From 4d9b698450da4cf5100ec6b1ed835cf18194d4eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michael Kerrisk Date: Wed, 6 Jul 2005 07:41:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Hyphenation/dash fixes --- man1/cp.1 | 6 +++--- man1/install.1 | 2 +- man1/intro.1 | 10 +++++----- man1/ln.1 | 2 +- man1/ls.1 | 4 ++-- man1/rmdir.1 | 2 +- man1/time.1 | 4 ++-- man3/aio_fsync.3 | 2 +- man3/asin.3 | 2 +- man3/atan.3 | 2 +- man3/atan2.3 | 2 +- man3/cacos.3 | 2 +- man3/casin.3 | 2 +- man3/cmsg.3 | 2 +- man3/crypt.3 | 2 +- man3/csqrt.3 | 2 +- man3/dirfd.3 | 2 +- man3/dlopen.3 | 4 ++-- man3/encrypt.3 | 2 +- man3/erf.3 | 2 +- man3/errno.3 | 3 ++- man3/exp2.3 | 2 +- man3/fdim.3 | 2 +- man3/fenv.3 | 4 ++-- man3/fma.3 | 2 +- man3/fmax.3 | 2 +- man3/fmin.3 | 2 +- man3/fpclassify.3 | 2 +- man3/initgroups.3 | 2 +- man3/isgreater.3 | 2 +- man3/lgamma.3 | 2 +- man3/log1p.3 | 2 +- man3/log2.3 | 2 +- man3/lrint.3 | 2 +- man3/lround.3 | 2 +- man3/nan.3 | 2 +- man3/openpty.3 | 2 +- man3/puts.3 | 2 +- man3/round.3 | 2 +- man3/scalb.3 | 2 +- man3/scanf.3 | 22 +++++++++++++++++----- man3/signbit.3 | 2 +- man3/tgamma.3 | 2 +- man3/toupper.3 | 2 +- man3/trunc.3 | 2 +- man3/wprintf.3 | 2 +- man4/console.4 | 2 +- man4/console_codes.4 | 4 ++-- man4/fifo.4 | 2 +- man4/hd.4 | 16 ++++++++-------- man4/mem.4 | 6 +++--- man4/null.4 | 4 ++-- man4/ram.4 | 2 +- man4/sd.4 | 2 +- man4/sk98lin.4 | 4 ++-- man4/st.4 | 2 +- man4/ttyS.4 | 8 ++++---- man4/vcs.4 | 4 ++-- man4/wavelan.4 | 2 +- man5/complex.5 | 8 ++++---- man5/dir_colors.5 | 2 +- man5/hosts.equiv.5 | 6 +++--- man5/nscd.conf.5 | 2 +- man5/nsswitch.conf.5 | 4 ++-- man5/proc.5 | 18 +++++++++--------- man7/bootparam.7 | 16 ++++++++-------- man7/charsets.7 | 6 +++--- man7/glob.7 | 22 +++++++++++----------- man7/ip.7 | 2 +- man7/man.7 | 2 +- man7/packet.7 | 4 ++-- man7/pthreads.7 | 2 +- man7/raw.7 | 2 +- man7/socket.7 | 2 +- man7/uri.7 | 32 ++++++++++++++++---------------- man7/utf-8.7 | 12 ++++++------ man8/ld.so.8 | 24 ++++++++++++------------ man8/ldconfig.8 | 9 ++++++--- man8/nscd.8 | 2 +- 79 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 176 deletions(-) diff --git a/man1/cp.1 b/man1/cp.1 index 0f95c4e69..26219498e 100644 --- a/man1/cp.1 +++ b/man1/cp.1 @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Do not follow any symbolic links, neither those that occur in the parameter list nor those encountered during the recursive copy. Just copy them as symbolic link. .LP -There is no default - one should specify the desired behaviour. +There is no default: one should specify the desired behaviour. .SH "GNU DETAILS" .PP Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ Remove each existing destination file before copying. With file-utils 4.0 this option was implied by \-f. .TP .BI "\-\-sparse=" "WHEN" -A `sparse file' contains `holes' - sequences of zero bytes that +A `sparse file' contains `holes' \(em sequences of zero bytes that do not occupy any physical disk blocks; the `read' system call reads these as zeroes. This can both save considerable disk space and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Backup suffix, see below. .BR "\-\-target\-directory=\fIDIR\fP" " (since file-utils 4.1)" Specify the destination directory. Meant for use with .BR xargs (1), -as in "ls | xargs cp --target-directory=../d". +as in "ls | xargs cp \-\-target-directory=../d". .TP .B "\-u, \-\-update" Do not copy a nondirectory that has an existing destination with diff --git a/man1/install.1 b/man1/install.1 index 7151b69dd..549f0e28d 100644 --- a/man1/install.1 +++ b/man1/install.1 @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Set the permissions for the installed file or directory to .IR mode , which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in .BR chmod , -with 0 as the point of departure. The default mode is 0755 - read, +with 0 as the point of departure. The default mode is 0755 \(em read, write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for group and other. .TP .BI "\-o " "owner" ", \-\-owner=" "owner" diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 index 2f5ff575a..7a51e2d3d 100644 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ maja 0501-1136285 and here typing Control-D ended the session. The .B "% " -here was the command prompt - it is the shell's way of indicating +here was the command prompt \(em it is the shell's way of indicating that it is ready for the next command. The prompt can be customized in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like user name, machine name, current directory, time, etc. @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ We see that there are commands .LP The command .I ls -lists the contents of the current directory - it tells you what +lists the contents of the current directory \(em it tells you what files you have. With a \-l option it gives a long listing, that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. @@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. The command .I find (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name -or other properties. For example, "find . -name tel" would find +or other properties. For example, "find . \-name tel" would find the file "tel" starting in the present directory (which is called "."). -And "find / -name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root +And "find / \-name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root of the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, and it may be better to use .BR locate (1). @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ processes have. The command .I kill allows you to get rid of them. Without option this is a friendly -request: please go away. And "kill -9" followed by the number +request: please go away. And "kill \-9" followed by the number of the process is an immediate kill. Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. .SS "Getting information" diff --git a/man1/ln.1 b/man1/ln.1 index 5332952bc..18ba1f5ca 100644 --- a/man1/ln.1 +++ b/man1/ln.1 @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ there are two ways to treat the user's request. .B ln can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be -viewed as a non-directory - as the symlink itself. In that case, +viewed as a non-directory \(em as the symlink itself. In that case, .B ln must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory diff --git a/man1/ls.1 b/man1/ls.1 index 7a4ca35d8..ea868350a 100644 --- a/man1/ls.1 +++ b/man1/ls.1 @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ This option is provided for compatibility with other versions of Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like .B \-F except that executables aren't marked. -(In fact fileutils-4.0 treats the --file-type option like --classify.) +(In fact fileutils-4.0 treats the \-\-file-type option like \-\-classify.) .TP .B "\-q, \-\-hide\-control\-chars" Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard at the start of .I pattern. -For simple-minded root-kits: add LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS -I mystuff" +For simple-minded root-kits: add LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS \-I mystuff" in /etc/profile or so, to hide your directories. .TP .B "\-L, \-\-dereference" diff --git a/man1/rmdir.1 b/man1/rmdir.1 index f4a9310aa..b12e6cff5 100644 --- a/man1/rmdir.1 +++ b/man1/rmdir.1 @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ POSIX 1003.2 .SH "EXAMPLE OF USE" The command `\fIrmdir foo\fP' will remove the directory \fIfoo\fP if it is empty. To remove a nonempty directory, together with everything -below, use `\fIrm -r foo\fP'. +below, use `\fIrm \-r foo\fP'. .SH NOTES This page describes .B rmdir diff --git a/man1/time.1 b/man1/time.1 index 59151d7e5..9fc793d14 100644 --- a/man1/time.1 +++ b/man1/time.1 @@ -243,13 +243,13 @@ Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU .B time to .br -.I bug-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu +.I bug\-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu .br Please include the version of .B time , which you can get by running .br -.I time --version +.I time \-\-version .br and the operating system and C compiler you used. diff --git a/man3/aio_fsync.3 b/man3/aio_fsync.3 index 82a186d79..7954d8f12 100644 --- a/man3/aio_fsync.3 +++ b/man3/aio_fsync.3 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ and if .I op is O_DSYNC, this call is the asynchronous analog of .BR fdatasync (2). -Note that this is a request only - this call does not wait +Note that this is a request only \- this call does not wait for I/O completion. .LP Apart from diff --git a/man3/asin.3 b/man3/asin.3 index 07fb87511..59115e596 100644 --- a/man3/asin.3 +++ b/man3/asin.3 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ the value whose sine is \fIx\fP. If \fIx\fP falls outside the range \-1 to 1, \fBasin()\fP fails and \fIerrno\fP is set. .SH "RETURN VALUE" The \fBasin()\fP function returns the arc sine in radians and the -value is mathematically defined to be between -PI/2 and PI/2 +value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2 (inclusive). .SH ERRORS .TP diff --git a/man3/atan.3 b/man3/atan.3 index 7db80fa4d..64cf999ed 100644 --- a/man3/atan.3 +++ b/man3/atan.3 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ The \fBatan()\fP function calculates the arc tangent of \fIx\fP; that is the value whose tangent is \fIx\fP. .SH "RETURN VALUE" The \fBatan()\fP function returns the arc tangent in radians and the -value is mathematically defined to be between -PI/2 and PI/2 +value is mathematically defined to be between \-PI/2 and PI/2 (inclusive). .SH "CONFORMING TO" SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899. diff --git a/man3/atan2.3 b/man3/atan2.3 index 61f708eb0..7ca8291a0 100644 --- a/man3/atan2.3 +++ b/man3/atan2.3 @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ arc tangent of \fIy\fP / \fIx\fP, except that the signs of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result. .SH "RETURN VALUE" The \fBatan2()\fP function returns the result in radians, which -is between -PI and PI (inclusive). +is between \-PI and PI (inclusive). .SH "CONFORMING TO" SVID 3, POSIX, BSD 4.3, ISO 9899. The float and long double variants are C99 requirements. diff --git a/man3/cacos.3 b/man3/cacos.3 index 2e8630b18..073b5ed59 100644 --- a/man3/cacos.3 +++ b/man3/cacos.3 @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The cacos() function calculates the complex acos(). If y = cacos(z), then z = ccos(y). The real part of y is chosen in the interval [0,pi]. .LP -One has cacos(z) = -i clog(z+csqrt(z*z-1)). +One has cacos(z) = \-i clog(z+csqrt(z*z-1)). .SH "CONFORMING TO" C99 .SH "SEE ALSO" diff --git a/man3/casin.3 b/man3/casin.3 index 9799b2eb6..d1c77e5bd 100644 --- a/man3/casin.3 +++ b/man3/casin.3 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ If y = casin(z), then z = csin(y). The real part of y is chosen in the interval [-pi/2,pi/2]. .LP One has -casin(z) = -i clog(iz+csqrt(1-z*z)). +casin(z) = \-i clog(iz+csqrt(1-z*z)). .SH "CONFORMING TO" C99 .SH "SEE ALSO" diff --git a/man3/cmsg.3 b/man3/cmsg.3 index b752f8392..6f1d981a7 100644 --- a/man3/cmsg.3 +++ b/man3/cmsg.3 @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ In Linux, .BR CMSG_DATA , and .B CMSG_ALIGN -are constant expressions (assuming their argument is constant) - +are constant expressions (assuming their argument is constant); this could be used to declare the size of global variables. This may be not portable, however. .SH "CONFORMS TO" diff --git a/man3/crypt.3 b/man3/crypt.3 index 54dac7ec8..2f2ae303b 100644 --- a/man3/crypt.3 +++ b/man3/crypt.3 @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ from the set [\fBa\fP\(en\fBzA\fP\(en\fBZ0\fP\(en\fB9./\fP]. The entire key is significant here (instead of only the first 8 bytes). .LP -Programs using this function must be linked with -lcrypt. +Programs using this function must be linked with \-lcrypt. .SH "CONFORMING TO" SVID, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3, POSIX 1003.1-2001 .SH "SEE ALSO" diff --git a/man3/csqrt.3 b/man3/csqrt.3 index eae71af34..d166d3ffe 100644 --- a/man3/csqrt.3 +++ b/man3/csqrt.3 @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Calculate the square root of a given complex number, with nonnegative real part, and with a branch cut along the negative real axis. (That means that csqrt(-1+eps*I) will be close to I while -csqrt(-1-eps*I) will be close to -I, if eps is a small positive +csqrt(-1-eps*I) will be close to \-I, if eps is a small positive real number.) .SH "CONFORMING TO" C99 diff --git a/man3/dirfd.3 b/man3/dirfd.3 index 34ff06399..11f5d6d85 100644 --- a/man3/dirfd.3 +++ b/man3/dirfd.3 @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ is only available if or .B _SVID_SOURCE is defined (either explicitly, or implicitly, by not defining -_POSIX_SOURCE or compiling with the -ansi flag). +_POSIX_SOURCE or compiling with the \-ansi flag). .SH "CONFORMING TO" This is a BSD extension, present in 4.3BSD-Reno, not in 4.2BSD. Present in libc5 (since 5.1.2) and in glibc2. diff --git a/man3/dlopen.3 b/man3/dlopen.3 index d4af4aa98..26ea166f7 100644 --- a/man3/dlopen.3 +++ b/man3/dlopen.3 @@ -343,14 +343,14 @@ If this program were in a file named "foo.c", you would build the program with the following command: .RS .LP -gcc -rdynamic -o foo foo.c -ldl +gcc \-rdynamic \-o foo foo.c \-ldl .RE .PP Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will want to be compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name: .RS .LP -gcc -shared -nostartfiles -o bar bar.c +gcc \-shared \-nostartfiles \-o bar bar.c .RE .SH NOTES The symbols RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT are defined by diff --git a/man3/encrypt.3 b/man3/encrypt.3 index 5165d13f8..d70abe46a 100644 --- a/man3/encrypt.3 +++ b/man3/encrypt.3 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ encrypt, setkey, encrypt_r, setkey_r \- encrypt 64-bit messages .BI "void encrypt_r (char *" block ", int " edflag ", struct crypt_data *" data ); .sp Each of these requires linking with -.BR -lcrypt . +.BR \-lcrypt . .SH DESCRIPTION These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The .B setkey() diff --git a/man3/erf.3 b/man3/erf.3 index 88c8e555b..4bbe97eab 100644 --- a/man3/erf.3 +++ b/man3/erf.3 @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ as erf(x) = 2/sqrt(pi)* integral from 0 to x of exp(-t*t) dt .PP The \fBerfc()\fP function returns the complementary error function of -\fIx\fP, that is 1.0 - erf(x). +\fIx\fP, that is 1.0 \- erf(x). .SH "CONFORMING TO" SVID 3, BSD 4.3, C99. The float and long double variants are requirements of C99. diff --git a/man3/errno.3 b/man3/errno.3 index 3bbdc3d0b..615adff4e 100644 --- a/man3/errno.3 +++ b/man3/errno.3 @@ -292,7 +292,8 @@ Invalid seek No such process .TP .B ESTALE -Reserved +Stale file handle +.\" Can occur for NFS and for other file systems .\" ETIME is part of XSR option .TP .B ETIME diff --git a/man3/exp2.3 b/man3/exp2.3 index 376d40961..d4fb29064 100644 --- a/man3/exp2.3 +++ b/man3/exp2.3 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ exp2, exp2f, exp2l \- base-2 exponential function .BI "long double exp2l(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION The \fBexp2()\fP function returns the value of 2 raised to the power of \fIx\fP. diff --git a/man3/fdim.3 b/man3/fdim.3 index da39fbf02..fb384533c 100644 --- a/man3/fdim.3 +++ b/man3/fdim.3 @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fdim, fdimf, fdiml \- positive difference .br .BI "long double fdiml(long double " x ", long double " y ); .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions return max(\fIx\fP-\fIy\fP,0). If diff --git a/man3/fenv.3 b/man3/fenv.3 index bf6a44d61..f5d7688ec 100644 --- a/man3/fenv.3 +++ b/man3/fenv.3 @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ .SH NAME feclearexcept, fegetexceptflag, feraiseexcept, fesetexceptflag, fetestexcept, fegetenv, fegetround, feholdexcept, fesetround, -fesetenv, feupdateenv - C99 floating point rounding and exception handling +fesetenv, feupdateenv \- C99 floating point rounding and exception handling .SH SYNOPSIS .nf .B #include @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ is not equal to the infinite precision result. It may occur whenever Overflow or Underflow occurs. .LP The Invalid exception occurs when there is no well-defined result -for an operation, as for 0/0 or infinity - infinity or sqrt(-1). +for an operation, as for 0/0 or infinity \- infinity or sqrt(-1). .SS "Exception handling" Exceptions are represented in two ways: as a single bit (exception present/absent), and these bits correspond in some diff --git a/man3/fma.3 b/man3/fma.3 index fa526d740..56999708d 100644 --- a/man3/fma.3 +++ b/man3/fma.3 @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fma, fmaf, fmal \- floating-point multiply and add .BI "long double fmal(long double " x ", long double " y ", long double " z ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION The .B fma() diff --git a/man3/fmax.3 b/man3/fmax.3 index 70080d1c6..f85bf2825 100644 --- a/man3/fmax.3 +++ b/man3/fmax.3 @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fmax, fmaxf, fmaxl \- find maximum value .br .BI "long double fmaxl(long double " x ", long double " y ); .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION Find the larger value of x and y. .SH "CONFORMING TO" diff --git a/man3/fmin.3 b/man3/fmin.3 index c73619d4b..35e6989b0 100644 --- a/man3/fmin.3 +++ b/man3/fmin.3 @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ fmin, fminf, fminl \- find minimum value .br .BI "long double fminl(long double " x ", long double " y ); .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION Find the lesser value of x and y. .SH "CONFORMING TO" diff --git a/man3/fpclassify.3 b/man3/fpclassify.3 index 5a533cf64..1e28a2897 100644 --- a/man3/fpclassify.3 +++ b/man3/fpclassify.3 @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fpclassify, isfinite, isnormal, isnan \- floating-point classification macros .BI "int isinf(" x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION Floating point numbers can have special values, such as infinite or NaN. With the macro diff --git a/man3/initgroups.3 b/man3/initgroups.3 index 4b50201c8..9ce24ae24 100644 --- a/man3/initgroups.3 +++ b/man3/initgroups.3 @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ The prototype for is only available if .B _BSD_SOURCE is defined (either explicitly, or implicitly, by not defining -_POSIX_SOURCE or compiling with the -ansi flag). +_POSIX_SOURCE or compiling with the \-ansi flag). .SH "SEE ALSO" .BR getgroups (2), .BR setgroups (2) diff --git a/man3/isgreater.3 b/man3/isgreater.3 index 814334542..3b2dc3b72 100644 --- a/man3/isgreater.3 +++ b/man3/isgreater.3 @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ to test a relation .BI "int isunordered(x,y); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION The normal relation operations (like less) will fail if one of the operands is NaN. This will cause an exception. To avoid this, C99 defines diff --git a/man3/lgamma.3 b/man3/lgamma.3 index 81f530074..dc88d3ebf 100644 --- a/man3/lgamma.3 +++ b/man3/lgamma.3 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ lgamma, lgammaf, lgammal, lgamma_r, lgammaf_r, lgammal_r \- log gamma function .BI "long double lgammal_r(long double " x ", int *" signp ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION For the definition of the Gamma function, see .BR tgamma (3). diff --git a/man3/log1p.3 b/man3/log1p.3 index e05a79d90..3d9e928d1 100644 --- a/man3/log1p.3 +++ b/man3/log1p.3 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ log1p \- logarithm of 1 plus argument .BI "long double log1pl(long double " x ); .sp .fi -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION .BI log1p( x ) returns a value equivalent to `log (1 + \fIx\fP)'. It is computed in a way diff --git a/man3/log2.3 b/man3/log2.3 index efd7e099a..d24e0da66 100644 --- a/man3/log2.3 +++ b/man3/log2.3 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ log2, log2f, log2l \- base-2 logarithmic function .BI "long double log2l(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION The \fBlog2()\fP function returns the base 2 logarithm of \fIx\fP. .SH ERRORS diff --git a/man3/lrint.3 b/man3/lrint.3 index bae094f48..0b7c0cbbd 100644 --- a/man3/lrint.3 +++ b/man3/lrint.3 @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ lrint, lrintf, lrintl, llrint, llrintf, llrintl \- round to nearest integer .BI "long long int llrintl(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions round their argument to the nearest integer value, using the current rounding direction. diff --git a/man3/lround.3 b/man3/lround.3 index 344272e99..60e249a5a 100644 --- a/man3/lround.3 +++ b/man3/lround.3 @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ lround, lroundf, lroundl, llround, llroundf, llroundl \- round to nearest intege .BI "long long int llroundl(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions round their argument to the nearest integer value, rounding away from zero, regardless of the current rounding direction. diff --git a/man3/nan.3 b/man3/nan.3 index 53e92c2d8..19b55f34e 100644 --- a/man3/nan.3 +++ b/man3/nan.3 @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ nan, nanf, nanl \- return 'Not a Number' .br .BI "long double nanl(const char *" tagp ); .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions return a representation (determined by .IR tagp ) diff --git a/man3/openpty.3 b/man3/openpty.3 index 138bd733e..ace869336 100644 --- a/man3/openpty.3 +++ b/man3/openpty.3 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ openpty, login_tty, forkpty \- tty utility functions .sp .BI "pid_t forkpty(int *" amaster ", char *" name ", struct termios *" termp ", struct winsize *" winp ); .sp -Link with -lutil. +Link with \-lutil. .SH DESCRIPTION The .B openpty() diff --git a/man3/puts.3 b/man3/puts.3 index 8f33ef26c..23fbc33e8 100644 --- a/man3/puts.3 +++ b/man3/puts.3 @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ ANSI - C, POSIX.1 .SH BUGS It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from the .B stdio -library with low - level calls to +library with low-level calls to .B write() for the file descriptor associated with the same output stream; the results will be undefined and very probably not what you want. diff --git a/man3/round.3 b/man3/round.3 index b1e42cf93..6c52e14df 100644 --- a/man3/round.3 +++ b/man3/round.3 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ round, roundf, roundl \- round to nearest integer, away from zero .BI "long double roundl(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions round \fIx\fP to the nearest integer, but round halfway cases away from zero (regardless of the current rounding diff --git a/man3/scalb.3 b/man3/scalb.3 index 4b6416f18..2338a28d2 100644 --- a/man3/scalb.3 +++ b/man3/scalb.3 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ multiply floating-point number by integral power of radix .br .BI "long double scalblnl(long double " x ", long int " exp ); .sp -Link with -lm. +Link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions multiply their first argument .I x diff --git a/man3/scanf.3 b/man3/scanf.3 index 9dbefa4d2..74b98bfd9 100644 --- a/man3/scanf.3 +++ b/man3/scanf.3 @@ -334,12 +334,24 @@ the return value. .SH "RETURN VALUE" These functions return the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of a matching failure. -Zero indicates that, while there was input available, no conversions were -assigned; typically this is due to an invalid input character, such as an -alphabetic character for a `%d' conversion. The value +A return of zero indicates that, while there was input available, +no conversions were assigned; +typically this is due to an invalid input character, such as an +alphabetic character for a `%d' conversion. + +The value .B EOF -is returned if an input failure occurs before any conversion such as an -end-of-file occurs. If an error or end-of-file occurs after conversion has +is returned if the end of input is reached before the first +successful conversion or matching failure. +.B EOF +is also returned if a read error occurs, +in which case the error indicator for the stream (see +.BR ferror (3)) +is set, and +.I errno +is set indicate the error. + +If an error or end-of-file occurs after conversion has begun, the number of conversions which were successfully completed is returned. .SH "SEE ALSO" diff --git a/man3/signbit.3 b/man3/signbit.3 index e212403a5..638ffcb6f 100644 --- a/man3/signbit.3 +++ b/man3/signbit.3 @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ signbit \- test sign of a real floating point number .sp .BI "int signbit (" X ");" .