mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
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<appendix label="A"><title>Appendix</title>
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<sect1 id="Finding-packages-tools"><title>Finding Packages/Tools</title><sect2 id="finding-more-useful-tools"><title>Finding more useful tools</title><para>If you are looking to find more tools, the <acronym>GNU</acronym> project<indexterm><primary>GNU</primary></indexterm> (GNU's Not Unix) maintains a directory, a website listing categorized links to various free-software tools (which they consider useful) called <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/directory/">the <acronym>GNU</acronym> Directory.</ulink><indexterm><primary>GNU Directory</primary></indexterm></para><para>Also try sites such as <ulink url="http://www.sweet.org">Sweet Code</ulink><indexterm><primary>Sweet Code</primary></indexterm> which offer mailing lists of useful tools which they find.</para><para>You may also try looking at the most highly rated, most active or most downloaded programs at <ulink url="http://www.sourceforge.net">SourceForge</ulink><indexterm><primary>SourceForge</primary></indexterm> and <ulink url="http://www.freshmeat.net">FreshMeat.</ulink><indexterm><primary>FreshMeat</primary></indexterm></para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="finding-particular-tools"><title>Finding a particular tool(s)<indexterm><primary>finding tools</primary></indexterm></title><para>Many of the tools listed in this guide are part of a package of tools, such as <emphasis>diffutils </emphasis><indexterm><primary>diffutils</primary></indexterm>which contains the various tools used to find differences between files, such as <emphasis>diff<indexterm><primary>diff</primary></indexterm>, sdiff<indexterm><primary>sdiff</primary></indexterm>, diff3<indexterm><primary>diff3</primary></indexterm>, cmp</emphasis><indexterm><primary>cmp</primary></indexterm>. Most small tools are bundled together in this fashion. Most major distribution's will offer a search function to help you search the packages by file, you can of course do this via the command-line interface<indexterm><primary>command-line interface</primary></indexterm> or a GUI<indexterm><primary>GUI</primary></indexterm>.</para><para>If you need to search the distribution's available packages<indexterm><primary>packages</primary></indexterm> via the command-line<indexterm><primary>command-line</primary></indexterm>, the method will vary depending on the distribution you are using, see the subsections below or consult your distribution's documentation (or of course the internet):</para><sect3 id="finding-mandriva"><title>Mandriva (urpm* commands, rpm based)<indexterm><primary>urpm*</primary></indexterm></title><para>To find where a particular file came from use <emphasis>urpmf</emphasis>.<indexterm><primary>urpmf</primary></indexterm></para><para>Command syntax:</para><screen><![CDATA[urpmf]]><indexterm><primary>urpmf</primary></indexterm><![CDATA[ file_name
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]]></screen><para>The results are often overwhelming as this particular command will take a string and list every file of every package<indexterm><primary>package</primary></indexterm> in it's database that contains the particular keyword<indexterm><primary>keyword</primary></indexterm> (ie. both uninstalled and installed packages<indexterm><primary>packages</primary></indexterm>). To refine the results you may want to add a pipe to it and send it through <emphasis>grep -w file_name</emphasis> <indexterm><primary>grep</primary></indexterm>(the <emphasis>-w</emphasis> option will only show you only exact (whole word) matches). How you would do this is shown below:</para><screen><![CDATA[urpmf file_name | grep -w file_name
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]]></screen><para>For more information on the urpm* commands, please refer to the tip towards the end of this section: <xref linkend="RPM">. </para></sect3>
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<sect3 id="finding-rpms"><title>Red Hat (rpm)<indexterm><primary>rpm</primary></indexterm></title><para>To find which package<indexterm><primary>package</primary></indexterm> a particular file came from use <emphasis>rpm</emphasis> with the <emphasis>-qf</emphasis> option.</para><para>Command syntax:</para><screen><![CDATA[rpm -qf /path/to/the/file]]><indexterm><primary>rpm -qf</primary></indexterm><![CDATA[
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]]></screen><para>This will find which package the file came from. You need to use <emphasis>rpm -qf</emphasis> not with a keyword<indexterm><primary>keyword</primary></indexterm> but with the location of the actual file. To find more information on the particular package listed use <emphasis>rpm</emphasis> with the <emphasis>-qi</emphasis> option.<indexterm><primary>rpm -qi</primary></indexterm></para><para>Command syntax:</para><screen><![CDATA[rpm -qi package_name
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]]></screen><para>Note that the package name is the name of the package without the <emphasis>.arch.rpm </emphasis>(often <emphasis>.i386.rpm</emphasis>) extension on the end.</para><para>For more information on the usage of rpm, please refer to this section <xref linkend="RPM">.</para></sect3>
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<sect3 id="finding-debian"><title>Debian (deb)<indexterm><primary>deb</primary></indexterm></title><para>To find where a particular file came from use dpkg with the <emphasis>-S</emphasis> option.</para><para>There are two ways to do this:</para><screen><![CDATA[dpkg]]><indexterm><primary>dpkg</primary></indexterm><![CDATA[ -S file_name
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]]></screen><para>or<indexterm><primary>dpkg -S</primary></indexterm>:</para><screen><![CDATA[dpkg -S /path/to/file
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]]></screen><para>You may also like to try (if it's installed, it's generally a lot faster than the <emphasis>dpkg</emphasis> search):</para><screen><![CDATA[dlocate]]><indexterm><primary>dlocate</primary></indexterm><![CDATA[ -S file_name
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]]></screen><para>For more information on dpkg and dlocate<indexterm><primary>dlocate</primary></indexterm> please refer to the relevant manual pages and online sources of information.</para></sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="finding-packages"><title>Finding package(s)</title><para>Packages<indexterm><primary>Packages</primary></indexterm> can be found via the internet utilizing sites such as:</para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm">RPMFind</ulink><indexterm><primary>RPMFind</primary></indexterm> for <acronym>RPM</acronym> based packages.</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages">Debian Package List</ulink><indexterm><primary>Debian Package List</primary></indexterm>for deb<indexterm><primary>deb</primary></indexterm> packages.</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.rpmseek.com">RPMSeek</ulink><indexterm><primary>RPMSeek</primary></indexterm>, this site intends to index Debian packages as well as RPM<indexterm><primary>RPM</primary></indexterm>.</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.tuxfinder.org">TuxFinder</ulink><indexterm><primary>TuxFinder</primary></indexterm> where you can search for deb, rpm, tgz, iso and even documentation.</para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>Also try the author's homepage and large sites such as <ulink url="http://www.freshmeat.net">FreshMeat</ulink><indexterm><primary>FreshMeat</primary></indexterm> and <ulink url="http://www.sourceforge.net">SourceForge.</ulink><indexterm><primary>SourceForge</primary></indexterm> </para></sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Further-Reading"><title>Further Reading</title><sect2 id="general-further-reading"><title>General Further Reading</title><para>This guide is simply a short summary of some of the available tools of a GNU/Linux based distribution. If you find a particular command interesting and useful, you can look up the on-line manual, or/and info page to learn more about how to use this command or check the HOWTO's online at <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org">Linux Documentation Project.</ulink> <indexterm><primary>Linux Documentation Project</primary></indexterm></para><para>The manual/info<indexterm><primary>manual</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>info</primary></indexterm> pages will always be an up-to-date source of information on how to use the command. Also have a look at the documentation installed on your distribution, its normally located in /usr/share/doc.</para><para>Check the references<indexterm><primary>references</primary></indexterm> section of this document, <xref linkend="references">, for some links to useful resources which were used in the creation of this document.</para><para>Of course if you are having trouble with a particular command try using a search engine such as <ulink url="http://www.google.com">Google</ulink><indexterm><primary>Google</primary></indexterm> or <ulink url="http://www.alltheweb.com">AllTheWeb</ulink><indexterm><primary>AllTheWeb</primary></indexterm>, or search the usenet groups <ulink url="http://www.groups.google.com">Google Groups.</ulink><indexterm><primary>Google Groups</primary></indexterm> If you still can't find a solution, look for a mailing list which is related to the topic you are having trouble with, or try a forum which is related to the topic.</para><para>Readers who would like another reference to commands may want to have at:<indexterm><primary>command-lists</primary></indexterm></para><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.onlamp.com/linux/cmd/">Commands from "Linux in a Nutshell 3rd Edition"</ulink><indexterm><primary>Linux in a Nutshell</primary></indexterm> as published by Orielly --- this document was not used in the creation of this guide, however it is a comprehensive guide to GNU/Linux Commands (it's an indexed listing). It lists and explains 379 commands taken from <emphasis>Linux in a Nutshell 3rd Edition.</emphasis></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://linux-newbie.sunsite.dk/html/lnag.html#6.Linux%20Shortcuts%20and%20Commands|outline">The <productname>Linux</productname> Newbie Admin guide list of commands</ulink><indexterm><primary>Linux Newbie Admin guide</primary></indexterm> --- another list of commands from an excellent system administration guide for GNU/Linux.</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/commands/linuxcmdquickref.pdf">Comptechdoc's <productname>Linux</productname> Command Quickreference Guide</ulink><indexterm><primary>Comptechdoc's <productname>Linux</productname> Command Quickreference</primary></indexterm> --- a good list of commands but only one line explanations of what they actually do...</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.ss64.com/bash/">SS64.com list of bash commands</ulink><indexterm><primary>SS64.com list of commands</primary></indexterm> --- this page lists commands and links to their man pages online.</para></listitem></itemizedlist><para>If you wish to learn more about GNU/Linux on a variety of subjects also see the various online (free) tutorials published by <ulink url="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/">IBM Developerworks.</ulink><indexterm><primary>IBM Developerworks</primary></indexterm></para><para>If you wish to explore all of Linux distributions, visit <ulink url="https://blockchain.dcwebmakers.com/blog/list-of-all-secure-linux-distributions-for-cybersecurity-professionals.html">List of all secure Linux distributions</ulink>, <ulink url="https://coding-bootcamps.com/list-of-all-special-purpose-linux-distributions.html">List of all special purpose Linux distributions</ulink>, and <ulink url="https://myhsts.org/tutorial-list-of-all-linux-operating-system-distributions.php">List of popular Linux distributions</ulink><indexterm><primary>Linux Distributions</primary></indexterm></para><para>If you are looking for a general reference to everything GNU/Linux try the <ulink url="http://www.icon.co.za/~psheer/book/index.html.gz">Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition.</ulink><indexterm><primary>Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition</primary></indexterm> Or take a look at your distributions documentation, Debian maintains comprehensive documentation, <ulink url="http://debian.org/doc">debian documentation site.</ulink><indexterm><primary>Debian documentation</primary></indexterm></para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="specific-further-reading"><title>Specific Further reading<indexterm><primary>further reading</primary></indexterm></title><para>The most obvious place to look for documentation is to find the homepage of the program. Although sometimes there are other sources of information such as the <ulink url="www.tldp.org">Linux Documentation Project</ulink><indexterm><primary>Linux Documentation Project</primary></indexterm> or various online HOWTO's<indexterm><primary>HOWTO's</primary></indexterm> or similar guides. They are usually easily found using search engines. Try large sites such as <ulink url="http://www.ibiblio.org">(ibiblio) the publics library and digital archive</ulink><indexterm><primary>ibiblio</primary></indexterm> or <ulink url="http;//www.tuxfinder.org">TuxFinder</ulink><indexterm><primary>TuxFinder</primary></indexterm> which can search for documentation.</para><para>Below is a very short list of some further reading for a few of the more complex tools:</para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>OpenSSH<indexterm><primary>OpenSSH</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.openssh.com/manual.html">OpenSSH manual page</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>vim<indexterm><primary>vim</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO/index.html">The Vim HOWTO</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>emacs<indexterm><primary>emacs</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Emacs-Beginner-HOWTO.html">The Emacs HOWTO</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>RPM<indexterm><primary>RPM</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/RPM-HOWTO/index.html">RPM HOWTO</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>Samba<indexterm><primary>Samba</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/">Samba documentation site</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>ImageMagick<indexterm><primary>ImageMagick</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.imagemagick.org/script/command-line-tools.php">ImageMagick command-line tools</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>BASH<indexterm><primary>BASH</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html">BASH reference manual</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>Bash scripting<indexterm><primary>bash scripting</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/">Advanced bash scripting guide</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para>rsync<indexterm><primary>rsync</primary></indexterm> <ulink url="http://www.samba.org/rsync/">rsync homepage</ulink></para></listitem></itemizedlist><sect3 id="unix-tools-further-reading"><title>The <productname>UNIX</productname> tools philosophy further reading<indexterm><primary>unix-tools</primary></indexterm></title><itemizedlist><listitem><para>An article within the coreutils<indexterm><primary>coreutils</primary></indexterm> documentation (installed on nearly every GNU/Linux distro) provides further explanation of the <productname>UNIX</productname> tools<indexterm><primary>UNIX tools</primary></indexterm> philosophy. To access the article simply type: </para><screen><![CDATA[info coreutils
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]]></screen><para>Then type <emphasis>/</emphasis> (slash; runs a search) then the string <emphasis>“toolbox”</emphasis> (toolbox is the string to be searched for) then hit enter (follow hyperlink) and then go down to the “Toolbox introduction” section and hit enter. This will give you access to the article.</para></listitem><listitem><para>Other articles online include an: <ulink url="http://linux.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/302">Orielly article on the <productname>UNIX</productname> tools philosophy.</ulink><indexterm><primary>UNIX tools philosophy</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>Orielly</primary></indexterm></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://cbbrowne.com/info/unix.html#UNIXPHILOSOPHY">A listing of important qualities of the philosophy.</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.linuxexposed.com/Articles/General/The-Unix-Philosophy-Explained-2.html ">Linux Exposed The Unix Philosophy Explained</ulink><indexterm><primary>[http://www.linuxexposed.com/Articles/General/Linux Exposed</primary></indexterm></para></listitem><listitem><para>Or an entire book which is considered the authoritative guide toward understanding the philosophy behind how the <productname>UNIX</productname> system was built. The book is called “The Unix Philosophy” ISBN: 1555581234.<indexterm><primary>The Unix Philosophy</primary></indexterm></para></listitem></itemizedlist></sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="Online-Manual-Info-Pages"><title>Online Manual And Info Pages<indexterm><primary>online man pages</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>online info pages</primary></indexterm></title><para>While manual pages and info pages are usually installed with the program itself they are also available online if you need them, the listed links are usually listed by category or by the man page sections.</para><sect3><title>Online Manual Page Websites:</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#man">Manual Page Resource Links (from the <productname>Linux</productname> Documentation Project)</ulink><indexterm><primary>[http://www.tldp.org/dman pages</primary></indexterm></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://linux.ctyme.com/">A RedHat Based Searchable Index</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www2.linuxpakistan.net/man.php">Another Searchable Index</ulink></para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://techpubs.sgi.com/tpl.cgi/linux/man/">Another Manual Page Site (searchable)</ulink></para></listitem></itemizedlist></sect3>
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<sect3><title>Downloadable Manual Pages:</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/LDP/man-pages/">Downloadable Man Pages hosted by Ibiblio</ulink></para></listitem></itemizedlist></sect3>
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<sect3><title>Online Info Page Website:</title><itemizedlist><listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/manual/manual.html">GNU Manual's</ulink><indexterm><primary>GNU Manual's</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>Info Pages</primary></indexterm></para></listitem></itemizedlist></sect3>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="GNU-Free-Documentation-Licence"><title>GNU Free Documentation License<indexterm><primary>license</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>GNU Free documentation license</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>GFDL</primary></indexterm></title><para>GNU Free Documentation License</para><para>Version 1.1, March 2000</para><para>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para><sect2 id="PREAMBLE"><title>PREAMBLE</title><para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.</para><para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the <acronym>GNU</acronym> General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para><para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="APPLICABILITY-AND-DEFINITIONS"><title>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title><para>This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".</para><para>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.</para><para>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.</para><para>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.</para><para>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.</para><para>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".</para><para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain <acronym>ASCII</acronym> without markup, Texinfo input format, <application>LaTeX</application> input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.</para><para>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="VERBATIM-COPYING"><title>VERBATIM COPYING</title><para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.</para><para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="COPYING-IN-QUANTITY"><title>COPYING IN QUANTITY</title><para>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.</para><para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.</para><para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.</para><para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="MODIFICATIONS"><title>MODIFICATIONS</title><para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para><para>A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.</para><para>B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).</para><para>C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.</para><para>D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.</para><para>E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.</para><para>F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</para><para>G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para><para>H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.</para><para>I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para><para>J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para><para>K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.</para><para>L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.</para><para>M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.</para><para>N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.</para><para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</para><para>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.</para><para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.</para><para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="COMBINING-DOCUMENTS"><title>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title><para>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.</para><para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.</para><para>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="COLLECTIONS-OF-DOCUMENTS"><title>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title><para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.</para><para>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="AGGREGATION-WITH-INDEPENDENT-WORKS"><title>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title><para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document.</para><para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="TRANSLATION"><title>TRANSLATION</title><para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="TERMINATION"><title>TERMINATION</title><para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.</para></sect2>
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<sect2 id="FUTURE-REVISIONS-OF-THIS-LICENCE"><title>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title><para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the <acronym>GNU</acronym> Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See <ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft">Copyleft.</ulink></para><para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.</para></sect2>
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</sect1>
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</appendix>
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