
20
man3/abs.3
20
man3/abs.3
|
@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ abs, labs, llabs, imaxabs \- compute the absolute value of an integer
|
|||
.BI "intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t " j );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBabs()\fP function computes the absolute value of the integer
|
||||
argument \fIj\fP. The \fBlabs()\fP, \fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP
|
||||
The \fBabs\fP() function computes the absolute value of the integer
|
||||
argument \fIj\fP. The \fBlabs\fP(), \fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP()
|
||||
functions compute the absolute value of the argument \fIj\fP of the
|
||||
appropriate integer type for the function.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
|
@ -56,23 +56,23 @@ Returns the absolute value of the integer argument, of the appropriate
|
|||
integer type for the function.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX.1, 4.3BSD, ISO/IEC 9899 (C99). POSIX.1 (1996 edition) only
|
||||
requires the \fBabs()\fP function. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) only
|
||||
includes the \fBabs()\fP and \fBlabs()\fP functions; the functions
|
||||
\fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP were added in C99.
|
||||
requires the \fBabs\fP() function. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) only
|
||||
includes the \fBabs\fP() and \fBlabs\fP() functions; the functions
|
||||
\fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP() were added in C99.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
Trying to take the absolute value of the most negative integer
|
||||
is not defined.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBllabs()\fP function is included in glibc since version 2.0, but
|
||||
is not in libc5 or libc4. The \fBimaxabs()\fP function is included in
|
||||
The \fBllabs\fP() function is included in glibc since version 2.0, but
|
||||
is not in libc5 or libc4. The \fBimaxabs\fP() function is included in
|
||||
glibc since version 2.1.1.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
For \fBllabs()\fP to be declared, it may be necessary to define
|
||||
For \fBllabs\fP() to be declared, it may be necessary to define
|
||||
\fB_ISOC99_SOURCE\fP or \fB_ISOC9X_SOURCE\fP (depending on the
|
||||
version of glibc) before including any standard headers.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
GCC handles \fBabs()\fP and \fBlabs()\fP as builtin functions. GCC
|
||||
3.0 also handles \fBllabs()\fP and \fBimaxabs()\fP as builtins.
|
||||
GCC handles \fBabs\fP() and \fBlabs\fP() as builtin functions. GCC
|
||||
3.0 also handles \fBllabs\fP() and \fBimaxabs\fP() as builtins.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR cabs (3),
|
||||
.BR ceil (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ acos, acosf, acosl \- arc cosine function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBacos()\fP function calculates the arc cosine of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
The \fBacos\fP() function calculates the arc cosine of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
the value whose cosine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP falls outside the range
|
||||
\-1 to 1, \fBacos()\fP fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
\-1 to 1, \fBacos\fP() fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBacos()\fP function returns the arc cosine in radians and the
|
||||
The \fBacos\fP() function returns the arc cosine in radians and the
|
||||
value is mathematically defined to be between 0 and PI (inclusive).
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ acosh, acoshf, acoshl \- inverse hyperbolic cosine function
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBacosh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of
|
||||
The \fBacosh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of
|
||||
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic cosine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP
|
||||
is less than 1.0, \fBacosh()\fP returns not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP
|
||||
is less than 1.0, \fBacosh\fP() returns not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP
|
||||
is set.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ so that
|
|||
.BR free (3)
|
||||
can be used to dispose of them again.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_add()
|
||||
.BR argz_add ()
|
||||
adds the string
|
||||
.I str
|
||||
at the end of the array
|
||||
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ and updates
|
|||
and
|
||||
.RI * argz_len .
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_add_sep()
|
||||
.BR argz_add_sep ()
|
||||
is similar, but splits the string
|
||||
.I str
|
||||
into substrings separated by the delimiter
|
||||
|
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ into substrings separated by the delimiter
|
|||
For example, one might use this on a Unix search path with
|
||||
delimiter ':'.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_append()
|
||||
.BR argz_append ()
|
||||
appends the argz vector
|
||||
.RI ( buf , buf_len )
|
||||
after
|
||||
|
@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ and
|
|||
will be increased by
|
||||
.IR buf_len .)
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_count()
|
||||
.BR argz_count ()
|
||||
counts the number of strings, that is, the number of NUL bytes, in
|
||||
.RI ( argz , argz_len ).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_create()
|
||||
.BR argz_create ()
|
||||
converts a Unix-style argument vector
|
||||
.IR argv ,
|
||||
terminated by (char *) 0, into an argz vector
|
||||
.RI (* argz ,* argz_len ).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_create_sep()
|
||||
.BR argz_create_sep ()
|
||||
converts the NUL-terminated string
|
||||
.I str
|
||||
into an argz vector
|
||||
|
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ into an argz vector
|
|||
by breaking it up at every occurrence of the separator
|
||||
.IR sep .
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_delete()
|
||||
.BR argz_delete ()
|
||||
removes the substring pointed to by
|
||||
.I entry
|
||||
from the argz vector
|
||||
|
@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ and updates
|
|||
and
|
||||
.RI * argz_len .
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_extract()
|
||||
.BR argz_extract ()
|
||||
is the opposite of
|
||||
.BR argz_create() .
|
||||
.BR argz_create ().
|
||||
It takes the argz vector
|
||||
.RI ( argz , argz_len )
|
||||
and fills the array starting at
|
||||
|
@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ must have room for
|
|||
.IR argz_count ( argz , argz_len ") + 1"
|
||||
pointers.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_insert()
|
||||
.BR argz_insert ()
|
||||
is the opposite of
|
||||
.BR argz_delete() .
|
||||
.BR argz_delete ().
|
||||
It inserts the argument
|
||||
.I entry
|
||||
at position
|
||||
|
@ -172,13 +172,13 @@ is NULL, then
|
|||
.I entry
|
||||
will inserted at the end.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_next()
|
||||
.BR argz_next ()
|
||||
is a function to step trough the argz vector. If
|
||||
.I entry
|
||||
is NULL, the first entry is returned. Otherwise, the entry
|
||||
following is returned. It returns NULL if there is no following entry.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_replace()
|
||||
.BR argz_replace ()
|
||||
replaces each occurrence of
|
||||
.I str
|
||||
with
|
||||
|
@ -189,9 +189,9 @@ is non-NULL,
|
|||
.RI * replace_count
|
||||
will be incremented by the number of replacements.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B argz_stringify()
|
||||
.BR argz_stringify ()
|
||||
is the opposite of
|
||||
.BR argz_create_sep() .
|
||||
.BR argz_create_sep ().
|
||||
It transforms the argz vector into a normal string by replacing
|
||||
all NULs except the last by
|
||||
.IR sep .
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ asin, asinf, asinl \- arc sine function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBasin()\fP function calculates the arc sine of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
The \fBasin\fP() function calculates the arc sine of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
the value whose sine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP falls outside the range
|
||||
\-1 to 1, \fBasin()\fP fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
\-1 to 1, \fBasin\fP() fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBasin()\fP function returns the arc sine in radians and the
|
||||
The \fBasin\fP() function returns the arc sine in radians and the
|
||||
value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2
|
||||
(inclusive).
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ asinh, asinhf, asinhl \- inverse hyperbolic sine function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBasinh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of
|
||||
The \fBasinh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of
|
||||
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic sine is \fIx\fP.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ If the macro
|
|||
was defined at the moment
|
||||
.B <assert.h>
|
||||
was last included, the macro
|
||||
.B assert()
|
||||
.BR assert ()
|
||||
generates no code, and hence does nothing at all.
|
||||
Otherwise, the macro
|
||||
.B assert()
|
||||
.BR assert ()
|
||||
prints an error message to standard error and terminates the program
|
||||
by calling
|
||||
.B abort()
|
||||
.BR abort ()
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I expression
|
||||
is false (i.e., compares equal to zero).
|
||||
|
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ and undefined behavior results if it is not, but in the 1999 standard
|
|||
it may have any scalar type.
|
||||
.\" See Defect Report 107 for more details.
