mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
1267 lines
71 KiB
Plaintext
1267 lines
71 KiB
Plaintext
<!doctype article public "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN"
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[ <!entity header system "header.sgml">
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<!ENTITY make.fdisk SYSTEM "cooked/make.fdisk">
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<!ENTITY make.dev.hda SYSTEM "cooked/make.dev.hda">
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<!ENTITY dev.hda SYSTEM "cooked/dev.hda">
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<!ENTITY save.metadata SYSTEM "cooked/save.metadata">
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<!ENTITY restore.metadata SYSTEM "cooked/restore.metadata">
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<!ENTITY back.up.all SYSTEM "cooked/back.up.all">
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<!ENTITY back.up.all.ssh SYSTEM "cooked/back.up.all.ssh">
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<!ENTITY restore.all SYSTEM "cooked/restore.all">
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<!ENTITY restore.all.ssh SYSTEM "cooked/restore.all.ssh">
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make all
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To do:
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Get this into the Linuxdoc CVS.
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Change notes:
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-->
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<article lang="en" id="index">
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<!-- DocBook file was created by LyX 1.1
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See http://www.lyx.org/ for more information.
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Much hacked since then, though. -->
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO</title>
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<date>
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2002 January 20
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</date>
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<author>
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<firstname>Charles</firstname>
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<surname>Curley</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email><ulink url="ccurley at trib dot com">ccurley at trib dot com</ulink></email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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<!-- Additional revision history entries go here -->
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<!-- Can we automate this? C^2 -->
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<revhistory>
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<revision>
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<revnumber>0.01</revnumber>
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<date>2001 10 25</date>
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<authorinitials>c^2</authorinitials>
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<revremark>Initial version for LDP release</revremark>
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</revision>
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</revhistory>
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<abstract>
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<para>Imagine your disk drive has just become a very expensive hockey puck. Imagine you have had a fire, and your computer case now looks like something Salvidor Dali would like to paint. Now what?</para>
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<para>Total restore, sometimes called bare metal recovery, is the process of rebuilding a computer after a catastrophic failure. In order to make a total restoration, you must have complete backups, not only of your file system, but of partition information and other data. This HOWTO is a step-by-step tutorial on how to back up a Linux computer so as to be able to make a bare metal recovery, and how to make that bare metal recovery. It includes some related scripts.</para>
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</abstract>
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</articleinfo>
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<!-- Section1: intro -->
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<sect1 id="intro">
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>The normal bare metal restoration process is: install the operating system from the product disks. Install the backup software, so you can restore your data. Restore your data. Then you get to restore functionality by verifying your configuration files, permissions, etc.</para>
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<para>
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The process and scripts explained in this HOWTO will save re-installing the operating system. The process explained here will restore only files that were backed up from the production computer. Your configuration will be intact when you restore the system, which should save you hours of verifying configurations and data.</para>
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<sect2 id="copyright">
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<title>Copyright Information</title>
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<para> Copyright © 2001, 2002 Charles Curley and distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) license, stated below. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <link linkend="appendix1gfdl"><quote>GNU Free Documentation License</quote></link>. </para>
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are -->
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<!-- copyrighted by their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may -->
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<!-- be reproduced and distributed in whole or in part, in any medium -->
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<!-- physical or electronic, as long as this copyright notice is -->
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<!-- retained on all copies. Commercial redistribution is allowed and -->
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<!-- encouraged; however, the author would like to be notified of any -->
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<!-- such distributions. -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works -->
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<!-- incorporating any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this -->
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<!-- copyright notice. That is, you may not produce a derivative work -->
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<!-- from a HOWTO and impose additional restrictions on its -->
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<!-- distribution. Exceptions to these rules may be granted under -->
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<!-- certain conditions; please contact the Linux HOWTO coordinator at -->
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<!-- the address given below. -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this -->
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<!-- information through as many channels as possible. However, we do -->
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<!-- wish to retain copyright on the HOWTO documents, and would like to -->
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<!-- be notified of any plans to redistribute the HOWTOs. -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<para>If you have any questions, please contact <email>linux-howto at metalab.unc.edu</email>. </para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="disclaimer">
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<title>Disclaimer</title>
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<para> No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted by the author, the <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">Linux Documentation Project</ulink> or anyone else. Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. There may be errors and inaccuracies that may be damaging to your system. Proceed with caution, and although errors are unlikely, the author(s) take no responsibility for them. </para>
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<para> All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. </para>
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<para>
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Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen
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as endorsements.
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</para>
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<para>
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You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system
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before major installation and backups at regular intervals.
