mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
958 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
958 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE Article PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN">
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<article>
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<artheader>
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<title>Belarusian-HOWTO </title>
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<author>
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<firstname>Alexander Mikhailian,
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mikhailian@altern.org </firstname>
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</author>
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<pubdate>v.0.1.5, 25 February 2001 </pubdate>
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<abstract>
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<para>
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Short guide in setting up Belarusian language support in Linux
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console, X Window System, web-browsers, text editors, etc.
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Charsets used in the setup are either windows-1251 or
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iso-8859-5. Belarusian characters can also be found in
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koi8-ub, koi8-c, koi8-ru and, of course, Unicode. Although
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this HOWTO is Linux-specific, many advices are applicable to
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other UNIX-like systems.
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</para>
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</abstract>
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</artheader>
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<sect1>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<sect2>
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<title>History</title>
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<para>
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This document was started in September 15, 1999 by Alexander Mikhailian
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Comments</title>
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<para>
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Comments on this HOWTO may be directed to the author
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<ulink url="mailto:mikhailian@altern.org">mikhailian@altern.org</ulink>.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>New Versions</title>
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<para>
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The newest version can always be found at
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Copyright</title>
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<para>
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This manual may be reproduced in whole or in part without restrictions.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Acknowledgements and Thanks</title>
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<para>
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Thanks to everyone who gave comments as I was writing this.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>System-wide setup</title>
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<sect2>
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<title>Choosing Charset</title>
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<para>
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As for now, the choice is mainly between windows-1251 and
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iso-8859-5. Windows-1251 provides compatibility with M$
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Windows and it is by far the most popular charset for
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nearly all slavic languages. On the other side, iso-8859-5 is
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better supported and easier to set up.
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</para>
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<para>
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The present HOWTO will explain the use of both charsets in
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parallel. Unless otherwise stated in the text, Belarusian
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support package from
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>
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contains all the files mentioned in the present HOWTO.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>windows-1251 in the kernel</title>
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<para>
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Windows-1251 support in the kernel is needed to visualize MS
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Windows filenames in cyrillic while the console and X Window
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system are localized in windows-1251. As latest FAT file
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systems store filenames in Unicode, we have to define the
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output charset of the Virtual File System layer and install
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the support for windows-1251 in the kernel.
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</para>
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<para>
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There is a patch for 2.2.14 kernels that is included in the
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Belarusian support package. To apply the patch,
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<screen>
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cd /path_to_your_kernel_source_tree
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<screen>
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patch -p0 < patch_for_the_kernel.patch
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</screen>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Recompile and reinstall the kernel modules.
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Refer to
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<ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html">Kernel-HOWTO</ulink>
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for the details.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Add
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<screen>
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codepage=866,iocharset=microsoft-cp1251
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</screen>
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to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
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windows-1251.
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</para>
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<para>
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To test the setup, execute
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<screen>
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mount /dev/hda -t vfat -o codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5 /mnt/hda
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</screen>
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as root. Of course, you should replace /dev/hda by the
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name of your vfat partitions containing names in
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cyrillic.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>ISO-8859-5 in the kernel</title>
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<para>
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There is built-in support for iso-8859-5 in Linux kernel.
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To enable iso-8859-5, make sure you compile this module
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in the nls section of the kernel setup. Normally, iso-8859-5
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is compiled by default and can be loaded either automatically
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or by issuing
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<screen>
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insmod nls_iso8859-5
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</screen>
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as root.
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</para>
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<para>
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Add
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<screen>
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codepage=866,iocharset=iso8859-5
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</screen>
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to your mount options in order to get the filenames in
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iso-8859-5.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="locale">
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<title>Setting locale</title>
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<para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Belarusian locale is available in glibc 2.2 and later.
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If you do not have the belarusian locale installed in
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your system, you can compile it yourself. The source is
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available at
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>.
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Issue
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<screen>
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localedef -f CP1251 -i be_BY be_BY.CP1251
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</screen>
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or
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<screen>
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localedef -f ISO-8899-5 -i be_BY be_BY.ISO-8899-5
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</screen>
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to compile the locale in windows-1251 encoding or iso8859-5 encoding.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Check how it works by setting the locale
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<screen>
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set LANG=be_BY.CP1251; export LANG
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</screen>
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or
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<screen>
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set LANG=be_BY.ISO-8859-5; export LANG
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</screen>
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and running a locale-aware program like
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<filename>date</filename>
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or
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<filename>cal</filename>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="console">
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<title>Belarusian in console</title>
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<sect3>
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<title>Setting Belarusian with windows-1251</title>
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<para>
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Some cyrillic console fonts are in fact russian fonts and
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lack many cyrillic characters. Fortunately, UniCyr fonts by
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Vadinm Zhitnikov have all the glyphs from cp866, cp1251,
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iso8859-5 and all printable symbols from koi8-r. Besides
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the belarusian keyboard maps which you can find at the
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>
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, other files are fairly standard and are available in most
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linux distributions. To set up window-1251 in console,
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load a UniCyr font
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<screen>
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consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load <filename>by2_win.kmap</filename> keymap.
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<screen>
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loadkeys by2_win
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load Application-Charset Map <filename>cp1251.acm</filename>
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<screen>
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consolechars -m cp1251
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Setting Belarusian with iso-8859-5</title>
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<para>
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There are two ways to set up Belarusian with iso-8859-5
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load iso-8859-5 font
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<screen>
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consolechars -f iso05.f16
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load belarusian keymap
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<filename>by2.kmap</filename>
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or
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<filename>by.kmap</filename>
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<screen>
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loadkeys by.kmap
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loadkeys by2.kmap
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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This method has one serious drawback - you will loose all
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pseudographic characters and, say, you Midnight Commander
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will look somewhat naked. The second method described below
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preserves all pseudographic characters:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load UniCyr font
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<screen>
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consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load <filename>by2.kmap</filename>
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keymap or
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<filename>by.kmap</filename>
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<screen>
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loadkeys by.kmap
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loadkeys by2.kmap
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Load Application-Charset Map <filename>iso05.acm</filename>
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<screen>
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consolechars -m iso05
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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Beware that different Linux distributions have different
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console-related packages -
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<filename>console-tools</filename> or
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<filename>kbd</filename>. Abovementioned scripts are meant
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to work with <filename>console-tools</filename> which is by
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far more popular.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="x-window">
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<title>Belarusian in X Window System</title>
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<sect3>
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<title>ISO-8859-5 in X Window System through XKB</title>
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<para>This is is quite easy to set up.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they are
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before other fonts in the fontpath. Refer to
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<ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Font-HOWTO.html">Font-HOWTO</ulink>
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for details on how to install fonts.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Get the belarusian keyboard layout <filename>by</filename> from the
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>
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and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/</filename>, e.g.
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instead of the belgian keyboard layout
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be</filename>
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</para>
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<para>
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Put the following stings in your
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<filename>/etc/X11/XF86COnfig</filename>:
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<screen>
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XkbModel "microsoft"
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XkbLayout "be"
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XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
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</screen></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Don't forget to set up the system locale to
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be_BY.ISO8859-5 as described in <xref linkend="locale">.
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You will also want to make sure that iso-8859-5 fonts
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are before any other fonts in your font path.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>
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Windows-1251 in X Window System through XKB
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</title>
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<para>
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This works only with XFree 4.0.2 and higher.
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Install ISO-8859-5 fonts for X Window and make sure they
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are before other fonts in the fontpath.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Get the belarusian keyboard layout <filename>by</filename> from the
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>
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and put it on the place of any other keyborad layout in
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/</filename>, e.g.
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instead of the belgian keyboard layout
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<filename>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/be</filename>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Put the following strings in your
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<filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>:
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<screen>
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XkbModel "microsoft"
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XkbLayout "be"
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XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Don't forget to set up the system locale to be_BY.CP1251
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as described in <xref linkend="locale">.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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To use windows-1251 with XFree 3.3.5 and 4.0, you have to
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apply a patch from Aleksey Novodvorsky that allows the use
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of windows-1251 with XKB. The original location is at
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<ulink url="ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale">ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale</ulink>
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and it is also available from
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>.
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Lucky users of Linux-Mandrake RE get a patched XFree86 out
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of box.
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</para>
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<para>
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Belarusian keyboard layout is palnned for all XFree releases
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after 4.0.2. To make it work, you will have to add the
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following lines
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into <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>:
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<screen>
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XkbModel "microsoft"
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XkbLayout "by"
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XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle"
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>
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Windows-1251 in X Window System through Xmodmap
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</title>
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<para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Uncomment
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<screen>
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XkbDisable
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</screen>
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line in your <filename>/etc/X11/XF86COnfig</filename>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Install windows-1251 fonts for X Windows and
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make sure thay are before other fonts in the path.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Make and install xruskb package which can be
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downloaded from
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net">http://bellinux.sourceforge.net</ulink>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Replace .xmm files in your xruskb directory by those
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found at
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<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/">the bellinux page</ulink>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Add the following lines in your .Xdefaults file
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<screen>
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xrus*modeButton1.labelString: BEL xrus*modeButton1.label: BEL
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</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Run
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<screen>
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xrus jcuken-cp1251
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</screen>
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or
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<screen>
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xrus jcuken-iso5
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</screen>
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to start keyboard switcher.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para></sect3>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>Editing texts</title>
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<sect2 id="emacs">
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<title>Emacs </title>
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<para>
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Emacs is able to display Belarusian characters out of box in many
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Linux distributions. However, the following conditions should satisfy:
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<itemizedlist>
|
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<listitem>
|
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|
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<para>
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Cyrillic iso-8859-5 fonts should be installed.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Emacs-mule package should be installed.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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The user may want to change the default keyboard layout
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("input method" in emacs slang) to jcuken. This
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feature is provided by <filename>belarusian.el</filename>
|
|
along with some other goodies. Read the comments in the
|
|
beginning of <filename>belarusian.el</filename> for details
|
|
on the setup procedure.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
After installing <filename>belarusian.el</filename>, you will
|
|
be able to switch the input method, by typing
|
|
<keycombo>
|
|
<keycap>C</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>\</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>cyrillic-belarusian</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>RET</keycap>
|
|
</keycombo>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
For a more user-friendly setup, put the following lines in the
|
|
.emacs file:
|
|
<screen>
|
|
;; enables PC-like key mappings
|
|
(pc-bindings-mode)
|
|
;; enables PC-like selection
|
|
(pc-selection-mode)
|
|
;; highlight selection
|
|
(transient-mark-mode t)
|
|
;; use as many multilingual fonts as possible
|
|
(set-default-font "fontset-standard")
|
|
;; set up windows-1251 as default encoding everywhere
|
|
(codepage-setup 1251)
|
|
(set-terminal-coding-system 'cp1251)
|
|
(set-keyboard-coding-system nil)
|
|
(setq default-buffer-file-coding-system 'cp1251)
|
|
(set-selection-coding-system 'cp1251)
|
|
(prefer-coding-system 'cp1251)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'windows-1251 'cp1251)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'microsoft-1251 'cp1251)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'microsoft-cp1251 'cp1251)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'windows-cp1251 'cp1251)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'koi8-u 'cyrillic-koi8)
|
|
(define-coding-system-alias 'KOI8-R 'cyrillic-koi8)
|
|
(modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\.*" 'cp1251)
|
|
(modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.el$" 'iso-2022-7bit)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
This configuration is for windows-1251 setup.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2 id="spell-checking">
|
|
<title>Spell-checking </title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you do not have ispell 3.1.20, install it from any Linux
|
|
distribution CD.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Download the package
|
|
<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net/belspell.tar.gz">belspell.tar.gz</ulink>.
|
|
Unpack it and run
|
|
<screen>
|
|
buildhash belarusian.sml belarusian.aff belarusian.hash
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy
|
|
<filename>belarusian.hash</filename>
|
|
to
|
|
<<filename>/usr/lib/ispell</filename>
|
|
or wherever your ispell
|
|
hash tables are.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
in order to spell-check a file, type
|
|
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
ispell -d belarusian yourfile.txt
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Getting belarusian ispell dictionary working with emacs is a bit
|
|
tricky.
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy
|
|
<filename>ispell.el</filename>
|
|
and
|
|
<filename>ispell.elc</filename>
|
|
into your
|
|
<filename>$EMACSBIN/../lisp</filename>
|
|
directory.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy temporarily
|
|
<filename>$EMACSBIN/../lisp/loaddefs.el</filename>
|
|
to
|
|
<filename>/usr/src/emacs-XX.X/lisp/loaddefs.el</filename>
|
|
where XX.X stand for emacs version number.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<keycombo>
|
|
<keycap>M</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>x</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>update-file-autoloads</keycap>
|
|
<keycap>RET</keycap>
|
|
</keycombo>
|
|
and enter the path to the ispell.el.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy back <filename>loaddefs.el</filename>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Restart emacs
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>TeX</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
from Aleksey Novodvorsky:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
You need TeX + babel + T2, e.g. teTeX >= 1.0. in order to get partial
|
|
support for Belarusian,
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
put
|
|
<filename>babel.sty</filename>
|
|
,
|
|
<filename>belarusianb.ldf</filename>
|
|
and
|
|
<filename>belarusianb.sty</filename>
|
|
into
|
|
<filename>/usr/share/texmf/tex/generic/babel</filename>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
run
|
|
<filename>texhash</filename>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To use Belarusian in LaTeX: add the
|
|
following lines in the preamble:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
\documentclass[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[cp1251]{inputenc}
|
|
\usepackage{babel}
|
|
</screen>
|
|
or
|
|
<screen>
|
|
\documentclass[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[iso88595]{inputenc}
|
|
\usepackage{babel}
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Browsers</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Netscape</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is often a problem to correctly visualize
|
|
Belarusian-specific characters with Netscape. This is due to
|
|
that Netscape 4.x looks for
|
|
<emphasis>any</emphasis> koi8-r font and, if it finds one,
|
|
they refuse to use other fonts for displaying Cyrillic pages.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The problem is solved by removing koi8-r fonts from everywhere - X
|
|
Window System font path and font server path.Then install koi8-ru,
|
|
iso-8859-5 or windows-1251 and run
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
xset fp rehash
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
or restart X server. You will probably have to delete
|
|
<filename>>preferences</filename> and
|
|
<filename>preferences.js</filename> from the Netscape home
|
|
directory <filename>.netscape</filename> and even then you are
|
|
not guaranteed to have Netscape work right. Netscape's
|
|
handling of fonts has always been an obscure issue.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Links to koi8-ru, iso-8859-5 and windows-1251 cyrillic fonts for X
|
|
Window System can be found at
|
|
<ulink url="http://bellinux.sourceforge.net">the bellinux page</ulink>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Lynx</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In order to view Belarusian sites, you have to set up you console to
|
|
handle the encoding you need. See section <xref linkend="console">
|
|
for more details.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Add the following lines to your <filename>.linxrc</filename> file.
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
character_set=Cyrillic (windows-1251) preferred_language=be
|
|
preferred_charset=windows-1251
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
<screen>
|
|
character_set=Cyrillic (ISO-8859-5) preferred_language=be
|
|
preferred_charset=iso-8859-5
|
|
</screen>
|
|
if you have set up iso-8859-5 in console.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the page you are browsing does not have an explicit charset
|
|
declaration, press <keycap>o</keycap> and set the document
|
|
charset manually.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Mailers</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Netscape Messenger</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Netscape Messenger can not handle belarusian texts properly.
|
|
The same applies to Mozilla.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Mutt</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Mutt handles a multitude of charsets and encodings with ease. If your
|
|
console has windows-1251 support, add the following lines to your
|
|
<filename>.muttrc</filename>:
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
charset-hook "windows-1251" "cp1251" set charset="windows-1251"
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Mutt automatically converts all incoming messages for the screen
|
|
output. It can also convert outgoing messages basing itself on a
|
|
versatile pattern matching mechanism, e.g. the following line in
|
|
<filename>.muttrc</filename> will force mutt to convert all messages sent to
|
|
be-locale@iatp.unibel.by to <emphasis>koi8-r</emphasis>.
|
|
|
|
<screen>
|
|
send-hook '~t ^be-locale@iatp\.unibel\.by$' 'set
|
|
send_charset="koi8-r"'
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Further support</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A mailing list devoted entirely to Belarusian language support
|
|
is available at
|
|
<ulink url="mailto:be-locale@iatp.unibel.by">be-locale@iatp.unibel.by</ulink>.
|
|
To subscribe, send a message to
|
|
<ulink url="mailto:majordomo@iatp.unibel.by">majordomo@iatp.unibel.by</ulink>
|
|
with the string "subscribe be-locale youremailaddress"
|
|
in the body of the message
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Another mailing list that treats mostly linguistic issues is
|
|
available at
|
|
<ulink url="mailto:movaznaustva@egroups.com">movaznaustva@egroups.com</ulink>.
|
|
To subscribe to it, send a message with empty body to
|
|
<ulink url="mailto:movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com">movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com</ulink>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</article>
|