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
.B assert()
|
||||
.BR assert ()
|
||||
is implemented as a macro; if the expression tested has side-effects,
|
||||
program behaviour will be different depending on whether
|
||||
.B NDEBUG
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ If the macro
|
|||
was defined at the moment
|
||||
.B <assert.h>
|
||||
was last included, the macro
|
||||
.B assert_perror()
|
||||
.BR assert_perror ()
|
||||
generates no code, and hence does nothing at all.
|
||||
Otherwise, the macro
|
||||
.B assert_perror()
|
||||
.BR assert_perror ()
|
||||
prints an error message to standard output and terminates the program
|
||||
by calling
|
||||
.B abort()
|
||||
.BR abort ()
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I errnum
|
||||
is non-zero. The message contains the filename, function name and
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ atan, atanf, atanl \- arc tangent function
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBatan()\fP function calculates the arc tangent of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
The \fBatan\fP() function calculates the arc tangent of \fIx\fP; that is
|
||||
the value whose tangent is \fIx\fP.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBatan()\fP function returns the arc tangent in radians and the
|
||||
The \fBatan\fP() function returns the arc tangent in radians and the
|
||||
value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2
|
||||
(inclusive).
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ atan2, atan2f, atan2l \- arc tangent function of two variables
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBatan2()\fP function calculates the arc tangent of the two
|
||||
The \fBatan2\fP() function calculates the arc tangent of the two
|
||||
variables \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP. It is similar to calculating the
|
||||
arc tangent of \fIy\fP / \fIx\fP, except that the signs of both
|
||||
arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBatan2()\fP function returns the result in radians, which
|
||||
The \fBatan2\fP() function returns the result in radians, which
|
||||
is between \-PI and PI (inclusive).
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ atanh, atanhf, atanhl \- inverse hyperbolic tangent function
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBatanh()\fP function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of
|
||||
The \fBatanh\fP() function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of
|
||||
\fIx\fP; that is the value whose hyperbolic tangent is \fIx\fP. If the
|
||||
absolute value of \fIx\fP is greater than 1.0, \fBatanh()\fP returns
|
||||
absolute value of \fIx\fP is greater than 1.0, \fBatanh\fP() returns
|
||||
not-a-number (NaN) and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ atof \- convert a string to a double
|
|||
.BI "double atof(const char *" nptr );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBatof()\fP function converts the initial portion of the string
|
||||
The \fBatof\fP() function converts the initial portion of the string
|
||||
pointed to by \fInptr\fP to double. The behaviour is the same as
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
.B strtod(nptr, (char **)NULL);
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
except that \fBatof()\fP does not detect errors.
|
||||
except that \fBatof\fP() does not detect errors.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The converted value.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
18
man3/atoi.3
18
man3/atoi.3
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ atoi, atol, atoll, atoq \- convert a string to an integer
|
|||
.BI "long long atoq(const char *" nptr );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBatoi()\fP function converts the initial portion of the string
|
||||
The \fBatoi\fP() function converts the initial portion of the string
|
||||
pointed to by \fInptr\fP to
|
||||
.IR int .
|
||||
The behaviour is the same as
|
||||
|
@ -53,23 +53,23 @@ The behaviour is the same as
|
|||
.B strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10);
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
except that \fBatoi()\fP does not detect errors.
|
||||
except that \fBatoi\fP() does not detect errors.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBatol()\fP and \fBatoll()\fP functions behave the same as
|
||||
\fBatoi()\fR, except that they convert the initial portion of the
|
||||
The \fBatol\fP() and \fBatoll\fP() functions behave the same as
|
||||
\fBatoi\fR(), except that they convert the initial portion of the
|
||||
string to their return type of \fIlong\fP or \fIlong long\fP.
|
||||
\fBatoq()\fP is an obsolete name for \fBatoll()\fP.
|
||||
\fBatoq\fP() is an obsolete name for \fBatoll\fP().
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The converted value.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX.1, 4.3BSD, ISO/IEC 9899. ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C89) and
|
||||
POSIX.1 (1996 edition) include the functions \fBatoi()\fP and
|
||||
\fBatol()\fP only; C99 adds the function \fBatoll()\fP.
|
||||
POSIX.1 (1996 edition) include the functions \fBatoi\fP() and
|
||||
\fBatol\fP() only; C99 adds the function \fBatoll\fP().
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The non-standard \fBatoq()\fP function is not present in libc 4.6.27
|
||||
The non-standard \fBatoq\fP() function is not present in libc 4.6.27
|
||||
or glibc 2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an
|
||||
inline function in \fB<stdlib.h>\fP until libc 5.4.44). The
|
||||
\fBatoll()\fP function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
|
||||
\fBatoll\fP() function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
|
||||
not in libc4 or libc5.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR atof (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ bcmp \- compare byte sequences
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B bcmp()
|
||||
.BR bcmp ()
|
||||
function compares the two byte sequences
|
||||
.I s1
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ of length
|
|||
each. If they are equal, and in particular if
|
||||
.I n
|
||||
is zero,
|
||||
.B bcmp()
|
||||
.BR bcmp ()
|
||||
returns 0. Otherwise it returns a non-zero result.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B bcmp()
|
||||
.BR bcmp ()
|
||||
function returns 0 if the byte sequences are equal,
|
||||
otherwise a non-zero result is returned.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ bcopy \- copy byte sequence
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B bcopy()
|
||||
.BR bcopy ()
|
||||
function copies
|
||||
.I n
|
||||
bytes from
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ bindresvport \- bind a socket to a privileged IP port
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B bindresvport()
|
||||
.BR bindresvport ()
|
||||
is used to bind a socket descriptor to a privileged
|
||||
.SM IP
|
||||
port, that is, a
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ bsearch \- binary search of a sorted array
|
|||
.RE
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBbsearch()\fP function searches an array of \fInmemb\fP objects,
|
||||
The \fBbsearch\fP() function searches an array of \fInmemb\fP objects,
|
||||
the initial member of which is pointed to by \fIbase\fP, for a member
|
||||
that matches the object pointed to by \fIkey\fP. The size of each member
|
||||
of the array is specified by \fIsize\fP.
|
||||
|
@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the \fIkey\fP object is found,
|
|||
respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than the array
|
||||
member.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBbsearch()\fP function returns a pointer to a matching member of the
|
||||
The \fBbsearch\fP() function returns a pointer to a matching member of the
|
||||
array, or NULL if no match is found. If there are multiple elements that
|
||||
match the key, the element returned is unspecified.
|
||||
.SH EXAMPLE
|
||||
The example below first sorts an array of structures using
|
||||
.BR qsort (3),
|
||||
then retrieves desired elements using
|
||||
.BR bsearch() .
|
||||
.BR bsearch ().