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</para>
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<para>In addition, you are strongly recommended to use a sacrificial experimental computer when mucking with the material, espcially the scripts, in this HOWTO.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="newversions">
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<title>New Versions</title>
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<para>You can find this document at its <ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.html">home page</ulink> or at the <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">Linux Documentation Project</ulink> homepage in many formats. Please comment to <email>ccurley at trib dot com</email></para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.chunky.html.tar.bz2">bzip2 compressed chunky (lots of small pages. Faster reading.) HTML</ulink>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.smooth.html.tar.bz2">bzip2 compressed smooth (one monster page -- no chunks. Easier to search.) HTML</ulink>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<!-- <ulink URL="http://www.nyx.net/~sgjoen/disk.txt">plain text</ulink>. -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- </listitem> -->
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.ps.bz2">bzip2 compressed postscript (US letter format)</ulink>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.pdf.bz2">bzip2 compressed PDF (US letter format)</ulink>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Use the <ulink url="http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.tar.bz2">source</ulink>, Luke. It will be available here until I get this checked into the LDP CVS.</para>
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</listitem>
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<!-- <ulink url="http://www.nyx.net/~sgjoen/disk.sgml">SGML source</ulink>. -->
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</itemizedlist>
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- Note that paper sizes vary in the world, A4 and US letter differ -->
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<!-- significantly. You might also wish to consider using the -->
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<!-- <emphasis>universal format</emphasis> (8.27x11in; 210x279mm). -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="credits">
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<title>Credits</title>
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<para>
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This document is derived from two articles originally published in
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<ulink url="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"><citetitle
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pubwork="journal">Linux Journal</citetitle></ulink>. My thanks to
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<citetitle pubwork="journal">Linux Journal</citetitle> for reverting the rights to those articles, thereby helping make this HOWTO possible.
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</para>
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<para>Thanks to Joy Y Goodreau for excellent HOWTO editing.</para>
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging: -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <email>name (at) site.org</email> -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <emphasis>Please scramble the addresses so email harvesters -->
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<!-- cannot get addresses from your HOWTO and then spam people. That -->
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<!-- has happened in the past.</emphasis> -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <emphasis>Somecompany</emphasis> is acknowledged for sending me -->
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<!-- documentation on their gizmos as well as permission to quote from -->
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<!-- the material. These quotes have been approved before appearing -->
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<!-- here and will be clearly labeled. -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="feedback">
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<title>Feedback</title>
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<para>
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Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Without your corrections, suggestions and other input, this document wouldn't exist. Please send your additions, comments and criticisms to me at: <email>ccurley at trib.com</email>.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="translations">
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<title>Translations</title>
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<para>
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Not everyone speaks English. Volunteers are welcome.
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</para>
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">German Translation</ulink> -->
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<!-- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.de</email> -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- </listitem> -->
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<!-- <listitem> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">French Translation</ulink> -->
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<!-- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.fr</email> -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- </listitem> -->
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<!-- <listitem> -->
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<!-- <para> -->
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<!-- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">Italian Translation</ulink> -->
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<!-- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.it</email> -->
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<!-- </para> -->
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<!-- </listitem> -->
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Overview">
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<title>Overview</title>
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<para>
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The process shown below is not easy, and can be hazardous to your data. Practice it before you need it! Do as I did, and <emphasis>practice on a sacrificial computer</emphasis>!
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</para>
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<para>
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The target computer for this HOWTO is a Pentium computer with a <ulink url="http://www.redhat.com">Red Hat</ulink> 7.1 Linux server or workstation installation on one IDE hard drive. The target computer does not have vast amounts of data because the computer was set up as a <quote>sacrificial</quote> test bed. That is, I did not want to test this process with a production computer and production data. Also, I did a fresh installation before I started the testing so that I could always re-install if I needed to revert to a known configuration.
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</para>
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<note>
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<title>NOTE</title><para>The sample commands will show, in most cases, what I had to type to recover the target system. You may have to use similar commands, but with different parameters. It is up to you to be sure you duplicate your setup, and not the test computer's setup.</para>
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</note>
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<para>
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The basic procedure is set out in W. Curtis Preston, <ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/unixbr/"><citetitle pubwork="book">Unix Backup & Recovery</citetitle></ulink>, O'Reilly & Associates, 1999, which I have favorably reviewed in <ulink url="http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue78/3839.html"><citetitle pubwork="journal">Linux Journal</citetitle></ulink>. However, the book is a bit thin on specific, real-time questions. For example, exactly which files do you back up? What metadata do you need to preserve, and how?
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</para>
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<para>
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Before beginning the process set forth in this HOWTO you will need to back up your system with a typical backup tool such as Amanda, <trademark class="trade">BRU</trademark>, tar, Arkeia or cpio. The question, then, is how to get from toasted hardware to the point where you can run the restoration tool that will restore your data.
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</para>
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<para>
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Users of Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) based Linux distributions should also save RPM metadata as part of their normal backups. Something like:
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</para>
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<programlisting>bash# <command>rpm -Va > /etc/rpmVa.txt</command></programlisting>
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<para>
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in your backup script will give you a basis for comparison after a bare metal restoration.
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</para>
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<para>
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To get to this point, you need to have:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Your hardware up and running again, with replacement components as needed. The BIOS should be correctly configured, including time and date, and hard drive parameters. At the moment, there is no provision for using a different hard drive.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A parallel port <ulink url="http://www.iomega.com/"><trademark class="registered">Iomega</trademark></ulink> <ulink url="http://www.iomega.com/zip/products/par100_250.html"><trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive</ulink> or equivalent. You will need at least 30 MB of space.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Your backup media.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<para>
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A minimal Linux system that will allow you to run the restoration software.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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To get there, you need at least two stages of backup, and possibly three. Exactly what you back up and in which stage you back it up is determined by your restoration process. For example, if you are restoring a tape server, you may not need networking during the restoration process. So only back up networking in your regular backups.
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</para>
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<para>
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You will restore in stages as well. In stage one, we build partitions, file systems, etc. and restore a minimal file system from the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk. The goal of stage one is to be able to boot to a running computer with a network connection, tape drives, restoration software, or whatever we need for stage two.
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</para>
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<para>
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The second stage, if it is necessary, consists of restoring backup software and any relevant databases. For example, suppose you use Arkeia and you are building a bare metal recovery <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk for your backup server. Arkeia keeps a huge database on the server's hard drives. You can recover the database from the tapes, if you want. Instead, why not tar and gzip the whole arkeia directory (at /usr/knox), and save that to another computer over nfs or ssh? Stage one, as we have defined it below, does not include X, so you will have some experimenting to do if you wish to back up X as well as your backup program. Some restore programs require X.
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</para>
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<para>
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Of course, if you are using some other backup program, you may have some work to do to. You will have to find out the directories and files it needs to run. If you use tar, gzip, cpio, mt or dd for your backup and recovery tools, they will be saved to and restored from our <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk as part of the stage one process describe below.
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</para>
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<para>
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The last stage is a total restoration from tape or other media. After you have done that last stage, you should be able to boot to a fully restored and operational system.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="limitations">
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<title>Limitations</title>
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<para>This HOWTO is restricted to making a minimal backup such that, having then restored that backup to new hardware (<quote>bare metal</quote>), you can then use your regular backups to restore a completely working system. This HOWTO does not deal with your regular backups at all.</para>
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<para>Even within that narrow brief, this HOWTO is not exhaustive. You still have some research, script editing, and testing to do.</para>
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<para>The scripts here restore the partition data exactly as found on the source hard drive. This is nice if you are restoring on an identical computer or at least and identical hard drive, but that is often not the case. For now, there are two remedies (which will make more sense after you've read the rest of the HOWTO):</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Edit the partition table input file. I've done that a few times. You can also do this to add new partitions or delete existing ones (but edit the script that uses the partition table input file as well).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Hand build a new partition table and go from there. That is one reason why <link linkend="restore.metadata"><filename>restore.metadata</filename></link> does not call the hard drive rebuilding script. (Another being that I don't know what hard drives you have.) Make sure you remove the call to <command>fdisk</command> from the <link linkend="make.dev.hda">rebuilding script</link>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The scripts shown here only handle ext2fs, FAT12 and FAT16. Until some eager volunteer supplies code for doing so in these scripts, you will need other tools for backing up and restoring file systems we haven't covered. <ulink url="http://www.partimage.org/">Partition Image</ulink> looks like a useful candidate here.</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Preparation">
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<title>Preparation</title>
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<note>
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<title>WARNING</title>
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<para>
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Do your normal backups on their regular schedule. This HOWTO is useless if you don't do that.
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</para></note>
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<para>
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Build yourself a rescue disk. I use <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink>. It is well documented and packs a lot of useful tools onto one floppy diskette. There is an active list for it, and the few questions I've had were quickly and accurately answered. I like that in a product my shop may depend on one day.
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</para>
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<para>
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Next, figure out how to do the operating system backup you will need so that you can restore your normal backup. I followed Preston's advice and used an <trademark class="registered">Iomega</trademark> parallel port <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive. The drives get approximately 90 MB of useful storage to a disk. I need about 85 MB to back up my desktop, so a 100MB <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive may be pushing your luck.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="installingzipdrive">
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<title>Installing the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> Drive</title>
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<para>
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Installing the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive is covered in the <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/ZIP-Drive.html"><trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> Drive HOWTO</ulink>, available at <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">the Linux Documentation Project</ulink> and at its home page, <ulink url="http://www.njtcom.com/dansie/zip-drive.html">http://www.njtcom.com/dansie/zip-drive.html</ulink>.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="CreatingtheStage1BackUp">
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<title>Creating the Stage 1 Back Up</title>
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<para>
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Having made your production backups, you need to preserve your partition information so that you can rebuild your partitions.
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</para>
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<para>
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The script <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link> scans a hard drive for partition information, and saves it in two files. One is an executable script, called <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.x</filename></link>. The other, <link linkend="dev.hda"><filename>dev.x</filename></link> (where <quote>x</quote> is the name of the device file, e.g. hda), is the commands necessary for <command>fdisk</command> to build the partitions. You specify which hard drive you want to build scripts for (and thus the file names) by naming the associated device file as the argument to <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link>. For example, on a typical IDE system,
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>bash# <command>make.fdisk /dev/hda</command></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
spits out the script <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.hda</filename></link> and the input file for <command>fdisk</command>, <link linkend="dev.hda"><filename>dev.hda</filename></link>.</para>
|
|
<para>In addition, if <ulink url="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></ulink> encounters a FAT partition other than FAT32, it preserves the partition's boot sector in a file named <filename>dev.xy</filename>, where x is the drive's device name (e.g. sdc, hda) and y is the partition number. The boot sector is the first sector, 512 bytes, of the partition. This sector is restored at the same time the partitions are rebuilt, in the script <filename>make.dev.hda</filename></para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Fortunately, the price of hard drives is plummeting almost as fast as the public's trust in politicians after an election. So it is good that the output files are text, and allow hand editing. Right now, that's the only way to rebuild on a larger replacement drive. (See the <link linkend="todo">To Do list</link>.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Other metadata are preserved in the script <link linkend="save.metadata"><filename>save.metadata</filename></link>. The script saves the partition information in the file fdisk.hda in the root of the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk. It is a good idea to print this file and your /etc/fstab so that you have hard copy should you ever have to restore the partition data manually. You can save a tree by toggling between two virtual consoles, running <command>fdisk</command> in one and catting /etc/fstab or /fdisk.hda as needed. However, doing so is error prone.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You will also want to preserve files relevant to your restoration method. For example, if you use nfs to save your data, you will need to preserve hosts.allow, hosts.deny, exports, etc. Also, if you are using any network-backed restoration process, such as Amanda or Quick Restore, you will need to preserve networking files like HOSTNAME, hosts, etc. and the relevant software tree.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The simplest way to handle these and similar questions is to preserve the entire etc directory.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
There is no way a 100 MB <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive is going to hold a server installation of a modern distribution of Linux. We have to be much more selective than simply preserving the whole kazoo. What files do we need?
|
|
</para>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The boot directory.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The /etc directory and subdirectories.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Directories needed at boot time.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Device files in /dev.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
<para>
|
|
To determine the directories needed at boot, we look at the boot initialization file <filename>/etc/rc.sysinit</filename>. It sets its own path like so:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
|
|
]]><![ CDATA [export PATH]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Trial and error indicated that we needed some other directories as well, such as /dev. In Linux, you can't do much without device files.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In reading the script <link linkend="save.metadata"><filename>save.metadata</filename></link>, note that we aren't necessarily saving files that are called with absolute paths.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
We may require several iterations of back up, test the bare metal restore, re-install from CD and try again, before we have a working backup script. While I worked on this HOWTO, I made five such iterations before I had a successful restoration. That is one reason why it is essential to use scripts whenever possible. Test thoroughly!
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="Bootingtomsrtbt">
|
|
<title>Booting tomsrtbt</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The first thing to do before starting the restoration process is to verify that the hardware time is set correctly. Use the BIOS setup for this. How close to exact you have to set the time depends on your applications. For restoration, within a few minutes of exact time should be accurate enough. This will allow time-critical events to pick up where they left off when you finally launch the restored system.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Before booting <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink>, make sure your <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive is placed on a parallel port, either /dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1. The start-up software will load the parallel port <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive driver for you.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<!-- <para> -->
|
|
<!-- I have one of those ne2000 clone Ethernet cards in my test system. This, it turns out, gives the 3c59x driver in the <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> kernel fits. The workaround is to tell the kernel to ignore its address range. At the lilo prompt, I would type: -->
|
|
<!-- </para> -->
|
|
<!-- <programlisting><![ CDATA [lilo: zImage reserve=0x300,32]]></programlisting> -->
|
|
<para>
|
|
The next step is to set the video mode. I usually like to see as much on the screen as I can. When the option to select a video mode comes, I use mode 6, 80 columns by 60 lines. Your hardware may or may not be able to handle high resolutions like that, so experiment with it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> has booted and you have a console, mount the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive. It is probably a good idea to mount it read only:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt -o ro]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Check to be sure it is there:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [# ls -l /mnt]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Then change to the directory where the scripts are on the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [# cd /mnt/root.bin]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now run the script that will restore the partition information, e.g.:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [# ./make.dev.hda]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This script will:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Clean out the first 1024 bytes of the hard drive, killing off any existing partition table and master boot record (MBR).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Recreate the partitions from the information gathered when you ran <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Make ext2 file system partitions and Linux swap partitions as appropriate.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Make some types of FAT partitions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Make mount points and mount the ext2 partitions for you.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
<note>
|
|
<title>NOTE</title><para>If you have other operating systems to restore, now is a good time to do so. First, reboot to <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> to finish restoring Linux. You will have to remount the partitions you just built. Make a new, separate, script to mount the partitions from the tail end of the <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.x</filename></link> script.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once you have created all your directories and mounted partitions to them, you can run the script <link linkend="restore.metadata"><filename>restore.metadata</filename></link>. This will restore the contents of the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drive to the hard drive.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should see a directory of the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk's root directory, then a list of the archive files as they are restored. Tar on <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> will tell you that tar's block size is 20, and that's fine. You can ignore it. Be sure that lilo prints out its results:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<screen><![ CDATA [Added linux *]]></screen>
|
|
<para>
|
|
That will be followed by the output from a <quote><command>df -m</command></quote> command.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you normally boot directly to X, you could have some problems. To be safe, change your boot run level temporarily. In <filename>/target/etc/inittab</filename>, find the line that looks like this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [id:5:initdefault:]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
and change it to this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [id:3:initdefault:]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now, you can gracefully reboot. Remove the <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> floppy from your floppy drive if you haven't already done so, and give the computer the three fingered salute, or its equivalent:</para>
|
|
<programlisting>shutdown -r now</programlisting>
|
|
<para>The computer will shut down and reboot.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="SecondStageRestoration">
|
|
<title>Second Stage Restoration</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
As the computer reboots, go back to the BIOS and verify that the clock is more or less correct.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once you have verified the clock is correct, exit the BIOS and reboot to the hard drive. You can simply let the computer boot in its normal sequence. You will see a lot of error messages, mostly along the lines of <quote>I can't find blah! Waahhh!</quote> If you have done your homework correctly up until now, those error messages won't matter. You don't need linuxconf or apache to do what you need to do.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note><title>NOTE</title><para>As an alternative, you can boot to single user mode (at the lilo prompt, enter <command>linux single</command>), but you will have to configure your network manually and fire up sshd or whatever daemons you need to restore your system. How you do those things is very system specific.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should be able to log into a root console (no X -- no users, sorry). You should now be able to use the network, for example to nfs mount the backup of your system.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you did the two stage backup I suggested for Arkeia, you can now restore Arkeia's database and executables. You should be able to run </para>
|
|
<programlisting>/etc/rc.d/init.d/arkeia start</programlisting>
|
|
<para> and start the server. If you have the GUI installed on another computer with X installed, you should now be able to log in to Arkeia on your tape server, and prepare your restoration.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<note><title>NOTE</title>
|
|
<para>When you restore, read the documentation for your restoration programs carefully. For example, tar does not normally restore certain characteristics of files, like suid bits. File permissions are set by the user's umask. To restore your files exactly as you saved them, use tar's p option. Similarly, make sure your restoration software will restore everything exactly as you saved it.
|
|
</para></note
|
|
<para>
|
|
To restore the test computer:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>bash# <command>restore.all</command></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you used tar for your backup and restoration, and used the -k (keep old files, don't overwrite) option, you will see a lot of this:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [tar: usr/sbin/rpcinfo: Could not create file: File exists
|
|
]]><![ CDATA [tar: usr/sbin/zdump: Could not create file: File exists
|
|
]]><![ CDATA [tar: usr/sbin/zic: Could not create file: File exists
|
|
]]><![ CDATA [tar: usr/sbin/ab: Could not create file: File exists]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is normal, as tar is refusing to overwrite files you restored during the first stage of restoration.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Then reboot. On the way down, you will see a lot of error messages, such as <quote>no such pid.</quote> This is a normal part of the process. The shutdown code is using the pid files from daemons that were running when the backup was made to shut down daemons that were not started on the last boot. Of course there's no such pid.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Your system should come up normally, with a lot fewer errors than it had before, ideally no errors. The acid test of how well your restore works on an RPM based system is to verify all packages:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>bash# <command>rpm -Va</command></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Some files, such as configuration and log files, will have changed in the normal course of things, and you should be able to mentally filter those out of the report. You can redirect the output to a file, and diff it against the one that was made at backup time (/etc/rpmVa.txt), thereby speeding up this step considerably. Emacs users should check out its diff facilities.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now you should be up and running. It is time to test your applications, especially those that run as daemons. The more sophisticated the application, the more testing you may need to do. If you have remote users, disable them from using the system, or make it <quote>read only</quote> while you test it. This is especially important for databases, to prevent making any corruption or data loss worse than it already might be.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you normally boot to X, and disabled it above, test X before you re-enable it. Re-enable it by changing that one line in /etc/inittab back to:
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [id:5:initdefault:]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should now be ready for rock and roll -- and some aspirin and a couch.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="DistributionSpecificNotes">
|
|
<title>Distribution Specific Notes</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Below are distribution notes from past experiences. If you have additional notes that you would like to add for other distributions, please forward them to me.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="RedHat71">
|
|
<title>Red Hat 7.1</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This distribution is the one I use on my test computer. I have had no problems with it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="RedHat70">
|
|
<title>Red Hat 7.0</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This version seems to require libcrack (in /usr/lib) and its attendant files in order to authenticate users. So in <link linkend="save.metadata"><filename>save.metadata</filename></link>, add to the line that saves /usr/lib the following: /usr/lib/*crack* and enable that line.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="ApplicationSpecificNotes">
|
|
<title>Application Specific Notes</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
I have listed below notes about backing up particular applications.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="Squid">
|
|
<title>Squid</title>
|
|
<para>Squid is a http proxy and cache. As such it keeps a lot of temporary data on the hard drive. There is no point in backing that up. Insert <quote>--exclude /var/spool/squid</quote> into the appropriate tar command in your second stage backup script. Then, get squid to rebuild its directory structure for you. Tack onto the tail end of the second stage restore script a command for squid to initialize itself. Here is how I did it over ssh in <link linkend="restore.tester"><filename>restore.tester</filename></link>:</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [ssh $target "mkdir /var/spool/squid ; chown squid:squid /var/spool/squid;\
|
|
/usr/sbin/squid -z;touch /var/spool/squid/.OPB_NOBACKUP"]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>The last command creates a file of length 0 called .OPB_NOBACKUP. This is for the benefit of <link linkend="arkeia">Arkeia</link>, and tells Arkeia not to back up below this directory</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="Arkeia">
|
|
<title>Arkeia</title>
|
|
<para><ulink url="http://www.arkeia.com/">Arkeia</ulink> is a backup and restore program that runs on a wide variety of platforms. You can use Arkeia as part of a bare metal restoration scheme, but there are two caveats.</para>
|
|
<para>The first is probably the most problematic, as absent any more elegant solution you have to hand select the directories to restore in the navigator at restoration time. The reason is that, apparently, Arkeia has no mechanism for not restoring files already present on the disk, nothing anlogous to <command>tar</command>'s -p option. If you simply allow a full restore, the restore will crash as Arkeia over-writes a library which is in use at restore time, e.g. lib/libc-2.1.1.so. Hand selection of directories to restore is at best dicy, so I recommend against it.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The second caveat is that you have to back up the Arkeia data dictionary and/or programs. To do that, modify the <filename>save.metatdata</filename> script by adding Arkeia to the list of directories to save:</para>
|
|
<programlisting><![ CDATA [# arkeia specific:
|
|
tar cf - usr/knox | gzip -c > $zip/arkeia.tar.gz]]></programlisting>
|
|
<para>You <emphasis>must</emphasis> back up the data dictionary this way because Arkeia does not back up the data dictionary. This is one of my complaints about Arkeia, and I solve it on my own computer by saving the data dictionary to tape with <ulink url="http://www.estinc.com/">The TOLIS Group's <trademark class="trade">BRU</trademark></ulink>.</para>
|
|
<para>The data dictionary will be restored in the script <filename>restore.metadata</filename> automatically.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="SomeAdviceforDisasterRecovery">
|
|
<title>Some Advice for Disaster Recovery</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should take your <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk for each computer and the printouts you made, and place them in a secure location in your shop. You should store copies of these in your off-site backup storage location. The major purpose of off-site backup storage is to enable disaster recovery, and restoring each host onto replacement hardware is a part of disaster recovery.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should also have several <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> floppies and possibly some <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> drives in your off-site storage as well. Also, have copies of the <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> distribution on several of your computers so that they back each other up.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
You should probably have copies of this HOWTO, with your site-specific annotations on it, with your backups and in your off-site backup storage.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="WhatNow">
|
|
<title>What Now?</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This HOWTO results from experiments on one computer. No doubt you will find some directories or files you need to back up in your first stage backup. I have not dealt with saving and restoring X on the first stage, nor have I touched at all on processors other than Intel.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
I would appreciate your feedback as you test and improve these scripts on your own computers. I also encourage vendors of backup software to document how to do a minimal backup of their products. I'd like to see the whole Linux community sleep just a little better at night.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="todo">
|
|
<title>To Do</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Volunteers are most welcome. Check with me before you start on one of these in case someone else is working on it already.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
A partition editor to adjust partition boundaries for a different hard drive, or the same one with different geometry, or to adjust partition sizes within the same hard drive. A GUI would probably be a good idea here. On the other tentacle, the FSF's <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted"><filename>parted</filename></ulink> looks like it will fill part of the bill. It does re-size existing partitions, but with restrictions.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para><link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link> currently spits out one script. Separate out the mount commands to another script, so you can run <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.hda</filename></link>, then reboot to do some other mischief, like build a partition for some exotic OS I've never heard of, or run <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted"><filename>parted</filename></ulink>, then reboot to <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink>, mount all the Linux partitions, and continue.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Since <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink> supports bzip2, convert the scripts to use bzip2, and see if there is a noticeable reduction in the first stage data saved.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link> currently only recognizes some FAT partitions, not all. Add code to <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link> to recognize others and make appropriate instructions to rebuild them in the output files.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>For FAT12 or FAT16 partitions we do not format, write zeros into the partition so that Mess-DOS 6.x does not get confused. See the notes on <command>fdisk</command> for an explanation of the problem.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Make a script for putting ext2 file systems on <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disks.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Translations into other (human) languages.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Find out how loadlin or similar programs affect this process.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Changes for GRUB</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Change the scripts to use a CD-ROM. A CD-ROM that would boot to <ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink>, with the first stage restore data on the rest of it, would be just the ticket.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="TheScripts">
|
|
<title>The Scripts</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
See the notes in the beginning of each script for a summary of what it does.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="FirstStage">
|
|
<title>First Stage</title>
|
|
<sect3 id="make.fdisk">
|
|
<title><filename>make.fdisk</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This script, run at backup time, creates a script similar to <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.hda</filename></link>, below, for you to run at restore time. It also produces data files similar to <link linkend="dev.hda"><filename>dev.hda</filename></link>, below. The name of the script and data file produced depends on the device given this script as a a parameter. That script, run at restore time, builds the partitions on the hard drive. <filename>make.fdisk</filename> is called from <link linkend="save.metadata"><filename>save.metadata</filename></link>, below.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<!-- #include program listings to make updates easier. C^2 -->
|
|
<programlisting>&make.fdisk;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="make.dev.hda">
|
|
<title><filename>make.dev.hda</filename></title>
|
|
<para>This script is a sample of the sort produced by <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link>, above. It uses data files like <link linkend="dev.hda"><filename>dev.hda</filename></link>, below. It builds partitions and puts file systems on some of them. This is the first script run at restore time.</para>
|
|
<para>If you are brave enough to edit <link linkend="dev.hda"><filename>dev.hda</filename></link> (q.v.), say, to add a new partition, you may need to edit this script as well.</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&make.dev.hda;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="dev.hda">
|
|
<title><filename>dev.hda</filename></title>
|
|
<para>This data file is used at restore time. It is fed to <command>fdisk</command> by the script <link linkend="make.dev.hda"><filename>make.dev.hda</filename></link>. It is produced at backup time by <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link>. Those familiar with <command>fdisk</command> will recognize that each line is an <command>fdisk</command> command or value, such as a cylinder number. Thus, it is possible to change the partition sizes and add new partitions by editing this file. That's why the penultimate command is <command>v</command>, to verify the partition table before it is written.</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&dev.hda;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="save.metadata">
|
|
<title><filename>save.metadata</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is the first script to run as part of the backup process. It calls <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link>, above. If you have a SCSI hard drive or multiple hard drives to back up, edit the call to <link linkend="make.fdisk"><filename>make.fdisk</filename></link> appropriately.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&save.metadata;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="restore.metadata">
|
|
<title><filename>restore.metadata</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This script restores metadata from the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk as a first stage restore.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&restore.metadata;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="SecondStage">
|
|
<title>Second Stage</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These scripts run on the computer being backed up or restored.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect3 id="back.up.all">
|
|
<title><filename>back.up.all</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This script saves to another computer via an NFS mount. You can adapt it to save to tape drives or other media.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&back.up.all;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="back.up.all.ssh">
|
|
<title><filename>back.up.all.ssh</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This script does exactly what <link linkend="back.up.all"><filename>back.up.all</filename></link> does, but it uses SSH instead of nfs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&back.up.all.ssh;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="restore.all">
|
|
<title><filename>restore.all</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is the restore script to use if you backed up using <link linkend="back.up.all"><filename>back.up.all</filename></link>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&restore.all;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="restore.all.ssh">
|
|
<title><filename>restore.all.ssh</filename></title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is the restoration script to use if you used <link linkend="back.up.all.ssh"><filename>back.up.all.ssh</filename></link> to back up.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<programlisting>&restore.all.ssh;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="BackupServerScripts">
|
|
<title>Backup Server Scripts</title>
|
|
<para>The SSH scripts above have a possible security problem. If you run them on a firewall, the firewall has to have access via SSH to the backup server. In that case, a clever cracker might also be able to crack the backup server. It would be more secure to run backup and restore scripts on the backup server, and let the backup server have access to the firewall. That is what these scripts are for. Rename them to <filename>get.x</filename> and <filename>restore.x</filename> where <filename>x</filename> is the name of the target computer. Edit them (the variable $target's initialization) to use the target computer's host name, or rewrite them to use a command line argument.</para>
|
|
<para>These scripts backup and restore the target completely, not just the stage one backup and restore. Also, note that <filename>get.tester</filename> backs up the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> disk as well, in case you need to replace a faulty ZIP disk.</para>
|
|
<para>I use these scripts routinely.</para>
|
|
<sect3 id="get.tester">
|
|
<title><filename>get.tester</filename></title>
|
|
<programlisting>&get.tester;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
<sect3 id="restore.tester">
|
|
<title><filename>restore.tester</filename></title>
|
|
<programlisting>&restore.tester;</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="Resources">
|
|
<title>Resources</title>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para><ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/unixbr/author.html">W. Curtis Preston</ulink>'s excellent <ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/unixbr/"><citetitle pubwork="book">Unix Backup & Recovery</citetitle></ulink>. This is the book that got me started on this bare metal recovery stuff. I highly recommend it; <ulink url="http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue78/3839.html">read my review</ulink>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>A list of <ulink url="http://www.fokus.gmd.de/linux/linux-distrib-small.html">small Linux disties.</ulink></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<!-- <informalfigure float="0" pgwide="1"> -->
|
|
<!-- <mediaobject> -->
|
|
<!-- <imageobject> -->
|
|
<!-- <imagedata fileref="tomsrtbt.eps" format="eps"> -->
|
|
<!-- </imageobject> -->
|
|
<!-- <imageobject> -->
|
|
<!-- <imagedata fileref="tomsrtbt.png" format="png"> -->
|
|
<!-- </imageobject> -->
|
|
<!-- </mediaobject> -->
|
|
<!-- </informalfigure> -->
|
|
<ulink url="http://www.toms.net/rb">tomsrtbt</ulink>, <quote>The most Linux on 1 floppy disk.</quote> Tom also has links to other small disties.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">Linux Documentation Project</ulink>. See particularly the <quote><citetitle pubwork="article">LILO, Linux Crash Rescue HOW-TO</citetitle></quote></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The Free Software Foundation's <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/parted"><filename>parted</filename></ulink> for editing (enlarging, shrinking, moving) partitions.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para><ulink url="http://www.partimage.org/">Partition Image</ulink> for backing up partitions.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<appendix id="appendix1gfdl">
|
|
<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Version 1.1, March 2000</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<para>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
|
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
|
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="0" id="gfdl02">
|
|
<title>PREAMBLE</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
|
|
or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
|
|
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
|
|
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
|
|
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
|
|
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
|
|
being considered responsible for modifications made by
|
|
others.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
|
|
derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
|
|
same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which
|
|
is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals
|
|
for free software, because free software needs free documentation:
|
|
a free program should come with manuals providing the same
|
|
freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
|
|
to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
|
|
regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
|
|
printed book. We recommend this License principally for works
|
|
whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="1" id="gfdl03">
|
|
<title>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>This License applies to any manual or other work that
|
|
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
|
|
distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document",
|
|
below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the
|
|
public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
|
|
containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
|
|
verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
|
|
language.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
|
|
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
|
|
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
|
|
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
|
|
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
|
|
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
|
|
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
|
|
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
|
|
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
|
|
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
|
|
them.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
|
|
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections,
|
|
in the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
|
License.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
|
|
are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
|
|
notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
|
License.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
|
|
machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification
|
|
is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed
|
|
and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text
|
|
editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
|
|
or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that
|
|
is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic
|
|
translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
|
|
formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
|
|
whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
|
|
modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
|
|
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
|
|
plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
|
|
format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
|
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
|
|
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
|
|
can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
|
|
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
|
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
|
|
processors for output purposes only.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
|
|
itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly,
|
|
the material this License requires to appear in the title page.
|
|
For works in formats which do not have any title page as such,
|
|
"Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of
|
|
the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
|
|
text.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="2" id="gfdl04">
|
|
<title>VERBATIM COPYING</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
|
|
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
|
|
License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this
|
|
License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
|
|
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
|
|
License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
|
|
control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or
|
|
distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for
|
|
copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
|
|
must also follow the conditions in section 3.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
|
|
above, and you may publicly display copies.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="3" id="gfdl05">
|
|
<title>COPYING IN QUANTITY</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more
|
|
than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts,
|
|
you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and
|
|
legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
|
|
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must
|
|
also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
|
|
copies. The front cover must present the full title with all
|
|
words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
|
|
other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
|
|
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
|
|
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
|
|
copying in other respects.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
|
|
fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
|
adjacent pages.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
|
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
|
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
|
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
|
|
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
|
|
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
|
|
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
|
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
|
|
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
|
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
|
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
|
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
|
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
|
retailers) of that edition to the public.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
|
|
authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
|
|
number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
|
|
updated version of the Document.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="4" id="gfdl06">
|
|
<title>MODIFICATIONS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
|
|
Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided
|
|
that you release the Modified Version under precisely this
|
|
License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the
|
|
Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
|
|
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition,
|
|
you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
|
|
<listitem><para>Use in the Title Page
|
|
(and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
|
|
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
|
|
there were any, be listed in the History section of the
|
|
Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if
|
|
the original publisher of that version gives permission.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>List on the Title Page,
|
|
as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
|
|
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
|
|
together with at least five of the principal authors of the
|
|
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
|
|
five).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>State on the Title page
|
|
the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
|
|
publisher.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Preserve all the
|
|
copyright notices of the Document.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Add an appropriate
|
|
copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
|
|
copyright notices.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Include, immediately
|
|
after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
|
|
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
|
|
License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Preserve in that license
|
|
notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
|
|
Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Include an unaltered
|
|
copy of this License.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Preserve the section
|
|
entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating
|
|
at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
|
|
Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no
|
|
section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating
|
|
the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given
|
|
on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
|
|
Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Preserve the network
|
|
location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
|
|
Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
|
|
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
|
|
based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
|
|
may omit a network location for a work that was published at
|
|
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
|
|
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>In any section entitled
|
|
"Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's
|
|
title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
|
|
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications
|
|
given therein.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Preserve all the
|
|
Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
|
|
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
|
|
considered part of the section titles.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Delete any section
|
|
entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in
|
|
the Modified Version.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Do not retitle any
|
|
existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with
|
|
any Invariant Section.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
|
|
or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
|
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
|
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
|
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
|
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
|
other section titles.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
|
|
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by
|
|
various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that
|
|
the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
|
definition of a standard.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
|
|
Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the
|
|
end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
|
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
|
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
|
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
|
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
|
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
|
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
|
publisher that added the old one.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
|
|
this License give permission to use their names for publicity for
|
|
or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="5" id="gfdl07">
|
|
<title>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may combine the Document with other documents released
|
|
under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
|
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
|
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
|
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
|
combined work in its license notice.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
|
|
License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced
|
|
with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with
|
|
the same name but different contents, make the title of each such
|
|
section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the
|
|
name of the original author or publisher of that section if known,
|
|
or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
|
|
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of
|
|
the combined work.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
|
|
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
|
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
|
|
"Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
|
|
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="6" id="gfdl08">
|
|
<title>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
|
|
other documents released under this License, and replace the
|
|
individual copies of this License in the various documents with a
|
|
single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
|
|
follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
|
|
the documents in all other respects.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may extract a single document from such a collection,
|
|
and distribute it individually under this License, provided you
|
|
insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
|
|
follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
|
|
copying of that document.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="7" id="gfdl09">
|
|
<title>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
|
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
|
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
|
|
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
|
|
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
|
|
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
|
|
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
|
|
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
|
|
derivative works of the Document.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
|
|
these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than
|
|
one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts
|
|
may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
|
|
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
|
|
aggregate.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="8" id="gfdl10">
|
|
<title>TRANSLATION</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
|
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
|
|
special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
|
|
include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
|
|
to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may
|
|
include a translation of this License provided that you also
|
|
include the original English version of this License. In case of
|
|
a disagreement between the translation and the original English
|
|
version of this License, the original English version will
|
|
prevail.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="9" id="gfdl11">
|
|
<title>TERMINATION</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
|
|
Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any
|
|
other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the
|
|
Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
|
|
under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
|
|
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
|
terminated so long as such parties remain in full
|
|
compliance.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="10" id="gfdl12">
|
|
<title>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
|
|
versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.
|
|
Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
|
|
version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
|
|
concerns. See <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
|
|
version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
|
|
numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to
|
|
it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions
|
|
either of that specified version or of any later version that has
|
|
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
|
|
If the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
|
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
|
Free Software Foundation.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 label="11" id="gfdl13">
|
|
<title>How to use this License for your documents</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>To use this License in a document you have written, include
|
|
a copy of the License in the document and put the following
|
|
copyright and license notices just after the title page:</para>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><para>
|
|
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
|
|
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
|
|
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
|
|
Free Documentation License".
|
|
</para></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant
|
|
Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have
|
|
no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
|
|
"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover
|
|
Texts.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
|
|
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your
|
|
choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public
|
|
License, to permit their use in free software.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</appendix>
|
|
|
|
</article>
|