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION `signbit' is a generic macro which can work on all real floating-point types. It returns a non-zero value if the value of X has its sign diff --git a/man3/tgamma.3 b/man3/tgamma.3 index 4f9fa898c..dc4b2098d 100644 --- a/man3/tgamma.3 +++ b/man3/tgamma.3 @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ tgamma, tgammaf, tgammal \- true gamma function .br .BI "long double tgammal(long double " x ); .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION The Gamma function is defined by .sp diff --git a/man3/toupper.3 b/man3/toupper.3 index 50365002c..41922b931 100644 --- a/man3/toupper.3 +++ b/man3/toupper.3 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ on the current locale. For example, the default .B """C""" locale does not know about umlauts, so no conversion is done for them. .PP -In some non - English locales, there are lowercase letters with no +In some non-English locales, there are lowercase letters with no corresponding uppercase equivalent; the German sharp s is one example. .SH "SEE ALSO" diff --git a/man3/trunc.3 b/man3/trunc.3 index ec7008ef6..c1fe1b0d1 100644 --- a/man3/trunc.3 +++ b/man3/trunc.3 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ trunc, truncf, truncl \- round to integer, towards zero .BI "long double truncl(long double " x ); .fi .sp -Compile with -std=c99; link with \-lm. +Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm. .SH DESCRIPTION These functions round \fIx\fP to the nearest integer not larger in absolute value. diff --git a/man3/wprintf.3 b/man3/wprintf.3 index c98a912dd..dde63b560 100644 --- a/man3/wprintf.3 +++ b/man3/wprintf.3 @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ or .IR "screen positions" . The array must contain a terminating null byte, unless a precision is given and it is so small that the number of converted wide characters reaches it -before the end of the array is reached. -- If an +before the end of the array is reached. If an .B l modifier is present: The .IR "" `` "const wchar_t *" '' diff --git a/man4/console.4 b/man4/console.4 index c2f47ae85..d1424daaa 100644 --- a/man4/console.4 +++ b/man4/console.4 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ on the console; (b) ask .BR openvt (1) to start a process on the console; -(c) start X - it will find the first unused console, +(c) start X \(em it will find the first unused console, and display its output there. (There is also the ancient .BR doshell (8).) diff --git a/man4/console_codes.4 b/man4/console_codes.4 index 2df2cc0ea..1ab5484e5 100644 --- a/man4/console_codes.4 +++ b/man4/console_codes.4 @@ -339,8 +339,8 @@ ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes. .SH "CHARACTER SETS" The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols. -The four tables are: a) Latin1 -> PC, b) VT100 graphics -> PC, c) PC -> PC, -d) user-defined. +The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC, +b) VT100 graphics \-> PC, c) PC \-> PC, d) user-defined. There are two character sets, called G0 and G1, and one of them is the current character set. (Initially G0.) diff --git a/man4/fifo.4 b/man4/fifo.4 index 1fc736382..9f7ca4abd 100644 --- a/man4/fifo.4 +++ b/man4/fifo.4 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ signal. FIFO special files can be created by .BR mkfifo (3), and are specially indicated in -.IR "ls -l" . +.IR "ls \-l" . .SH "SEE ALSO" .BR mkfifo (1), .BR open (2), diff --git a/man4/hd.4 b/man4/hd.4 index 1470cd45b..5d200eca9 100644 --- a/man4/hd.4 +++ b/man4/hd.4 @@ -66,25 +66,25 @@ refers to the third DOS `primary' partition on the second one. They are typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2 .br \&... .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66 .br \&... .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72 .br chown root:disk /dev/hd* .RE diff --git a/man4/mem.4 b/man4/mem.4 index 7da3f5147..fa37e16e9 100644 --- a/man4/mem.4 +++ b/man4/mem.4 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ when read-only or write-only bits are present. It is typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1 .br chown root:kmem /dev/mem .sp @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ rather than physical memory is accessed. It is typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 640 /dev/kmem c 1 2 +mknod \-m 640 /dev/kmem c 1 2 .br chown root:kmem /dev/kmem .sp @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ chown root:kmem /dev/kmem It is typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 660 /dev/port c 1 4 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/port c 1 4 .br chown root:mem /dev/port .sp diff --git a/man4/null.4 b/man4/null.4 index b968c5ed1..f1c44f968 100644 --- a/man4/null.4 +++ b/man4/null.4 @@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ reads from \fBzero\fP always return \e0 characters. \fBnull\fP and \fBzero\fP are typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 666 /dev/null c 1 3 +mknod \-m 666 /dev/null c 1 3 .br -mknod -m 666 /dev/zero c 1 5 +mknod \-m 666 /dev/zero c 1 5 .br chown root:root /dev/null /dev/zero .sp diff --git a/man4/ram.4 b/man4/ram.4 index 1a3fb9f59..2989940c3 100644 --- a/man4/ram.4 +++ b/man4/ram.4 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The \fBRam\fP device is a block device to access the ram disk in raw mode. It is typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 660 /dev/ram b 1 1 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/ram b 1 1 .br chown root:disk /dev/ram .sp diff --git a/man4/sd.4 b/man4/sd.4 index 391048fff..e923c73d0 100644 --- a/man4/sd.4 +++ b/man4/sd.4 @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ are also supported. If the .BR ioctl (2) parameter is required, and it is NULL, then .IR ioctl () -will return -EINVAL. +will return \-EINVAL. .SH FILES /dev/sd[a-h]: the whole device .br diff --git a/man4/sk98lin.4 b/man4/sk98lin.4 index 73bdf6e87..860c7dec5 100644 --- a/man4/sk98lin.4 +++ b/man4/sk98lin.4 @@ -369,9 +369,9 @@ reflects the fact, that interrupt moderation is always enabled, regardless how m .br .IR Dynamic -Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card, depending on the load of the system. If the driver detects that the system load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against too much network load by enabling interrupt moderation. If - at a later time - the CPU utilization decreases again (or if the network load is negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled. +Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card, depending on the load of the system. If the driver detects that the system load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against too much network load by enabling interrupt moderation. If \(em at a later time \(em the CPU utilization decreases again (or if the network load is negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled. -Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or more interfaces with a high network load, which - as a consequence - leads also to a high CPU utilization. When moderation is applied in such high network load situations, CPU load might be reduced by 20-30% on slow computers. +Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or more interfaces with a high network load, which \(em as a consequence \(em leads also to a high CPU utilization. When moderation is applied in such high network load situations, CPU load might be reduced by 20-30% on slow computers. Note that the drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of the round-trip-time (RTT), due to the queuing and serving of interrupts at dedicated moderation times. diff --git a/man4/st.4 b/man4/st.4 index 9858f4f54..085ae5b9f 100644 --- a/man4/st.4 +++ b/man4/st.4 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ .\" .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. -.TH ST 4 2005-03-13 "Linux 2.0 - 2.6" "Linux Programmer's Manual" +.TH ST 4 2005-03-13 "Linux 2.0 \- 2.6" "Linux Programmer's Manual" .SH NAME st \- SCSI tape device .SH SYNOPSIS diff --git a/man4/ttyS.4 b/man4/ttyS.4 index 70ed88518..3539b78ae 100644 --- a/man4/ttyS.4 +++ b/man4/ttyS.4 @@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ ttyS \- serial terminal lines They are typically created by: .RS .sp -mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64 # base address 0x3f8 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64 # base address 0x3f8 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65 # base address 0x2f8 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65 # base address 0x2f8 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66 # base address 0x3e8 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66 # base address 0x3e8 .br -mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67 # base address 0x2e8 +mknod \-m 660 /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67 # base address 0x2e8 .br chown root:tty /dev/ttyS[0-3] .sp diff --git a/man4/vcs.4 b/man4/vcs.4 index 15e98bd5a..fb2d51e15 100644 --- a/man4/vcs.4 +++ b/man4/vcs.4 @@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ requests are supported. You may do a screendump on vt3 by switching to vt1 and typing \fIcat /dev/vcs3 >foo\fP. Note that the output does not contain newline characters, so some processing may be required, like -in \fIfold -w 81 /dev/vcs3 | lpr\fP or (horrors) -\fIsetterm -dump 3 -file /proc/self/fd/1\fP. +in \fIfold \-w 81 /dev/vcs3 | lpr\fP or (horrors) +\fIsetterm \-dump 3 \-file /proc/self/fd/1\fP. .LP The \fI/dev/vcsa0\fP device is used for Braille support. diff --git a/man4/wavelan.4 b/man4/wavelan.4 index 0cfaa5017..6d75ac6e9 100644 --- a/man4/wavelan.4 +++ b/man4/wavelan.4 @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Bruce Janson \- bruce@cs.usyd.edu.au .br Jean Tourrilhes \- jt@hplb.hpl.hp.com .br -(+ others - see source code for details) +(and others; see source code for details) .\" .\" SEE ALSO part .\" diff --git a/man5/complex.5 b/man5/complex.5 index 1347aded6..aad6012f5 100644 --- a/man5/complex.5 +++ b/man5/complex.5 @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ complex \- basics of complex mathematics .B #include .SH DESCRIPTION Complex numbers are numbers of the form z = a+b*i, where a and b are -real numbers and i = sqrt(-1), so that i*i = -1. +real numbers and i = sqrt(\-1), so that i*i = \-1. .br There are other ways to represent that number. The pair (a,b) of real numbers may be viewed as a point in the plane, given by X- and @@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ The basic operations are defined on z = a+b*i and w = c+d*i as: .TP .B addition: z+w = (a+c) + (b+d)*i .TP -.B multiplication: z*w = (a*c - b*d) + (a*d + b*c)*i +.B multiplication: z*w = (a*c \- b*d) + (a*d + b*c)*i .TP -.B division: z/w = ((a*c + b*d)/(c*c + d*d)) + ((b*c - a*d)/(c*c + d*d))*i +.B division: z/w = ((a*c + b*d)/(c*c + d*d)) + ((b*c \- a*d)/(c*c + d*d))*i .PP Nearly all math function have a complex counterpart but there are some complex only functions. .SH EXAMPLE Your C-compiler can work with complex numbers if it supports the C99 standard. -Link with -lm. The imaginary unit is represented by I. +Link with \-lm. The imaginary unit is represented by I. .sp .nf /* check that exp(i*pi) == -1 */ diff --git a/man5/dir_colors.5 b/man5/dir_colors.5 index 8bb50352f..0b66f090a 100644 --- a/man5/dir_colors.5 +++ b/man5/dir_colors.5 @@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect. .SH "ESCAPE SEQUENCES" To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or -.BR stty -style +.BR stty \-style ^-notation can be used. The C-style notation includes the following characters: .sp diff --git a/man5/hosts.equiv.5 b/man5/hosts.equiv.5 index 6db9cb969..046c13856 100644 --- a/man5/hosts.equiv.5 +++ b/man5/hosts.equiv.5 @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ supplying a password. .PP The file uses the following format: .TP -\fI[ + | - ]\fP \fI[hostname]\fP \fI[username]\fP +\fI[ + | \- ]\fP \fI[hostname]\fP \fI[username]\fP .PP The \fIhostname\fP is the name of a host which is logically equivalent to the local host. Users logged into that host are allowed to access @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ like-named user accounts on the local host without supplying a password. The \fIhostname\fP may be (optionally) preceded by a plus (+) sign. If the plus sign is used alone it allows any host to access your system. You can explicitly deny access to a host by preceding the \fIhostname\fP -by a minus (-) sign. Users from that host must always supply a password. +by a minus (\-) sign. Users from that host must always supply a password. For security reasons you should always use the FQDN of the hostname and not the short hostname. .PP @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ accounts (except root) without supplying a password. That means the user is NOT restricted to like-named accounts. The \fIusername\fP may be (optionally) preceded by a plus (+) sign. You can also explicitly deny access to a specific user by preceding the \fIusername\fP with -a minus (-) sign. This says that the user is not trusted no matter +a minus (\-) sign. This says that the user is not trusted no matter what other entries for that host exist. .PP Netgroups can be specified by preceding the netgroup by an @ sign. diff --git a/man5/nscd.conf.5 b/man5/nscd.conf.5 index 6e175eb24..218648468 100644 --- a/man5/nscd.conf.5 +++ b/man5/nscd.conf.5 @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ .\" .TH NSCD.CONF 5 1999-10 "GNU C Library" .SH NAME -/etc/nscd.conf - name service cache daemon configuration file +/etc/nscd.conf \- name service cache daemon configuration file .SH DESCRIPTION The file .B /etc/nscd.conf diff --git a/man5/nsswitch.conf.5 b/man5/nsswitch.conf.5 index ec7b2d37c..d596f868f 100644 --- a/man5/nsswitch.conf.5 +++ b/man5/nsswitch.conf.5 @@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The default action is `continue'. .LP -.SS Interaction with +/- syntax (compat mode) +.SS Interaction with +/\- syntax (compat mode) Linux libc5 without NYS does not have the name service switch but does allow the user some policy control. In .B /etc/passwd you could have entries of the form +user or +@netgroup (include the specified user from the NIS passwd map), --user or -@netgroup (exclude the specified user), +\-user or \-@netgroup (exclude the specified user), and + (include every user, except the excluded ones, from the NIS passwd map). Since most people only put a + at the end of .B /etc/passwd diff --git a/man5/proc.5 b/man5/proc.5 index f896a976e..a41ac14ab 100644 --- a/man5/proc.5 +++ b/man5/proc.5 @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd .ft Note that the pwd command is often a shell builtin, and might -not work properly. In bash, you may use pwd -P. +not work properly. In bash, you may use pwd \-P. .TP .I /proc/[number]/environ This file contains the environment for the process. @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do: .I /proc/[number]/exe Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link containing the actual path name of the executed command. -This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally - attempting to open +This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open it will open the executable. You can even type .I /proc/[number]/exe to run another copy of the same executable as is being run by @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE, MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first drive). .BR find (1) -with the -inum option can be used to locate the file. +with the \-inum option can be used to locate the file. .TP .I /proc/[number]/fd This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the @@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, etc. Programs that will take a filename, but will not take the standard input, and which write to a file, but will not send their output to -standard output, can be effectively foiled this way, assuming that -i -is the flag designating an input file and -o is the flag designating +standard output, can be effectively foiled this way, assuming that \-i +is the flag designating an input file and \-o is the flag designating an output file: .br .nf @@ -358,13 +358,13 @@ The bitmap of caught signals. This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting. It is the address of a system call, and can be looked up in a namelist if you need a textual name. (If you have an up-to-date /etc/psdatabase, then -try \fIps -l\fP to see the WCHAN field in action.) +try \fIps \-l\fP to see the WCHAN field in action.) .TP \fInswap\fP %lu -Number of pages swapped - not maintained. +Number of pages swapped (not maintained). .TP \fIcnswap\fP %lu -Cumulative \fInswap\fP for child processes - not maintained. +Cumulative \fInswap\fP for child processes (not maintained). .TP \fIexit_signal\fP %d Signal to be sent to parent when we die. @@ -1510,7 +1510,7 @@ This file displays various virtual memory statistics. .SH CAVEATS Note that many strings (i.e., the environment and command line) are in the internal format, with sub-fields terminated by NUL bytes, so you -may find that things are more readable if you use \fIod -c\fP or \fItr +may find that things are more readable if you use \fIod \-c\fP or \fItr "\\000" "\\n"\fP to read them. Alternatively, \fIecho `cat `\fP works well. diff --git a/man7/bootparam.7 b/man7/bootparam.7 index 249ecd5bd..d84c038b9 100644 --- a/man7/bootparam.7 +++ b/man7/bootparam.7 @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ the device type (`hd' for ST-506 compatible hard disk, with Y in `ad' for Atari ACSI disk, with Y in `a'-`e', `ez' for a Syquest EZ135 parallel port removable drive, with Y=`a', `xd' for XT compatible disk, with Y either `a' or `b'; `fd' for -floppy disk, with Y the floppy drive number - fd0 would be +floppy disk, with Y the floppy drive number \(em fd0 would be the DOS `A:' drive, and fd1 would be `B:'), Y the driver letter or number, and N the number (in decimal) of the partition on this device (absent in the case of floppies). Recent kernels allow many other @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ The `ro' option tells the kernel to mount the root filesystem as `readonly' so that filesystem consistency check programs (fsck) can do their work on a quiescent file system. No processes can write to files on the filesystem in question until it is `remounted' -as read/write capable, e.g., by `mount -w -n -o remount /'. +as read/write capable, e.g., by `mount \-w \-n \-o remount /'. (See also .BR mount (8).) @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ The `noinitrd' option tells the kernel that although it was compiled for operation with initrd, it should not go through the above steps, but leave the initrd data under .IR /dev/initrd . -(This device can be used only once - the data is freed as soon as +(This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as the last process that used it has closed .IR /dev/initrd .) @@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ is identified automatically, but if it isn't then this may help. The standard disk driver can accept geometry arguments for the disks similar to the IDE driver. Note however that it only expects three -values (C/H/S) -- any more or any less and it will silently ignore +values (C/H/S); any more or any less and it will silently ignore you. Also, it only accepts `hd=' as an argument, i.e. `hda=' and so on are not valid here. The format is as follows: .IP @@ -1061,14 +1061,14 @@ sound=device1[,device2[,device3...[,device10]]] where each deviceN value is of the following format 0xTaaaId and the bytes are used as follows: -T - device type: 1=FM, 2=SB, 3=PAS, 4=GUS, 5=MPU401, 6=SB16, +T \- device type: 1=FM, 2=SB, 3=PAS, 4=GUS, 5=MPU401, 6=SB16, 7=SB16-MPU401 -aaa - I/O address in hex. +aaa \- I/O address in hex. -I - interrupt line in hex (i.e 10=a, 11=b, ...) +I \- interrupt line in hex (i.e 10=a, 11=b, ...) -d - DMA channel. +d \- DMA channel. As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your own personal values as recommended. Using a boot arg of diff --git a/man7/charsets.7 b/man7/charsets.7 index 83fb41f90..a9e603be9 100644 --- a/man7/charsets.7 +++ b/man7/charsets.7 @@ -294,9 +294,9 @@ for African languages, ESC ( ! A selects the Cuban character set, etc. etc. .LP A 96-character set is designated as G\fIn\fP character set -by an escape sequence ESC - xx (for G1), ESC . xx (for G2) +by an escape sequence ESC \- xx (for G1), ESC . xx (for G2) or ESC / xx (for G3). -For example, ESC - G selects the Hebrew alphabet as G1. +For example, ESC \- G selects the Hebrew alphabet as G1. .LP A multibyte character set is designated as G\fIn\fP character set by an escape sequence ESC $ xx or ESC $ ( xx (for G0), @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ is fixed (always ASCII), so that G1, G2 and G3 can only be invoked for codes with the high order bit set. In particular, ^N and ^O are not used anymore, ESC ( xx can be used only with xx=B, and ESC ) xx, ESC * xx, ESC + xx -are equivalent to ESC - xx, ESC . xx, ESC / xx, respectively. +are equivalent to ESC \- xx, ESC . xx, ESC / xx, respectively. .SH "SEE ALSO" .BR console (4), diff --git a/man7/glob.7 b/man7/glob.7 index 8357e528b..e432c3c21 100644 --- a/man7/glob.7 +++ b/man7/glob.7 @@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ three characters `[', `]' and `!'.) .SS Ranges There is one special convention: -two characters separated by `-' denote a range. -(Thus, `[A-Fa-f0-9]' is equivalent to `[ABCDEFabcdef0123456789]'.) -One may include `-' in its literal meaning by making it the +two characters separated by `\-' denote a range. +(Thus, `[A\-Fa\-f0\-9]' is equivalent to `[ABCDEFabcdef0123456789]'.) +One may include `\-' in its literal meaning by making it the first or last character between the brackets. -(Thus, `[]-]' matches just the two characters `]' and `-', -and `[--0]' matches the three characters `-', `.', `0', since `/' +(Thus, `[]\-]' matches just the two characters `]' and `\-', +and `[\-\-0]' matches the three characters `\-', `.', `0', since `/' cannot be matched.) .SS Complementation An expression `[!...]' matches a single character, namely any character that is not matched by the expression obtained by removing the first `!' from it. -(Thus, `[!]a-]' matches any single character except `]', `a' and `-'.) +(Thus, `[!]a\-]' matches any single character except `]', `a' and `\-'.) One can remove the special meaning of `?', `*' and `[' by preceding them by a backslash, or, in case this is part of @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Thus, `[[?*\e]' matches the four characters `[', `?', `*' and `\e'. .SH PATHNAMES Globbing is applied on each of the components of a pathname separately. A `/' in a pathname cannot be matched by a `?' or `*' -wildcard, or by a range like `[.-0]'. A range cannot contain an +wildcard, or by a range like `[.\-0]'. A range cannot contain an explicit `/' character; this would lead to a syntax error. If a filename starts with a `.', this character must be matched explicitly. @@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ effect of a wildcard pattern `[^...]' to be undefined. .SS Character classes and Internationalization Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges, -so that `[ -%]' stands for `[ !"#$%]' and `[a-z]' stands +so that `[\ \-%]' stands for `[\ !"#$%]' and `[a\-z]' stands for "any lowercase letter". -Some Unix implementations generalized this so that a range X-Y +Some Unix implementations generalized this so that a range X\-Y stands for the set of characters with code between the codes for X and for Y. However, this requires the user to know the character coding in use on the local system, and moreover, is @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ expression: namely (i) the negation, (ii) explicit single characters, and (iii) ranges. POSIX specifies ranges in an internationally more useful way and adds three more types: -(iii) Ranges X-Y comprise all characters that fall between X +(iii) Ranges X\-Y comprise all characters that fall between X and Y (inclusive) in the current collating sequence as defined by the LC_COLLATE category in the current locale. @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ by the LC_COLLATE category in the current locale. [:digit:] [:graph:] [:lower:] [:print:] [:punct:] [:space:] [:upper:] [:xdigit:] .fi -so that one can say `[[:lower:]]' instead of `[a-z]', and have +so that one can say `[[:lower:]]' instead of `[a\-z]', and have things work in Denmark, too, where there are three letters past `z' in the alphabet. These character classes are defined by the LC_CTYPE category diff --git a/man7/ip.7 b/man7/ip.7 index d60279882..4a03254d1 100644 --- a/man7/ip.7 +++ b/man7/ip.7 @@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ to the network. .TP .BR ip_nonlocal_bind " (Boolean; default: disabled)" If set, allows processes to bind() to non-local IP addresses, -which can be quite useful - but may break some applications. +which can be quite useful, but may break some applications. .\" .\" The following is from 2.6.12: Doumentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt .TP diff --git a/man7/man.7 b/man7/man.7 index c2d8d4c75..7609a192b 100644 --- a/man7/man.7 +++ b/man7/man.7 @@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent. .SS "Relative Margin Indent" .TP 9m .BI \&.RS " i" -Start relative margin indent - moves the left margin +Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin .I i to the right (if .I i diff --git a/man7/packet.7 b/man7/packet.7 index 2f1da5455..46329f273 100644 --- a/man7/packet.7 +++ b/man7/packet.7 @@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ The .B mr_type parameter specifies which action to perform. .B PACKET_MR_PROMISC -enables receiving all packets on a shared medium - often known as -``promiscuous mode'', +enables receiving all packets on a shared medium (often known as +``promiscuous mode''), .B PACKET_MR_MULTICAST binds the socket to the physical layer multicast group specified in .B mr_address diff --git a/man7/pthreads.7 b/man7/pthreads.7 index 3e6e96012..3f27095cb 100644 --- a/man7/pthreads.7 +++ b/man7/pthreads.7 @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ CPU affinity .RB ( sched_setaffinity (2)) .SS "Compiling on Linux" On Linux, programs that use the Pthreads API should be compiled using -.IR "cc -pthread" . +.IR "cc \-pthread" . .SS "Linux Implementations of POSIX Threads" Over time, two threading implementations have been provided by the GNU C library on Linux: diff --git a/man7/raw.7 b/man7/raw.7 index 052db2969..25ee0503d 100644 --- a/man7/raw.7 +++ b/man7/raw.7 @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ are new in Linux 2.2. They are Linux extensions and should not be used in portable programs. Linux 2.0 enabled some bug-to-bug compatibility with BSD in the raw socket code -when the SO_BSDCOMPAT flag was set - that has been removed in 2.2. +when the SO_BSDCOMPAT flag was set \- that has been removed in 2.2. .SH BUGS Transparent proxy extensions are not described. diff --git a/man7/socket.7 b/man7/socket.7 index e1d1e6832..67bfd33a8 100644 --- a/man7/socket.7 +++ b/man7/socket.7 @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ .\" .TH SOCKET 7 2004-05-27 "Linux 2.6.6" "Linux Programmer's Manual" .SH NAME -socket - Linux socket interface +socket \- Linux socket interface .SH SYNOPSIS .B #include .br diff --git a/man7/uri.7 b/man7/uri.7 index 8d0ed0c2f..2df7f0d3b 100644 --- a/man7/uri.7 +++ b/man7/uri.7 @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Here are some of the most common schemes in use on Unix-like systems that are understood by many tools. Note that many tools using URIs also have internal schemes or specialized schemes; see those tools' documentation for information on those schemes. -.SS "http - Web (HTTP) server" +.SS "http \- Web (HTTP) server" .RI http:// ip_server / path .br .RI http:// ip_server / path ? query @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ may be too long to store as a URI, so they use a different interaction mechanism (called POST) which does not include the data in the URI. See the Common Gateway Interface specification at for more information. -.SS "ftp - File Transfer Protocol (FTP)" +.SS "ftp \- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)" .RI ftp:// ip_server / path .PP This is a URL accessing a file through the file transfer protocol (FTP). @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ in that case many clients provide as the password the requestor's Internet email address. An example is . -.SS "gopher - Gopher server" +.SS "gopher \- Gopher server" .RI gopher:// ip_server / "gophertype selector" .br .RI gopher:// ip_server / "gophertype selector" %09 search @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ is the Gopher selector string. In the Gopher protocol, Gopher selector strings are a sequence of octets which may contain any octets except 09 hexadecimal (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal (US-ASCII character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR). -.SS "mailto - Email address" +.SS "mailto \- Email address" .RI mailto: email-address .PP This is an email address, usually of the form @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ See for more information on the correct format of an email address. Note that any % character must be rewritten as %25. An example is . -.SS "news - Newsgroup or News message" +.SS "news \- Newsgroup or News message" .RI news: newsgroup-name .br .RI news: message-id @@ -234,14 +234,14 @@ and ">"; it takes the form .IR unique @ full_domain_name . A message identifier may be distinguished from a news group name by the presence of the "@" character. -.SS "telnet - Telnet login" +.SS "telnet \- Telnet login" .RI telnet:// ip_server / .PP The Telnet URL scheme is used to designate interactive text services that may be accessed by the Telnet protocol. The final "/" character may be omitted. The default port is 23. An example is . -.SS "file - Normal file" +.SS "file \- Normal file" .RI file:// ip_server / path_segments .br .RI file: path_segments @@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Note that if you really mean to say "start from the current location," don't specify the scheme at all; use a relative address like <../test.txt>, which has the side-effect of being scheme-independent. An example of this scheme is . -.SS "man - Man page documentation" +.SS "man \- Man page documentation" .RI man: command-name .br .RI man: command-name ( section ) @@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ for more information on the meaning of the section numbers. This URI scheme is unique to Unix-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered by the IETF. An example is . -.SS "info - Info page documentation" +.SS "info \- Info page documentation" .RI info: virtual-filename .br .RI info: virtual-filename # nodename @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ In both GNOME and KDE, if the form without the nodename is used the nodename is assumed to be "Top". Examples of the GNOME format are and . Examples of the KDE format are and . -.SS "whatis - Documentation search" +.SS "whatis \- Documentation search" .RI whatis: string .PP This scheme searches the database of short (one-line) descriptions of commands @@ -323,12 +323,12 @@ See .BR whatis (1). This URI scheme is unique to Unix-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered by the IETF. -.SS "ghelp - GNOME help documentation" +.SS "ghelp \- GNOME help documentation" .RI ghelp: name-of-application .PP This loads GNOME help for the given application. Note that not much documentation currently exists in this format. -.SS "ldap - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol" +.SS "ldap \- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol" .RI ldap:// hostport .br .RI ldap:// hostport / @@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ with common name (cn) "Babs Jensen" at University of Michigan, request: .RS ldap://host.com:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen) .RE -.SS "wais - Wide Area Information Servers" +.SS "wais \- Wide Area Information Servers" .RI wais:// hostport / database .br .RI wais:// hostport / database ? search @@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ include include upper and lower case English letters, decimal digits, and the following limited set of punctuation marks and symbols: .IP - - _ . ! ~ * ' ( ) + \- _ . ! ~ * ' ( ) .PP All other characters must be escaped. An escaped octet is encoded as a character triplet, consisting of the @@ -484,9 +484,9 @@ For URIs which must handle characters outside the US ASCII character set, the HTML 4.01 specification (section B.2) and IETF RFC 2718 (section 2.2.5) recommend the following approach: .IP 1. 4 -translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC 2279) - see +translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC 2279) \(em see .BR utf-8 (7) -- and then +\(em and then .IP 2. use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe octets. diff --git a/man7/utf-8.7 b/man7/utf-8.7 index e364c2e05..dae5bd0d0 100644 --- a/man7/utf-8.7 +++ b/man7/utf-8.7 @@ -119,32 +119,32 @@ can only be up to four bytes long in The following byte sequences are used to represent a character. The sequence to be used depends on the UCS code number of the character: .TP 0.4i -0x00000000 - 0x0000007F: +0x00000000 \- 0x0000007F: .RI 0 xxxxxxx .TP -0x00000080 - 0x000007FF: +0x00000080 \- 0x000007FF: .RI 110 xxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .TP -0x00000800 - 0x0000FFFF: +0x00000800 \- 0x0000FFFF: .RI 1110 xxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .TP -0x00010000 - 0x001FFFFF: +0x00010000 \- 0x001FFFFF: .RI 11110 xxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .TP -0x00200000 - 0x03FFFFFF: +0x00200000 \- 0x03FFFFFF: .RI 111110 xx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx .TP -0x04000000 - 0x7FFFFFFF: +0x04000000 \- 0x7FFFFFFF: .RI 1111110 x .RI 10 xxxxxx .RI 10 xxxxxx diff --git a/man8/ld.so.8 b/man8/ld.so.8 index 9fada679f..1e9a7dc46 100644 --- a/man8/ld.so.8 +++ b/man8/ld.so.8 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ From the cache file .BR /etc/ld.so.cache which contains a compiled list of candidate libraries previously found in the augmented library path. If, however, the binary was linked with -.B -z nodeflib +.B \-z nodeflib linker option, libraries in the default library paths are skipped. .IP o In the default path @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ In the default path and then .BR /usr/lib . If the binary was linked with -.B -z nodeflib +.B \-z nodeflib linker option, this step is skipped. .SH SYNOPSIS The dynamic linker can be run either indirectly through running some @@ -71,24 +71,24 @@ section of the program is executed) or directly by running: [OPTIONS] [PROGRAM [ARGUMENTS]] .SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS .TP -.B --list +.B \-\-list List all dependencies and how they are resolved. .TP -.B --verify +.B \-\-verify Verify that program is dynamically linked and this dynamic linker can handle it. .TP -.B --library-path PATH +.B \-\-library\-path PATH Override .B LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable setting (see below). .TP -.B --ignore-rpath LIST +.B \-\-ignore\-rpath LIST Ignore RPATH and RUNPATH information in object names in LIST. This option has been supported by glibc2 for about one hour. Then it was renamed into: .TP -.B --inhibit-rpath LIST +.B \-\-inhibit\-rpath LIST .SH ENVIRONMENT There are four important environment variables. .TP @@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ If set to non-empty string, output symbol versioning information about the program if querying information about the program (ie. either .B LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS has been set, or -.B --list +.B \-\-list or -.B --verify +.B \-\-verify options have been given to the dynamic linker). .TP .B LD_PROFILE @@ -179,12 +179,12 @@ LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT is ignored for setuid/setgid binaries. .B LD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH (libc5) Version of LD_LIBRARY_PATH for a.out binaries only. -Old versions of ld-linux.so.1 also supported LD_ELF_LIBRARY_PATH. +Old versions of ld\-linux.so.1 also supported LD_ELF_LIBRARY_PATH. .TP .B LD_AOUT_PRELOAD (libc5) Version of LD_PRELOAD for a.out binaries only. -Old versions of ld-linux.so.1 also supported LD_ELF_PRELOAD. +Old versions of ld\-linux.so.1 also supported LD_ELF_PRELOAD. .TP .B LD_SHOW_AUXV (glibc since 2.1) @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ when none is present. .B /lib/ld.so a.out dynamic linker/loader .TP -.BR /lib/ld-linux.so. { 1 , 2 } +.BR /lib/ld\-linux.so. { 1 , 2 } ELF dynamic linker/loader .TP .B /etc/ld.so.cache diff --git a/man8/ldconfig.8 b/man8/ldconfig.8 index 3b8304ad6..9e4a85c14 100644 --- a/man8/ldconfig.8 +++ b/man8/ldconfig.8 @@ -71,8 +71,11 @@ determining which versions should have their links updated. .PP .B ldconfig will attempt to deduce the type of ELF libs (ie. libc5 or libc6/glibc) -based on what C libs, if any, the library was linked against. Therefore, when -making dynamic libraries, it is wise to explicitly link against libc (use -lc). +based on what C libs, if any, the library was linked against. +.\" FIXME: I think the following sentence is suspect (perhaps historical +.\" cruft) -- MTK, Jul 2005 +Therefore, when making dynamic libraries, +it is wise to explicitly link against libc (use \-lc). .PP Some existing libs do not contain enough information to allow the deduction of their type. Therefore, the @@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ is "dirname=TYPE", where TYPE can be libc4, libc5, or libc6. (This syntax also works on the command line.) Spaces are .B not allowed. Also see the -.B -p +.B \-p option. .B ldconfig should normally be run by the superuser as it may require write diff --git a/man8/nscd.8 b/man8/nscd.8 index b92a58963..4678d274a 100644 --- a/man8/nscd.8 +++ b/man8/nscd.8 @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ .\" .TH NSCD 8 1999-10 "GNU C Library" "Linux Programmer's Manual" .SH NAME -/usr/sbin/nscd - name service cache daemon +/usr/sbin/nscd \- name service cache daemon .SH DESCRIPTION Nscd is a daemon that provides a cache for the most common name service requests. The default configuration file,