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,16 +44,16 @@ byte order
|
|||
.BI "uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t " netshort );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBhtonl()\fP function converts the unsigned integer \fIhostlong\fP
|
||||
The \fBhtonl\fP() function converts the unsigned integer \fIhostlong\fP
|
||||
from host byte order to network byte order.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBhtons()\fP function converts the unsigned short integer \fIhostshort\fP
|
||||
The \fBhtons\fP() function converts the unsigned short integer \fIhostshort\fP
|
||||
from host byte order to network byte order.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBntohl()\fP function converts the unsigned integer \fInetlong\fP
|
||||
The \fBntohl\fP() function converts the unsigned integer \fInetlong\fP
|
||||
from network byte order to host byte order.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBntohs()\fP function converts the unsigned short integer \fInetshort\fP
|
||||
The \fBntohs\fP() function converts the unsigned short integer \fInetshort\fP
|
||||
from network byte order to host byte order.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
On the i80x86 the host byte order is Least Significant Byte first,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ bzero \- write zero bytes
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B bzero()
|
||||
.BR bzero ()
|
||||
function sets the first
|
||||
.I n
|
||||
bytes of the byte area starting at
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ catgets \- get message from a message catalog
|
|||
.BI "char *catgets(nl_catd " catalog ", int " set_number ,
|
||||
.BI "int " message_number ", const char *" message );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B catgets()
|
||||
.BR catgets ()
|
||||
reads the message
|
||||
.IR message_number ,
|
||||
in set
|
||||
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ is a catalog descriptor returned from an earlier call to
|
|||
The fourth argument
|
||||
.I message
|
||||
points to a default message string which will be returned by
|
||||
.B catgets()
|
||||
.BR catgets ()
|
||||
if the identified message catalog is not currently available. The
|
||||
message-text is contained in an internal buffer area and should be copied by
|
||||
the application if it is to be saved or modified. The return string is
|
||||
|
@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ always terminated with a null byte.
|
|||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
On success,
|
||||
.B catgets()
|
||||
.BR catgets ()
|
||||
returns a pointer to an internal buffer area
|
||||
containing the null-terminated message string.
|
||||
On failure,
|
||||
.B catgets()
|
||||
.BR catgets ()
|
||||
returns the value
|
||||
.IR message .
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ catopen, catclose \- open/close a message catalog
|
|||
.BI "int catclose(nl_catd " catalog );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B catopen()
|
||||
.BR catopen ()
|
||||
opens a message catalog and returns a catalog descriptor.
|
||||
The descriptor remains valid until catclose() or exec().
|
||||
If a file descriptor is used to implement catalog descriptors
|
||||
|
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ open catalog descriptors.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I flag
|
||||
argument to
|
||||
.B catopen()
|
||||
.BR catopen ()
|
||||
is used to indicate the source for the language to use.
|
||||
If it is set to
|
||||
.B NL_CAT_LOCALE
|
||||
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Otherwise it will use the
|
|||
environment variable.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B catclose()
|
||||
.BR catclose ()
|
||||
closes the message catalog identified by
|
||||
.IR catalog .
|
||||
It invalidates any subsequent references to the message catalog
|
||||
|
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ defined by
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B catopen()
|
||||
.BR catopen ()
|
||||
returns a message catalog descriptor of type
|
||||
.I nl_catd
|
||||
on success.
|
||||
|
@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ and sets
|
|||
.I errno
|
||||
to indicate the error. The possible error values include all
|
||||
possible values for the
|
||||
.I open()
|
||||
.IR open ()
|
||||
call.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B catclose()
|
||||
.BR catclose ()
|
||||
returns 0 on success, or \-1 on failure.
|
||||
.SH ENVIRONMENT
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ is a mmap()'ed area of memory and not a file descriptor.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I flag
|
||||
argument to
|
||||
.B catopen()
|
||||
.BR catopen ()
|
||||
should be either
|
||||
.B MCLoadBySet
|
||||
(=0) or
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ cbrt, cbrtf, cbrtl \- cube root function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBcbrt()\fP function returns the (real) cube root of \fIx\fP.
|
||||
The \fBcbrt\fP() function returns the (real) cube root of \fIx\fP.
|
||||
This function cannot fail; every representable real value has a
|
||||
representable real cube root.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
.B cbrt()
|
||||
.BR cbrt ()
|
||||
was a GNU extension. It is now a C99 requirement.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR pow (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ the maximum value of the exponent is 128 (resp. 1024), and the number
|
|||
of mantissa bits is 24 (resp. 53).)
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B ceil()
|
||||
.BR ceil ()
|
||||
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
The other functions are from C99.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
16
man3/cfree.3
16
man3/cfree.3
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ This function should never be used. Use
|
|||
instead.
|
||||
.SS "1-arg cfree"
|
||||
In glibc, the function
|
||||
.B cfree()
|
||||
.BR cfree ()
|
||||
is a synonym for
|
||||
.BR free (3),
|
||||
"added for compatibility with SunOS".
|
||||
|
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ and sometimes in
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
.SS "3-arg cfree"
|
||||
Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument
|
||||
.BR cfree() ,
|
||||
.BR cfree (),
|
||||
apparently as an analog to
|
||||
.BR calloc (3).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
@ -72,22 +72,22 @@ If you need it while porting something, add
|
|||
to your file.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
A frequently asked question is "Can I use
|
||||
.B free()
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
to free memory allocated with
|
||||
.BR calloc() ,
|
||||
.BR calloc (),
|
||||
or do I need
|
||||
.BR cfree() ?"
|
||||
Answer: use
|
||||
.BR free() .
|
||||
.BR free ().
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
An SCO manual writes: "The cfree routine is provided for compliance
|
||||
to the iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size
|
||||
arguments to cfree are not used."
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The SunOS version of
|
||||
.B cfree()
|
||||
.BR cfree ()
|
||||
(which is a synonym for
|
||||
.BR free() )
|
||||
.BR free ())
|
||||
returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
|
||||
In case of error,
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
|
@ -97,6 +97,6 @@ was not a pointer to a block previously allocated by
|
|||
one of the routines in the malloc() family.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The 3-argument version of
|
||||
.B cfree()
|
||||
.BR cfree ()
|
||||
as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 standard:
|
||||
Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ clearenv \- clear the environment
|
|||
.BI "int clearenv(void);"
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBclearenv()\fP function clears the environment of all name-value
|
||||
The \fBclearenv\fP() function clears the environment of all name-value
|
||||
pairs and sets the value of the external variable
|
||||
.I environ
|
||||
to NULL.
|
||||
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBclearenv()\fP function returns zero on success, and a non-zero
|
||||
The \fBclearenv\fP() function returns zero on success, and a non-zero
|
||||
value on failure.
|
||||
.\" Most versions of Unix return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
|
||||
.\" Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a non-zero value".
|
||||
|
@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0.
|
|||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
Various Unix variants (DGUX, HPUX, QNX, ...).
|
||||
POSIX.9 (bindings for FORTRAN77).
|
||||
POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv()\fP and \fIputenv()\fP,
|
||||
POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv\fP() and \fIputenv\fP(),
|
||||
but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
|
||||
later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, SUSv3
|
||||
only adds \fIputenv()\fP, and rejected \fBclearenv()\fP.
|
||||
only adds \fIputenv\fP(), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP().
|
||||
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable
|
||||
|
@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ will probably do.
|
|||
The DGUX and Tru64 manpages write: If
|
||||
.I environ
|
||||
has been modified by anything other than the
|
||||
.IR putenv() ,
|
||||
.IR getenv() ,
|
||||
.IR putenv (),
|
||||
.IR getenv (),
|
||||
or
|
||||
.IR clearenv()
|
||||
.IR clearenv ()
|
||||
functions, then
|
||||
.BR clearenv()
|
||||
.BR clearenv ()
|
||||
will return an error and the process environment will remain unchanged.
|
||||
.\" .LP
|
||||
.\" HPUX has a ENOMEM error return.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ clock \- Determine processor time
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B clock()
|
||||
.BR clock ()
|
||||
function returns an approximation of processor time used by the program.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The value returned is the CPU time used so far as a
|
||||
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ of the actual resolution.
|
|||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The C standard allows for arbitrary values at the start of the program;
|
||||
subtract the value returned from a call to
|
||||
.B clock()
|
||||
.BR clock ()
|
||||
at the start of the program to get maximum portability.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Note that the time can wrap around. On a 32bit system where
|
||||
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ value returned by
|
|||
.\" POSIX 1003.1-2001 doesn't explicitly allow this, nor is there an
|
||||
.\" explicit prohibition. -- MTK
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B times()
|
||||
.BR times ()
|
||||
function, which explicitly returns (separate) information about the
|
||||
caller and its children, may be preferable.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ closedir \- close a directory
|
|||
.BI "int closedir(DIR *" dir );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBclosedir()\fP function closes the directory stream associated with
|
||||
The \fBclosedir\fP() function closes the directory stream associated with
|
||||
\fIdir\fP. The directory stream descriptor \fIdir\fP is not available
|
||||
after this call.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBclosedir()\fP function returns 0 on success.
|
||||
The \fBclosedir\fP() function returns 0 on success.
|
||||
On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set appropriately.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ or
|
|||
.BI "size_t confstr(int " "name" ", char *" buf ", size_t " len );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B confstr()
|
||||
.BR confstr ()
|
||||
gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ is not
|
|||
and
|
||||
.I len
|
||||
is not zero,
|
||||
.B confstr()
|
||||
.BR confstr ()
|
||||
copies the value of the string to
|
||||
.I buf
|
||||
truncated to
|
||||
.I len \- 1
|
||||
characters if necessary, with a null character as termination.
|
||||
This can be detected by comparing the return value of
|
||||
.B confstr()
|
||||
.BR confstr ()
|
||||
against
|
||||
.IR len .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ is zero and
|
|||
.I buf
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
.B confstr()
|
||||
.BR confstr ()
|
||||
just returns the value as defined below.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
does not correspond to a valid configuration variable,
|
||||
.B confstr()
|
||||
.BR confstr ()
|
||||
returns 0.
|
||||
.SH EXAMPLES
|
||||
The following code fragment determines the path where to find
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ copysign, copysignf, copysignl \- copy sign of a number
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBcopysign()\fP functions return a value whose absolute value matches
|
||||
The \fBcopysign\fP() functions return a value whose absolute value matches
|
||||
that of \fIx\fP, but whose sign matches that of \fIy\fP.
|
||||
If \fIx\fP is a NaN, then a NaN with the sign of \fIy\fP is returned.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The \fBcopysign()\fP functions may treat a negative zero as positive.
|
||||
The \fBcopysign\fP() functions may treat a negative zero as positive.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
C99, 4.3BSD.
|
||||
This function is defined in IEC 559 (and the appendix with
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ cos, cosf, cosl \- cosine function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBcos()\fP function returns the cosine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
|
||||
The \fBcos\fP() function returns the cosine of \fIx\fP, where \fIx\fP is
|
||||
given in radians.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBcos()\fP function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
|
||||
The \fBcos\fP() function returns a value between \-1 and 1.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
The float and the long double variants are C99 requirements.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ cosh, coshf, coshl \- hyperbolic cosine function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBcosh()\fP function returns the hyperbolic cosine of \fIx\fP, which
|
||||
The \fBcosh\fP() function returns the hyperbolic cosine of \fIx\fP, which
|
||||
is defined mathematically as (exp(x) + exp(\-x)) / 2.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899 (C99).
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ ctermid \- get controlling terminal name
|
|||
.BI "char *ctermid(char *" "s" );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B ctermid()
|
||||
.BR ctermid ()
|
||||
returns a string which is the pathname for the current controlling terminal for this
|
||||
process.
|
||||
If
|
||||
|
|
44
man3/ctime.3
44
man3/ctime.3
|
@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ localtime_r \- transform date and time to broken-down time or ASCII
|
|||
.BI "time_t mktime(struct tm *" tm );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBctime()\fP, \fBgmtime()\fP and \fBlocaltime()\fP functions all take
|
||||
The \fBctime\fP(), \fBgmtime\fP() and \fBlocaltime\fP() functions all take
|
||||
an argument of data type \fItime_t\fP which represents calendar time.
|
||||
When interpreted as an absolute time value, it represents the number of
|
||||
seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 on January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal
|
||||
Time (UTC).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBasctime()\fP and \fBmktime()\fP functions both take an argument
|
||||
The \fBasctime\fP() and \fBmktime\fP() functions both take an argument
|
||||
representing broken-down time which is a representation
|
||||
separated into year, month, day, etc.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -140,19 +140,19 @@ might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time
|
|||
functions. The function also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP (see
|
||||
.BR tzset (3))
|
||||
with information about the current time zone.
|
||||
The re-entrant version \fBctime_r()\fP does the same, but stores the
|
||||
The re-entrant version \fBctime_r\fP() does the same, but stores the
|
||||
string in a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26. It need not
|
||||
set \fItzname\fP.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBgmtime()\fP function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
|
||||
The \fBgmtime\fP() function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
|
||||
broken-down time representation, expressed in Coordinated Universal Time
|
||||
(UTC). It may return NULL when the year does not fit into an integer.
|
||||
The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be
|
||||
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
|
||||
The \fBgmtime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the data in a
|
||||
The \fBgmtime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the data in a
|
||||
user-supplied struct.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBlocaltime()\fP function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
|
||||
The \fBlocaltime\fP() function converts the calendar time \fItimep\fP to
|
||||
broken-time representation, expressed relative to the user's specified
|
||||
time zone. The function acts as if it called
|
||||
.BR tzset (3)
|
||||
|
@ -163,45 +163,45 @@ seconds, and \fIdaylight\fP to a non-zero value if daylight savings
|
|||
time rules apply during some part of the year.
|
||||
The return value points to a statically allocated struct which might be
|
||||
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
|
||||
The \fBlocaltime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the data in a
|
||||
The \fBlocaltime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the data in a
|
||||
user-supplied struct. It need not set \fItzname\fP.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBasctime()\fP function converts the broken-down time value
|
||||
\fItm\fP into a string with the same format as \fBctime()\fP.
|
||||
The \fBasctime\fP() function converts the broken-down time value
|
||||
\fItm\fP into a string with the same format as \fBctime\fP().
|
||||
The return value points to a statically allocated string which might be
|
||||
overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
|
||||
The \fBasctime_r()\fP function does the same, but stores the string in
|
||||
The \fBasctime_r\fP() function does the same, but stores the string in
|
||||
a user-supplied buffer of length at least 26.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBmktime()\fP function converts a broken-down time structure, expressed
|
||||
The \fBmktime\fP() function converts a broken-down time structure, expressed
|
||||
as local time, to calendar time representation. The function ignores
|
||||
the specified contents of the structure members \fItm_wday\fP and \fItm_yday\fP
|
||||
and recomputes them from the other information in the broken-down time
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
If structure members are outside their legal interval, they will be
|
||||
normalized (so that, e.g., 40 October is changed into 9 November).
|
||||
Calling \fBmktime()\fP also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP with
|
||||
Calling \fBmktime\fP() also sets the external variable \fItzname\fP with
|
||||
information about the current time zone. If the specified broken-down
|
||||
time cannot be represented as calendar time (seconds since the epoch),
|
||||
\fBmktime()\fP returns a value of (time_t)(\-1) and does not alter the
|
||||
\fBmktime\fP() returns a value of (time_t)(\-1) and does not alter the
|
||||
\fItm_wday\fP and \fItm_yday\fP members of the broken-down time structure.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
Each of these functions returns the value described, or NULL
|
||||
(\-1 in case of \fBmktime()\fP) in case an error was detected.
|
||||
(\-1 in case of \fBmktime\fP()) in case an error was detected.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The four functions
|
||||
.BR asctime() ,
|
||||
.BR ctime() ,
|
||||
.B gmtime()
|
||||
.BR asctime (),
|
||||
.BR ctime (),
|
||||
.BR gmtime ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.B localtime()
|
||||
.BR localtime ()
|
||||
return a pointer to static data and hence are not thread-safe.
|
||||
Thread-safe versions
|
||||
.BR asctime_r() ,
|
||||
.BR ctime_r() ,
|
||||
.B gmtime_r()
|
||||
.BR asctime_r (),
|
||||
.BR ctime_r (),
|
||||
.BR gmtime_r ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR localtime_r()
|
||||
.BR localtime_r ()
|
||||
are specified by SUSv2, and available since libc 5.2.5.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
In many implementations, including
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ will redirect standard input, standard output and standard error
|
|||
to \fI/dev/null\fP.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
(This function forks, and if the
|
||||
.B fork()
|
||||
.BR fork ()
|
||||
succeeds, the parent does
|
||||
.\" not .IR in order not to underline _
|
||||
.BR _exit (0),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ difftime \- calculate time difference
|
|||
.BI "double difftime(time_t " time1 ", time_t " time0 );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBdifftime()\fP function returns the number of seconds elapsed
|
||||
The \fBdifftime\fP() function returns the number of seconds elapsed
|
||||
between time \fItime1\fP and time \fItime0\fP, represented as a double.
|
||||
The two times are specified in calendar time, which represents the time
|
||||
elapsed since the Epoch
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ dirfd \- get directory stream file descriptor
|
|||
.BI "int dirfd(DIR *" dir );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B dirfd()
|
||||
.BR dirfd ()
|
||||
returns the file descriptor associated with the directory stream
|
||||
.IR dir .
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ div, ldiv, lldiv, imaxdiv \- compute quotient and remainder of an integer divisi
|
|||
.BI "imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t " numerator ", intmax_t " denominator );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBdiv()\fP function computes the value \fInumerator\fP/\fIdenominator\fP and
|
||||
The \fBdiv\fP() function computes the value \fInumerator\fP/\fIdenominator\fP and
|
||||
returns the quotient and remainder in a structure named \fIdiv_t\fP that contains
|
||||
two integer members (in unspecified order) named \fIquot\fP and \fIrem\fP.
|
||||
The quotient is rounded towards zero.
|
||||
The result satisfies \fIquot\fP*\fIdenominator\fP+\fIrem\fP = \fInumerator\fP.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBldiv()\fP and \fBlldiv()\fP and \fBimaxdiv()\fP functions do the same,
|
||||
The \fBldiv\fP() and \fBlldiv\fP() and \fBimaxdiv\fP() functions do the same,
|
||||
dividing numbers of the indicated type and returning the result in a structure
|
||||
of the indicated name, in all cases with fields \fIquot\fP and \fIrem\fP
|
||||
of the same type as the function arguments.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ argument is a structure of the following type:
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
|
||||
(The
|
||||
.I ElfW()
|
||||
.IR ElfW ()
|
||||
macro definition turns its argument into the name of an ELF data
|
||||
type suitable for the hardware architecture.
|
||||
For example, on a 32-bit platform,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -55,20 +55,20 @@ lcong48 \- generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers
|
|||
These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential
|
||||
algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBdrand48()\fP and \fBerand48()\fP functions return non-negative
|
||||
The \fBdrand48\fP() and \fBerand48\fP() functions return non-negative
|
||||
double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between
|
||||
[0.0, 1.0).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBlrand48()\fP and \fBnrand48()\fP functions return non-negative
|
||||
The \fBlrand48\fP() and \fBnrand48\fP() functions return non-negative
|
||||
long integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBmrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP functions return signed long
|
||||
The \fBmrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() functions return signed long
|
||||
integers uniformly distributed between \-2^31 and 2^31.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBsrand48()\fP, \fBseed48()\fP and \fBlcong48()\fP functions are
|
||||
The \fBsrand48\fP(), \fBseed48\fP() and \fBlcong48\fP() functions are
|
||||
initialization functions, one of which should be called before using
|
||||
\fBdrand48()\fP, \fBlrand48()\fP or \fBmrand48()\fP. The functions
|
||||
\fBerand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP do not require
|
||||
\fBdrand48\fP(), \fBlrand48\fP() or \fBmrand48\fP(). The functions
|
||||
\fBerand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() do not require
|
||||
an initialization function to be called first.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers,
|
||||
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers,
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
The parameter \fIm\fP = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed.
|
||||
Unless \fBlcong48()\fP is called, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP are given by:
|
||||
Unless \fBlcong48\fP() is called, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP are given by:
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -90,36 +90,36 @@ Unless \fBlcong48()\fP is called, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP are given by:
|
|||
.RE
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
The value returned by any of the functions \fBdrand48()\fP, \fBerand48()\fP,
|
||||
\fBlrand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP, \fBmrand48()\fP or \fBjrand48()\fP is
|
||||
The value returned by any of the functions \fBdrand48\fP(), \fBerand48\fP(),
|
||||
\fBlrand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP(), \fBmrand48\fP() or \fBjrand48\fP() is
|
||||
computed by first generating the next 48-bit \fIXi\fP in the sequence.
|
||||
Then the appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to
|
||||
be returned, is copied from the high-order bits of \fIXi\fP and transformed
|
||||
into the returned value.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The functions \fBdrand48()\fP, \fBlrand48()\fP and \fBmrand48()\fP store
|
||||
The functions \fBdrand48\fP(), \fBlrand48\fP() and \fBmrand48\fP() store
|
||||
the last 48-bit \fIXi\fP generated in an internal buffer. The functions
|
||||
\fBerand48()\fP, \fBnrand48()\fP and \fBjrand48()\fP require the calling
|
||||
\fBerand48\fP(), \fBnrand48\fP() and \fBjrand48\fP() require the calling
|
||||
program to provide storage for the successive \fIXi\fP values in the array
|
||||
argument \fIxsubi\fP. The functions are initialized by placing the initial
|
||||
value of \fIXi\fP into the array before calling the function for the first
|
||||
time.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The initializer function \fBsrand48()\fP sets the high order 32-bits of
|
||||
The initializer function \fBsrand48\fP() sets the high order 32-bits of
|
||||
\fIXi\fP to the argument \fIseedval\fP. The low order 16-bits are set
|
||||
to the arbitrary value 0x330E.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The initializer function \fBseed48()\fP sets the value of \fIXi\fP to
|
||||
The initializer function \fBseed48\fP() sets the value of \fIXi\fP to
|
||||
the 48-bit value specified in the array argument \fIseed16v\fP. The
|
||||
previous value of \fIXi\fP is copied into an internal buffer and a
|
||||
pointer to this buffer is returned by \fBseed48()\fP.
|
||||
pointer to this buffer is returned by \fBseed48\fP().
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The initialization function \fBlcong48()\fP allows the user to specify
|
||||
The initialization function \fBlcong48\fP() allows the user to specify
|
||||
initial values for \fIXi\fP, \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP. Array argument
|
||||
elements \fIparam[0-2]\fP specify \fIXi\fP, \fIparam[3-5]\fP specify
|
||||
\fIa\fP, and \fIparam[6]\fP specifies \fIc\fP. After \fBlcong48()\fP
|
||||
has been called, a subsequent call to either \fBsrand48()\fP or
|
||||
\fBseed48()\fP will restore the standard values of \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP.
|
||||
\fIa\fP, and \fIparam[6]\fP specifies \fIc\fP. After \fBlcong48\fP()
|
||||
has been called, a subsequent call to either \fBsrand48\fP() or
|
||||
\fBseed48\fP() will restore the standard values of \fIa\fP and \fIc\fP.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ the supplied data
|
|||
|
||||
Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, e.g.
|
||||
by filling it with zeroes, or by calling one of the functions
|
||||
.BR srand48_r() ,
|
||||
.BR seed48_r() ,
|
||||
.BR srand48_r (),
|
||||
.BR seed48_r (),
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR lcong48_r() .
|
||||
.BR lcong48_r ().
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The return value is 0.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
10
man3/ecvt.3
10
man3/ecvt.3
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ecvt, fcvt \- convert a floating-point number to a string
|
|||
.BI "char *fcvt(double " number ", int " ndigits ", int *" decpt ,
|
||||
.BI "int *" sign );
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBecvt()\fP function converts \fInumber\fP to a null-terminated
|
||||
The \fBecvt\fP() function converts \fInumber\fP to a null-terminated
|
||||
string of \fIndigits\fP digits (where \fIndigits\fP is reduced to an
|
||||
system-specific limit determined by the precision of a double),
|
||||
and returns a pointer to the string. The high-order digit is non-zero,
|
||||
|
@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ it's set to 0. If
|
|||
.I number
|
||||
is zero, it is unspecified whether *\fIdecpt\fP is 0 or 1.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBfcvt()\fP function is identical to \fBecvt()\fP, except that
|
||||
The \fBfcvt\fP() function is identical to \fBecvt\fP(), except that
|
||||
\fIndigits\fP specifies the number of digits after the decimal point.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
Both the \fBecvt()\fP and \fBfcvt()\fP functions return a pointer to a
|
||||
Both the \fBecvt\fP() and \fBfcvt\fP() functions return a pointer to a
|
||||
static string containing the ASCII representation of \fInumber\fP.
|
||||
The static string is overwritten by each call to \fBecvt()\fP or
|
||||
\fBfcvt()\fP.
|
||||
The static string is overwritten by each call to \fBecvt\fP() or
|
||||
\fBfcvt\fP().
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
These functions are obsolete. Instead,
|
||||
.IR sprintf ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ Each of these requires linking with
|
|||
.BR \-lcrypt .
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The
|
||||
.B setkey()
|
||||
.BR setkey ()
|
||||
function sets the key used by
|
||||
.BR encrypt() .
|
||||
.BR encrypt ().
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I key
|
||||
parameter used here is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has
|
||||
|
@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ The result is returned in that same vector.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is
|
||||
kept in static storage. The functions
|
||||
.B setkey_r()
|
||||
.BR setkey_r ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.B encrypt_r()
|
||||
.BR encrypt_r ()
|
||||
are the reentrant versions. They use the following
|
||||
structure to hold the key data:
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ struct crypt_data {
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
Before calling
|
||||
.B setkey_r()
|
||||
.BR setkey_r ()
|
||||
set
|
||||
.I data->initialized
|
||||
to zero.
|
||||
|
@ -124,14 +124,14 @@ main() {
|
|||
In glibc2.2 these functions use the DES algorithm.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The functions
|
||||
.B encrypt()
|
||||
.BR encrypt ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.B setkey()
|
||||
.BR setkey ()
|
||||
conform to SVID, SUSv2, and POSIX 1003.1-2001.
|
||||
The functions
|
||||
.B encrypt_r()
|
||||
.BR encrypt_r ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.B setkey_r()
|
||||
.BR setkey_r ()
|
||||
are GNU extensions.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR cbc_crypt (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ to be the value. If there is no '=', the value is taken to be NULL.
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
These functions are for handling envz vectors.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B envz_add()
|
||||
.BR envz_add ()
|
||||
adds the string
|
||||
.RI \&" name = value \&"
|
||||
(in case
|
||||
|
@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ If an entry with the same
|
|||
.I name
|
||||
existed, it is removed.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B envz_entry()
|
||||
.BR envz_entry ()
|
||||
looks for
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
in the envz vector
|
||||
.RI ( envz , envz_len )
|
||||
and returns the entry if found, or NULL if not.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B envz_get()
|
||||
.BR envz_get ()
|
||||
looks for
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
in the envz vector
|
||||
|
@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ an entry for
|
|||
.I name
|
||||
without '=' sign.)
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B envz_merge()
|
||||
.BR envz_merge ()
|
||||
adds each entry in
|
||||
.I envz2
|
||||
to
|
||||
.RI * envz ,
|
||||
as if with
|
||||
.BR envz_add() .
|
||||
.BR envz_add ().
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I override
|
||||
is true, then values in
|
||||
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ will supersede those with the same name in
|
|||
.RI * envz ,
|
||||
otherwise not.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B envz_remove()
|
||||
.BR envz_remove ()
|
||||
removes the entry for
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
from
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ erf, erff, erfl, erfc, erfcf, erfcl \- error function and complementary error fu
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBerf()\fP function returns the error function of \fIx\fP; defined
|
||||
The \fBerf\fP() function returns the error function of \fIx\fP; defined
|
||||
as
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
erf(x) = 2/sqrt(pi)* integral from 0 to x of exp(\-t*t) dt
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBerfc()\fP function returns the complementary error function of
|
||||
The \fBerfc\fP() function returns the complementary error function of
|
||||
\fIx\fP, that is 1.0 \- erf(x).
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, 4.3BSD, C99.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -326,9 +326,9 @@ if (somecall() == \-1) {
|
|||
where
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
no longer needs to have the value it had upon return from
|
||||
.IR somecall()
|
||||
.IR somecall ()
|
||||
(i.e., it may have been changed by the
|
||||
.IR printf() ).
|
||||
.IR printf ()).
|
||||
If the value of
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
should be preserved across a library call, it must be saved:
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -61,29 +61,29 @@ ether_ntoa_r, ether_aton_r \- Ethernet address manipulation routines
|
|||
.BI "ether_aton_r(const char *" asc ", struct ether_addr *" addr );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fBether_aton()\fP converts the 48-bit Ethernet host address \fIasc\fP
|
||||
\fBether_aton\fP() converts the 48-bit Ethernet host address \fIasc\fP
|
||||
from the standard hex-digits-and-colons notation into binary data in
|
||||
network byte order and returns a pointer to it in a statically
|
||||
allocated buffer, which subsequent calls will
|
||||
overwrite. \fBether_aton\fP() returns NULL if the address is invalid.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBether_ntoa()\fP function converts the Ethernet host address
|
||||
The \fBether_ntoa\fP() function converts the Ethernet host address
|
||||
\fIaddr\fP given in network byte order to a string in standard
|
||||
hex-digits-and-colons notation, omitting leading zeroes.
|
||||
The string is returned in a statically allocated buffer,
|
||||
which subsequent calls will overwrite.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBether_ntohost()\fP function maps an Ethernet address to the
|
||||
The \fBether_ntohost\fP() function maps an Ethernet address to the
|
||||
corresponding hostname in
|
||||
.B /etc/ethers
|
||||
and returns non-zero if it cannot be found.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBether_hostton()\fP function maps a hostname to the
|
||||
The \fBether_hostton\fP() function maps a hostname to the
|
||||
corresponding Ethernet address in
|
||||
.B /etc/ethers
|
||||
and returns non-zero if it cannot be found.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fBether_line()\fP function parses a line in
|
||||
The \fBether_line\fP() function parses a line in
|
||||
.B /etc/ethers
|
||||
format (ethernet address followed by whitespace followed by
|
||||
hostname; '#' introduces a comment) and returns an address
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ exp, expf, expl \- base-e exponential function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBexp()\fP function returns the value of e (the base of natural
|
||||
The \fBexp\fP() function returns the value of e (the base of natural
|
||||
logarithms) raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ exp10, exp10f, exp10l \- base-10 exponential function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBexp10()\fP function returns the value of 10
|
||||
The \fBexp10\fP() function returns the value of 10
|
||||
raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The function is a GNU extension.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ exp2, exp2f, exp2l \- base-2 exponential function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBexp2()\fP function returns the value of 2
|
||||
The \fBexp2\fP() function returns the value of 2
|
||||
raised to the power of \fIx\fP.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ number \fIx\fP.
|
|||
No errors can occur.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B fabs()
|
||||
.BR fabs ()
|
||||
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
The other functions are from C99.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ for any of the errors specified for the routine
|
|||
.BR write (2).
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
Note that
|
||||
.B fflush()
|
||||
.BR fflush ()
|
||||
only flushes the user space buffers provided by the C library.
|
||||
To ensure that the data is physically stored on disk
|
||||
the kernel buffers must be flushed too, e.g. with
|
||||
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ or
|
|||
.BR fsync (2).
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.BR fflush()
|
||||
.BR fflush ()
|
||||
conforms to ANSI X3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'').
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR fsync (2),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ ffs \- find first bit set in a word
|
|||
.BI "int ffsll(long long int " i );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBffs()\fP function returns the position of the first
|
||||
The \fBffs\fP() function returns the position of the first
|
||||
(least significant) bit set in the word \fIi\fP.
|
||||
The least significant bit is position 1 and the
|
||||
most significant position e.g. 32 or 64.
|
||||
.BR
|
||||
The functions \fBffsll()\fP and \fBffsl()\fP do the same but take
|
||||
The functions \fBffsll\fP() and \fBffsl\fP() do the same but take
|
||||
arguments of possibly different size.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
These functions return the position of the first bit set,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fgetgrent \- get group file entry
|
|||
.BI "struct group *fgetgrent(FILE *" stream );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfgetgrent()\fP function returns a pointer to a structure containing
|
||||
The \fBfgetgrent\fP() function returns a pointer to a structure containing
|
||||
the group information from the file \fIstream\fP. The first time it is called
|
||||
it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive entries. The
|
||||
file \fIstream\fP must have the same format as \fI/etc/group\fP.
|
||||
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ struct group {
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBfgetgrent()\fP function returns the group information structure,
|
||||
The \fBfgetgrent\fP() function returns the group information structure,
|
||||
or NULL if there are no more entries or an error occurs.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fgetpwent \- get password file entry
|
|||
.BI "struct passwd *fgetpwent(FILE *" stream );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfgetpwent()\fP function returns a pointer to a structure containing
|
||||
The \fBfgetpwent\fP() function returns a pointer to a structure containing
|
||||
the broken out fields of a line in the file \fIstream\fP. The first time
|
||||
it is called it returns the first entry; thereafter, it returns successive
|
||||
entries. The file \fIstream\fP must have the same format as
|
||||
|
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ struct passwd {
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBfgetpwent()\fP function returns the passwd structure, or NULL if
|
||||
The \fBfgetpwent\fP() function returns the passwd structure, or NULL if
|
||||
there are no more entries or an error occurs.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ the non-locking versions of the stdio functions: with
|
|||
\fIgetc_unlocked\fP() and \fIputc_unlocked\fP() instead of
|
||||
\fIgetc\fP() and \fIputc\fP().
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBflockfile()\fP function waits for *\fIfilehandle\fP to be
|
||||
The \fBflockfile\fP() function waits for *\fIfilehandle\fP to be
|
||||
no longer locked by a different thread, then makes the
|
||||
current thread owner of *\fIfilehandle\fP, and increments
|
||||
the lockcount.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBfunlockfile()\fP function decrements the lock count.
|
||||
The \fBfunlockfile\fP() function decrements the lock count.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBftrylockfile()\fP function is a non-blocking version
|
||||
of \fBflockfile()\fP. It does nothing in case some other thread
|
||||
The \fBftrylockfile\fP() function is a non-blocking version
|
||||
of \fBflockfile\fP(). It does nothing in case some other thread
|
||||
owns *\fIfilehandle\fP, and it obtains ownership and increments
|
||||
the lockcount otherwise.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBftrylockfile()\fP function returns zero for success
|
||||
The \fBftrylockfile\fP() function returns zero for success
|
||||
(the lock was obtained), and non-zero for failure.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
None.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ the maximum value of the exponent is 128 (resp. 1024), and the number
|
|||
of mantissa bits is 24 (resp. 53).)
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B floor()
|
||||
.BR floor ()
|
||||
function conforms to SVID 3, POSIX, 4.3BSD, ISO 9899.
|
||||
The other functions are from C99.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fma, fmaf, fmal \- floating-point multiply and add
|
|||
Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B fma()
|
||||
.BR fma ()
|
||||
function computes
|
||||
.IR x " * " y " + " z .
|
||||
The result is rounded according to the
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ fmod, fmodf, fmodl \- floating-point remainder function
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfmod()\fP function computes the remainder of dividing \fIx\fP by
|
||||
The \fBfmod\fP() function computes the remainder of dividing \fIx\fP by
|
||||
\fIy\fP. The return value is \fIx\fP \- \fIn\fP * \fIy\fP, where \fIn\fP
|
||||
is the quotient of \fIx\fP / \fIy\fP, rounded towards zero to an integer.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBfmod()\fP function returns the remainder, unless \fIy\fP is zero,
|
||||
The \fBfmod\fP() function returns the remainder, unless \fIy\fP is zero,
|
||||
when the function fails and \fIerrno\fP is set.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ This value is printed as WARNING.
|
|||
This value is printed as INFO.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The numeric values are between 0 and 4. Using
|
||||
.B addseverity()
|
||||
.BR addseverity ()
|
||||
or the environment variable
|
||||
.B SEV_LEVEL
|
||||
you can add more levels and strings to print.
|
||||
|
@ -174,22 +174,22 @@ severity-keyword,level,printstring
|
|||
.RE
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
then
|
||||
.I fmtmsg()
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
will also accept the indicated values for the level (in addition to
|
||||
the standard levels 0-4), and use the indicated printstring when
|
||||
such a level occurs.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The severity-keyword part is not used by
|
||||
.I fmtmsg()
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
but it has to be present.
|
||||
The level part is a string representation of a number.
|
||||
The numeric value must be a number greater than 4.
|
||||
This value must be used in the severity parameter of
|
||||
.I fmtmsg()
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
to select this class. It is not possible to overwrite
|
||||
any of the predefined classes. The printstring
|
||||
is the string printed when a message of this class is processed by
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg() .
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ().
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
|
||||
The function can return 4 values:
|
||||
.TP 12n
|
||||
|
@ -207,16 +207,16 @@ Error writing to
|
|||
Error writing to the console.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
The functions
|
||||
.I fmtmsg()
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.IR addseverity() ,
|
||||
.IR addseverity (),
|
||||
and environment variables
|
||||
.B MSGVERB
|
||||
and
|
||||
.B SEV_LEVEL
|
||||
come from System V (XPG4-UNIX).
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.I fmtmsg()
|
||||
.IR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
and the environment variable
|
||||
.B MSGVERB
|
||||
are described in POSIX 1003.1-2001.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fnmatch \- match filename or pathname
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B fnmatch()
|
||||
.BR fnmatch ()
|
||||
function checks whether the
|
||||
.I string
|
||||
argument matches the
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ fpathconf, pathconf \- get configuration values for files
|
|||
.BI "long pathconf(char *" path ", int " name );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B fpathconf()
|
||||
.BR fpathconf ()
|
||||
gets a value for the configuration option
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
for the open file descriptor
|
||||
.IR filedes .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.B pathconf()
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
gets a value for configuration option
|
||||
.I name
|
||||
for the file name
|
||||
|
@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ The corresponding macros defined in
|
|||
.B <unistd.h>
|
||||
are minimum values; if an application wants to take advantage of values
|
||||
which may change, a call to
|
||||
.B fpathconf()
|
||||
.BR fpathconf ()
|
||||
or
|
||||
.B pathconf()
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
can be made, which may yield more liberal results.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Setting
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ is positive infinity, and \-1 if
|
|||
is negative infinity.
|
||||
.SH NOTE
|
||||
In glibc 2.01 and earlier,
|
||||
.B isinf()
|
||||
.BR isinf ()
|
||||
returns a non-zero value (actually: 1) if
|
||||
.I x
|
||||
is an infinity (positive or negative).
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fpurge, __fpurge \- purge a stream
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B fpurge()
|
||||
.BR fpurge ()
|
||||
clears the buffers of the given stream.
|
||||
For output streams this discards any unwritten output.
|
||||
For input streams this discards any input read from the underlying object
|
||||
|
@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ this includes any text pushed back via \fIungetc\fP(). See also
|
|||
.BR fflush (3).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.B __fpurge()
|
||||
.BR __fpurge ()
|
||||
does precisely the same, but without returning a value.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
Upon successful completion
|
||||
.B fpurge()
|
||||
.BR fpurge ()
|
||||
returns 0.
|
||||
On error, it returns \-1 and sets
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ and integral components
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
Link with \-lm.
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfrexp()\fP function is used to split the number \fIx\fP into a
|
||||
The \fBfrexp\fP() function is used to split the number \fIx\fP into a
|
||||
normalized fraction and an exponent which is stored in \fIexp\fP.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBfrexp()\fP function returns the normalized fraction. If the
|
||||
The \fBfrexp\fP() function returns the normalized fraction. If the
|
||||
argument \fIx\fP is not zero, the normalized fraction is \fIx\fP
|
||||
times a power of two, and is always in the range 1/2 (inclusive) to
|
||||
1 (exclusive). If \fIx\fP is zero, then the normalized fraction is
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ fseeko, ftello \- seek to or report file position
|
|||
.BI
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfseeko()\fP and \fBftello()\fP functions are identical to
|
||||
\fBfseek()\fP and \fBftell()\fP (see
|
||||
The \fBfseeko\fP() and \fBftello\fP() functions are identical to
|
||||
\fBfseek\fP() and \fBftell\fP() (see
|
||||
.BR fseek (3)),
|
||||
respectively, except that the \fIoffset\fP argument of \fBfseeko()\fP
|
||||
and the return value of \fBftello()\fP is of type \fBoff_t\fP
|
||||
respectively, except that the \fIoffset\fP argument of \fBfseeko\fP()
|
||||
and the return value of \fBftello\fP() is of type \fBoff_t\fP
|
||||
instead of \fBlong\fP.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
On many architectures both \fBoff_t\fP and \fBlong\fP are 32-bit types,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ But early glibc2 is buggy and returns 0 there;
|
|||
glibc 2.1.1 is correct again.
|
||||
.SH HISTORY
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B ftime()
|
||||
.BR ftime ()
|
||||
function appeared in 4.2BSD.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
4.2BSD, POSIX 1003.1-2001.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ which case it will return zero, or until it hits an error other than EACCES
|
|||
.BR malloc (3)
|
||||
failure), in which case it will return \-1.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Because \fBftw()\fP uses dynamic data structures, the only safe way to
|
||||
Because \fBftw\fP() uses dynamic data structures, the only safe way to
|
||||
exit out of a tree walk is to return a non-zero value. To handle
|
||||
interrupts, for example, mark that the interrupt occurred and return a
|
||||
non-zero value\(emdon't use
|
||||
|
|
14
man3/gamma.3
14
man3/gamma.3
|
@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ For the definition of the Gamma function, see
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
.SS "*BSD version"
|
||||
4.4BSD and FreeBSD libm have a
|
||||
.B gamma()
|
||||
.BR gamma ()
|
||||
function that computes the Gamma function, as one would expect.
|
||||
.SS "glibc version"
|
||||
Glibc has a
|
||||
.B gamma()
|
||||
.BR gamma ()
|
||||
function that is equivalent to
|
||||
.B lgamma()
|
||||
.BR lgamma ()
|
||||
and computes the natural logarithm of the Gamma function.
|
||||
(This is for compatibility reasons only. Don't use this function.)
|
||||
.SH HISTORY
|
||||
4.2BSD had a
|
||||
.B gamma()
|
||||
.BR gamma ()
|
||||
that computed
|
||||
.RI ln(|Gamma(| x |)|),
|
||||
leaving the sign of
|
||||
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ leaving the sign of
|
|||
in the external integer
|
||||
.IR signgam .
|
||||
In 4.3BSD the name was changed to
|
||||
.BR lgamma() ,
|
||||
.BR lgamma (),
|
||||
and the man page promises
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.in +3
|
||||
|
@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ and used for the Gamma function"
|
|||
.in
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
This did indeed happen in 4.4BSD, where
|
||||
.B gamma()
|
||||
.BR gamma ()
|
||||
computes the Gamma function (with no effect on
|
||||
.IR signgam ).
|
||||
However, this came too late, and we now have
|
||||
.BR tgamma() ,
|
||||
.BR tgamma (),
|
||||
the "true gamma" function.
|
||||
.\" The FreeBSD man page says about gamma() that it is like lgamma()
|
||||
.\" except that is does not set signgam.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ gcvt \- convert a floating-point number to a string
|
|||
.BI "char *gcvt(double " number ", size_t " ndigit ", char *" buf );
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBgcvt()\fP function converts \fInumber\fP to a minimal length NULL
|
||||
The \fBgcvt\fP() function converts \fInumber\fP to a minimal length NULL
|
||||
terminated ASCII string and stores the result in \fIbuf\fP. It produces
|
||||
\fIndigit\fP significant digits in either
|
||||
.BR printf (3)
|
||||
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ This function is obsolete. Instead,
|
|||
.IR sprintf ()
|
||||
is recommended.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBgcvt()\fP function returns the address of the string pointed to
|
||||
The \fBgcvt\fP() function returns the address of the string pointed to
|
||||
by \fIbuf\fP.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR ecvt (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ suitable for error reporting.
|
|||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
POSIX 1003.1-2003.
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B getaddrinfo()
|
||||
.BR getaddrinfo ()
|
||||
function is documented in RFC\ 2553.
|
||||
.SH "NOTES"
|
||||
.BR AI_ADDRCONFIG ,
|
||||
|
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue