mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
Various improvements and corrections by Thomas Dickey.
This commit is contained in:
parent
cedfddcd13
commit
2866cb5315
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@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
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.\"
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.\" Tiny correction, aeb, 961107.
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.\"
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.TH CONSOLE_CODES 4 1996-10-31 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.\" 2006-05-27, Several corrections - Thomas E. Dickey
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.\"
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.TH CONSOLE_CODES 4 2006-05-29 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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console_codes \- Linux console escape and control sequences
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ the code used for processing to the code used for printing.
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If the console is in UTF-8 mode, then the incoming bytes are
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first assembled into 16-bit Unicode codes. Otherwise
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each byte is transformed according to the current mapping table
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(which translates it to a Unicode value). See the CHARACTER SETS
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section below for discussion.
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(which translates it to a Unicode value).
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See the \fBCHARACTER SETS\fP section below for discussion.
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.LP
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In the normal case, the Unicode value is converted to a font index,
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and this is stored in video memory, so that the corresponding glyph
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@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ If the current Unicode value is a control character, or we are
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currently processing an escape sequence, the value will treated
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specially. Instead of being turned into a font index and rendered as
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a glyph, it may trigger cursor movement or other control functions.
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See the LINUX CONSOLE CONTROLS section below for discussion.
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See the \fBLINUX CONSOLE CONTROLS\fP section below for discussion.
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.LP
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It is generally not good practice to hard-wire terminal controls into
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programs. Linux supports a
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@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as glyphs.
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On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00-1f are regarded
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as control characters, regardless of any `display control characters'
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mode.
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.PP
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If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately
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and then discarded (even in the middle of an escape sequence)
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and the escape sequence continues with the next character.
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@ -116,11 +118,15 @@ ESC D IND Linefeed.
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ESC E NEL Newline.
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ESC H HTS Set tab stop at current column.
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ESC M RI Reverse linefeed.
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ESC Z DECID DEC private identification. The kernel
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returns the string ESC [ ? 6 c, claiming
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that it is a VT102.
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ESC 7 DECSC Save current state (cursor coordinates,
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attributes, character sets pointed at by G0, G1).
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ESC Z DECID T{
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DEC private identification. The kernel
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returns the string ESC [ ? 6 c, claiming
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that it is a VT102.
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T}
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ESC 7 DECSC T{
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Save current state (cursor coordinates,
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attributes, character sets pointed at by G0, G1).
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T}
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ESC 8 DECRC Restore state most recently saved by ESC 7.
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ESC [ CSI Control sequence introducer
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ESC % Start sequence selecting character set
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@ -130,7 +136,7 @@ ESC % 8 \0\0\0Select UTF-8 (obsolete)
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ESC # 8 DECALN DEC screen alignment test \- fill screen with E's.
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ESC ( Start sequence defining G0 character set
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ESC ( B \0\0\0Select default (ISO 8859-1 mapping)
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ESC ( 0 \0\0\0Select vt100 graphics mapping
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ESC ( 0 \0\0\0Select VT100 graphics mapping
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ESC ( U \0\0\0Select null mapping \- straight to character ROM
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ESC ( K \0\0\0Select user mapping \- the map that is loaded by
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\0\0\0the utility \fBmapscrn\fP(8).
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@ -138,25 +144,27 @@ ESC ) Start sequence defining G1
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(followed by one of B, 0, U, K, as above).
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ESC > DECPNM Set numeric keypad mode
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ESC = DECPAM Set application keypad mode
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ESC ] OSC (Should be: Operating system command)
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ESC ] P \fInrrggbb\fP: set palette, with parameter
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given in 7 hexadecimal digits after the final P :-(.
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Here \fIn\fP is the color (0-15), and \fIrrggbb\fP indicates
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the red/green/blue values (0-255).
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ESC ] R: reset palette
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ESC ] OSC T{
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(Should be: Operating system command)
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ESC ] P \fInrrggbb\fP: set palette, with parameter
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given in 7 hexadecimal digits after the final P :-(.
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Here \fIn\fP is the color (0-15), and \fIrrggbb\fP indicates
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the red/green/blue values (0-255).
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ESC ] R: reset palette
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T}
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.TE
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.SS "ECMA-48 CSI sequences"
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CSI (or ESC [) is followed by a sequence of parameters,
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at most NPAR (16), that are decimal numbers separated by
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semicolons. An empty or absent parameter is taken to be 0.
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The sequence of parameters may be preceded by a single question mark.
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.PP
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However, after CSI [ (or ESC [ [) a single character is read
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and this entire sequence is ignored. (The idea is to ignore
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an echoed function key.)
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.PP
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The action of a CSI sequence is determined by its final character.
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.PP
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.TS
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l l l.
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@ ICH Insert the indicated # of blank characters.
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@ -200,29 +208,42 @@ u ? Restore cursor location.
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` HPA Move cursor to indicated column in current row.
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.TE
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.SS ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition
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The ECMA-48 SGR sequence ESC [ <parameters> m sets display attributes.
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Several attributes can be set in the same sequence.
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The ECMA-48 SGR sequence ESC [ \fIparameters\fP m sets display
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attributes.
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Several attributes can be set in the same sequence, separated by
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semicolons.
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An empty parameter (between semicolons or string initiator or
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terminator) is interpreted as a zero.
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.LP
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.TS
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l l.
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par result
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param result
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0 reset all attributes to their defaults
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1 set bold
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2 set half-bright (simulated with color on a color display)
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4 set underscore (simulated with color on a color display)
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(the colors used to simulate dim or underline are set
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using ESC ] ...)
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4 T{
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set underscore (simulated with color on a color display)
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(the colors used to simulate dim or underline are set
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using ESC ] ...)
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T}
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5 set blink
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7 set reverse video
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10 reset selected mapping, display control flag,
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and toggle meta flag.
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11 select null mapping, set display control flag,
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reset toggle meta flag.
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12 select null mapping, set display control flag,
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set toggle meta flag. (The toggle meta flag
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causes the high bit of a byte to be toggled
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before the mapping table translation is done.)
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21 set normal intensity (this is not compatible with ECMA-48)
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10 T{
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reset selected mapping, display control flag,
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and toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says "primary font").
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T}
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11 T{
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select null mapping, set display control flag,
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reset toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says "first alternate font").
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T}
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12 T{
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select null mapping, set display control flag,
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set toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says "second alternate font").
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The toggle meta flag
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causes the high bit of a byte to be toggled
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before the mapping table translation is done.
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T}
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21 set normal intensity (ECMA-48 says "doubly underlined")
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22 set normal intensity
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24 underline off
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25 blink off
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@ -305,7 +326,7 @@ X10 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 1 (or reset to
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0) \(em see below.
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.TP
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ESC [ ? 25 h
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DECCM (default on): Make cursor visible.
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DECTECM (default on): Make cursor visible.
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.TP
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ESC [ ? 1000 h
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X11 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 2 (or reset
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@ -317,7 +338,6 @@ The following sequences are neither ECMA-48 nor native VT102. They
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are native to the Linux console driver. Colors are in SGR parameters:
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0 = black, 1 = red, 2 = green, 3 = brown, 4 = blue, 5 = magenta, 6 =
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cyan, 7 = white.
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.TS
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l l.
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ESC [ 1 ; \fIn\fP ] Set color \fIn\fP as the underline color
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@ -331,30 +351,33 @@ ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen.
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ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.
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.TE
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.SH "CHARACTER SETS"
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The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols.
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The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen
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symbols.
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The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC,
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b) VT100 graphics \-> PC, c) PC \-> PC, d) user-defined.
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.PP
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There are two character sets, called G0 and G1, and one of them
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is the current character set. (Initially G0.)
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Typing ^N causes G1 to become current, ^O causes G0 to become current.
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These variables G0 and G1 point at a translation table, and can be changed
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by the user. Initially they point at tables a) and b), respectively.
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The sequences ESC ( B and ESC ( 0 and ESC ( U and ESC ( K cause G0 to point
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at translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.
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The sequences ESC ) B and ESC ) 0 and ESC ) U and ESC ) K cause G1 to point
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at translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.
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.PP
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These variables G0 and G1 point at a translation table, and can be
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changed by the user.
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Initially they point at tables a) and b), respectively.
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The sequences ESC ( B and ESC ( 0 and ESC ( U and ESC ( K cause G0 to
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point at translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.
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The sequences ESC ) B and ESC ) 0 and ESC ) U and ESC ) K cause G1 to
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point at translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.
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.PP
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The sequence ESC c causes a terminal reset, which is what you want if the
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screen is all garbled. The oft-advised "echo ^V^O" will only make G0 current,
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screen is all garbled.
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The oft-advised "echo ^V^O" will only make G0 current,
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but there is no guarantee that G0 points at table a).
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In some distributions there is a program
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.BR reset (1)
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that just does "echo ^[c".
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If your terminfo entry for the console is correct (and has an entry rs1=\\Ec),
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then "tput reset" will also work.
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If your terminfo entry for the console is correct
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(and has an entry rs1=\\Ec), then "tput reset" will also work.
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.PP
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The user-defined mapping table can be set using
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.BR mapscrn (8).
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The result of the mapping is that if a symbol c is printed, the symbol
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|
@ -368,12 +391,12 @@ the device or type of the mouse, these reports are returned in the
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console input stream only when the virtual terminal driver receives
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a mouse update ioctl. These ioctls must be generated by a mouse-aware
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user-mode application such as the \fBgpm(8)\fR daemon.
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Parameters for all mouse tracking escape sequences generated by
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.PP
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The mouse tracking escape sequences generated by
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\fIxterm\fP encode numeric parameters in a single character as
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\fIvalue\fP+040. For example, `!' is 1. The screen
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coordinate system is 1-based.
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.PP
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The X10 compatibility mode sends an escape sequence on button press
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encoding the location and the mouse button pressed.
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It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? 9 h and disabled with ESC [ ? 9 l.
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@ -382,7 +405,7 @@ ESC [ M \fIbxy\fP (6 characters). Here \fIb\fP is button\-1,
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and \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse
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when the button was pressed.
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This is the same code the kernel also produces.
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.PP
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Normal tracking mode (not implemented in Linux 2.0.24) sends an escape
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sequence on both button press and release. Modifier information is
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also sent. It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? 1000 h and disabled with
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@ -395,12 +418,13 @@ are added together: 4=Shift, 8=Meta, 16=Control. Again \fIx\fP and
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left corner is (1,1).
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.SH "COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TERMINALS"
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Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
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as being `VT100-compatible'. Here we discuss differences between the
|
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Linux console an the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and
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as being `VT100-compatible'.
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Here we discuss differences between the
|
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Linux console and the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and
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.BR xterm (1).
|
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.\"
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.SS Control-character handling
|
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The vt102 also recognized the following control characters:
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The VT102 also recognized the following control characters:
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.HP
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NUL (0x00) was ignored;
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.HP
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|
@ -408,19 +432,18 @@ ENQ (0x05) triggered an answerback message;
|
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.HP
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DC1 (0x11, ^Q, XON) resumed transmission;
|
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.HP
|
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DC3 (0x13, ^S, XOFF) caused vt100 to ignore (and stop transmitting)
|
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DC3 (0x13, ^S, XOFF) caused VT100 to ignore (and stop transmitting)
|
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all codes except XOFF and XON.
|
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.LP
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VT100-like DC1/DC3 processing may be enabled by the tty driver.
|
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.LP
|
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The
|
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.I xterm
|
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program (in vt100 mode) recognizes the control characters
|
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program (in VT100 mode) recognizes the control characters
|
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BEL, BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, ESC.
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.\"
|
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.SS Escape sequences
|
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VT100 console sequences not implemented on the Linux console:
|
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.LP
|
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.TS
|
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l l l.
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ESC N SS2 Single shift 2. (Select G2 character set for the next
|
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|
@ -434,78 +457,142 @@ ESC \e ST String terminator
|
|||
ESC * ... Designate G2 character set
|
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ESC + ... Designate G3 character set
|
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.TE
|
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|
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.PP
|
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The program
|
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.I xterm
|
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(in vt100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC >, ESC =,
|
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(in VT100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC >, ESC =,
|
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ESC D, ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC \,
|
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ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, `I am a vt100 with advanced video option')
|
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ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, `I am a VT100 with
|
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advanced video option')
|
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and ESC ^ ... ESC \ with the same meanings as indicated above.
|
||||
It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0, A, B for
|
||||
the DEC special character and line drawing set, UK, and USASCII,
|
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the DEC special character and line drawing set, UK, and US-ASCII,
|
||||
respectively.
|
||||
It accepts ESC ] for the setting of certain resources:
|
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.LP
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The user can configure \fIxterm\fP to respond to VT220-specific
|
||||
control sequences, and it will identify itself as a VT52, VT100, and
|
||||
up depending on the way it is configured and initialized.
|
||||
.PP
|
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It accepts ESC ] (OSC) for the setting of certain resources.
|
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In addition to the ECMA-48 string terminator (ST),
|
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\fIxterm\fP accepts a BEL to terminate an OSC string.
|
||||
These are a few of the OSC control sequences recognized by \fIxterm\fP:
|
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.TS
|
||||
l l.
|
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ESC ] 0 ; txt BEL Set icon name and window title to txt.
|
||||
ESC ] 1 ; txt BEL Set icon name to txt.
|
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ESC ] 2 ; txt BEL Set window title to txt.
|
||||
ESC ] 4 6 ; name BEL Change log file to name (normally disabled
|
||||
ESC ] 0 ; \fItxt\fP ST Set icon name and window title to \fItxt\fP.
|
||||
ESC ] 1 ; \fItxt\fP ST Set icon name to \fItxt\fP.
|
||||
ESC ] 2 ; \fItxt\fP ST Set window title to \fItxt\fP.
|
||||
ESC ] 4 ; \fInum\fP; \fItxt\fP ST Set ANSI color \fInum\fP to \fItxt\fP.
|
||||
ESC ] 10 ; \fItxt\fP ST Set dynamic text color to \fItxt\fP.
|
||||
ESC ] 4 6 ; \fIname\fP ST Change log file to \fIname\fP (normally disabled
|
||||
by a compile-time option)
|
||||
ESC ] 5 0 ; fn BEL Set font to fn.
|
||||
ESC ] 5 0 ; \fIfn\fP ST Set font to \fIfn\fP.
|
||||
.TE
|
||||
|
||||
It recognizes the following with slightly modified meaning:
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It recognizes the following with slightly modified meaning
|
||||
(saving more state, behaving closer to VT100/VT220):
|
||||
.TS
|
||||
l l l.
|
||||
ESC 7 DECSC Save cursor
|
||||
ESC 8 DECRC Restore cursor
|
||||
.TE
|
||||
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It also recognizes
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.TS
|
||||
l l l.
|
||||
ESC F Cursor to lower left corner of screen (if enabled by
|
||||
the hpLowerleftBugCompat resource)
|
||||
\fIxterm\fP's \fBhpLowerleftBugCompat\fP resource)
|
||||
ESC l Memory lock (per HP terminals).
|
||||
Locks memory above the cursor.
|
||||
ESC m Memory unlock (per HP terminals).
|
||||
ESC n LS2 Invoke the G2 character set.
|
||||
ESC o LS3 Invoke the G3 character set.
|
||||
ESC | LS3R Invoke the G3 character set as GR.
|
||||
Has no visible effect in xterm.
|
||||
ESC } LS2R Invoke the G2 character set as GR.
|
||||
Has no visible effect in xterm.
|
||||
ESC ~ LS1R Invoke the G1 character set as GR.
|
||||
Has no visible effect in xterm.
|
||||
.TE
|
||||
|
||||
It does not recognize ESC % ...
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It also recognizes ESC % and provides a more complete UTF-8
|
||||
implementation than Linux console.
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.SS CSI Sequences
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I xterm
|
||||
program (as of XFree86 3.1.2G) does not recognize the blink or invisible-mode
|
||||
SGRs. Stock X11R6 versions do not recognize the color-setting SGRs.
|
||||
All other ECMA-48 CSI sequences recognized by Linux are also recognized by
|
||||
Old versions of \fIxterm\fP, e.g., from X11R5,
|
||||
interpret the blink SGR as a bold SGR.
|
||||
Later versions which implemented ANSI colors, e.g.,
|
||||
XFree86 3.1.2A in 1995, improved this by allowing
|
||||
the blink attribute to be displayed as a color.
|
||||
Modern versions of xterm implement blink SGR as blinking text
|
||||
and still allow colored text as an alternate rendering of SGRs.
|
||||
Stock X11R6 versions did not recognize the color-setting SGRs until
|
||||
the X11R6.8 release, which incorporated XFree86 xterm.
|
||||
All ECMA-48 CSI sequences recognized by Linux are also recognized by
|
||||
.IR xterm ,
|
||||
and vice-versa.
|
||||
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I xterm
|
||||
program will recognize all of the DEC Private Mode sequences listed
|
||||
above, but none of the Linux private-mode sequences. For discussion
|
||||
of
|
||||
.IR xterm 's
|
||||
however \fIxterm\fP implements several ECMA-48 and DEC control sequences
|
||||
not recognized by Linux.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fIxterm\fP
|
||||
program recognizes all of the DEC Private Mode sequences listed
|
||||
above, but none of the Linux private-mode sequences.
|
||||
For discussion of \fIxterm\fP's
|
||||
own private-mode sequences, refer to the
|
||||
.I Xterm Control Sequences
|
||||
document by Edward Moy and Stephen Gildea, available with the X
|
||||
distribution.
|
||||
\fIXterm Control Sequences\fP
|
||||
document by
|
||||
Edward Moy,
|
||||
Stephen Gildea,
|
||||
and Thomas E. Dickey
|
||||
available with the X distribution.
|
||||
That document, though terse, is much longer than this manual page.
|
||||
For a chronological overview,
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
details changes to xterm.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The \fIvttest\fP program
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
http://invisible-island.net/vttest/
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
demonstrates many of these control sequences.
|
||||
The \fIxterm\fP source distribution also contains sample
|
||||
scripts which exercise other features.
|
||||
.SH NOTE
|
||||
ESC 8 (DECRC) is not able to restore the character set changed with
|
||||
ESC %.
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
In 2.0.23, CSI is broken, and NUL is not ignored inside escape sequences.
|
||||
In 2.0.23, CSI is broken, and NUL is not ignored inside
|
||||
escape sequences.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Some older kernel versions (after 2.0) interpret 8-bit control
|
||||
sequences.
|
||||
These "C1 controls" use codes between 128 and 159 to replace
|
||||
ESC [, ESC ] and similar two-byte control sequence initiators.
|
||||
There are fragments of that in modern kernels (either overlooked or
|
||||
broken by changes to support UTF-8),
|
||||
but the implementation is incomplete and should be regarded
|
||||
as unreliable.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Linux "private mode" sequences do not follow the rules in ECMA-48
|
||||
for private mode control sequences.
|
||||
In particular, those ending with ] do not use a standard terminating
|
||||
character.
|
||||
The OSC (set palette) sequence is a greater problem,
|
||||
since \fIxterm\fP may interpret this as a control sequence
|
||||
which requires a string terminator (ST).
|
||||
Unlike the \fIsetterm\fP sequences which will be ignored (since
|
||||
they are invalid control sequences), the palette sequence will make
|
||||
\fIxterm\fP appear to hang (though pressing the return-key
|
||||
will fix that).
|
||||
To accommodate applications which have been hardcoded to use Linux
|
||||
control sequences,
|
||||
set the \fIxterm\fP resource \fBbrokenLinuxOSC\fP to true.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
An older version of this document implied that Linux recognizes the
|
||||
ECMA-48 control sequence for invisible text.
|
||||
It is ignored.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR console (4),
|
||||
.BR console_ioctl (4),
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue