mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
513 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
513 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
<!doctype linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>The Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO
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<author>Niels Kristian Bech Jensen <tt/nkbj@image.dk/
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<date>v1.11, 30 March 2000
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<abstract>
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<nidx>dual booting!Linux, FreeBSD (see FreeBSD dualboot)</nidx>
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<nidx>Linux!FreeBSD dualboot with (see FreeBSD dualboot)</nidx>
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<nidx>FreeBSD!Linux dualboot with (see FreeBSD dualboot)</nidx>
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This document describes how to use Linux and FreeBSD on the same system. It
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introduces FreeBSD and discusses how the two operating systems can cooperate,
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e.g. by sharing swap space. You should probably have some experience with
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Linux or FreeBSD and hard drive partitioning (<tt/fdisk/) before you read this
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document. The tips herein are tested using FreeBSD 2.2.2, but they should be
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valid for newer versions as well. Do not hesitate to mail me if you have
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comments, questions or suggestions about this document. I would also like to
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hear from people who have experience using Linux together with NetBSD or
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OpenBSD.
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</abstract>
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<toc>
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<sect>What is FreeBSD?
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!Freebsd overview</nidx>
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<p>
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<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/" name="FreeBSD"> is a free Unix-like
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operating system much like Linux. The main difference is that, while the
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Linux kernel has been written from scratch, FreeBSD is based on the freely
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redistributable parts of 4.4BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) known as
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4.4BSD-lite. This fact might lead some people to suggest that FreeBSD is
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closer to being ``real'' UNIX® than Linux. FreeBSD runs only on the
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Intel PC platform (i386 and higher); ports to the DEC Alpha and Sun Sparc
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platforms are being worked on at the moment. <url url="http://www.netbsd.org/"
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name="NetBSD"> and <url url="http://www.openbsd.org/" name="OpenBSD"> are
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similar to FreeBSD, and both run on several platforms. Hardware requirements
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for all these *BSD systems are similar to those for Linux.
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The development of FreeBSD is managed in a different way than the Linux
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development. A core team of developers serve as arbitrators and provide
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leadership for the project. Big changes are discussed in advance on the
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mailing lists. The FreeBSD project has two development trees (just like
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Linux): <bf/``-CURRENT''/ and <bf/``-STABLE''/. The ``-CURRENT'' development
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tree is where the development of new features happens. Development to the
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``-STABLE'' tree are restricted to bug fixes and some thoroughly tested new
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features.
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FreeBSD can be used and (re-)distributed freely just as Linux. Most parts of
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the system are released under the BSD copyright; the rest is under the GNU GPL
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or other <url url="http://www.opensource.org/" name="open-source"> licences.
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<sect>The FreeBSD way of labelling hard drives
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!disk drive labelling</nidx>
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<p>
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Linux and FreeBSD label hard drives and partitions after two differents
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schemes. This section explains the main differences between the two schemes.
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In fact the FreeBSD labelling scheme is an adaption of the traditional BSD
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labelling style ported to live within the PC's fdisk partitions. Thus it is
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very similar to other BSD-based Unix systems such as NetBSD, OpenBSD, Ultrix,
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Digital Unix, SunOS, and Solaris.
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<sect1>FreeBSD ``slices'' and ``partitions''
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!disk drive partitions</nidx>
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!disk drive slices</nidx>
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<p>
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FreeBSD needs one of the four entries in the partition table on your PC's
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hard drive. This primary partition is called a <bf/``slice''/ in FreeBSD
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terminology. It then uses the <tt/disklabel/ program to make up to eight
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partitions in this primary partition. These logical partitions are called
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<bf/``partitions''/ in FreeBSD terminology. This concept is similar to the way
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Linux (and DOS) handles logical partitions in an extended partition. You
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cannot install FreeBSD in an extended partition made by Linux (or DOS). Note
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that the Linux <tt/fdisk/ program doesn't display the BSD partitions in a
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FreeBSD slice from the main menu, but it can display BSD disklabel information
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if you give the command `b'. The output is something like this
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(<tt>/dev/hda4</tt> is the FreeBSD slice):
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<verb>
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bash# fdisk /dev/hda
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Command (m for help): p
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Disk /dev/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders
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Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes
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Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
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/dev/hda1 * 1 1 27 54400+ 83 Linux native
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/dev/hda2 28 28 55 56448 83 Linux native
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/dev/hda3 56 56 403 701568 83 Linux native
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/dev/hda4 404 404 621 439488 a5 BSD/386
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Command (m for help): b
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Reading disklabel of /dev/hda4 at sector 1624897.
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BSD disklabel command (m for help): p
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg]
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a: 64512 1624896 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 404 - 419)
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b: 104832 1689408 swap # (Cyl. 420 - 445)
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c: 878976 1624896 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 404 - 621)
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e: 64512 1794240 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 446 - 461)
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f: 645120 1858752 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 462 - 621)
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BSD disklabel command (m for help): q
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bash#
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</verb>
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The letters `a'...`f' in the first column are the same labels as shown below
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in the example for a FreeBSD slice. There are three special partitions in BSD
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parlace. The letter `a' designates the root partition, `b' designates the swap
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partition, while `c' designates the whole slice. See the FreeBSD documentation
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for more information on the ``standard'' way of assigning these letters to
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different partition types.
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<sect1>Drive and partition labelling in Linux and FreeBSD
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!disk drive labelling!compared with Linux</nidx>
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!disk drive partitions!compared with Linux</nidx>
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<p>
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The hard drives are labelled in the following way in Linux and FreeBSD:
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<verb>
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Linux FreeBSD
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First IDE drive /dev/hda /dev/wd0
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Second IDE drive /dev/hdb /dev/wd1
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First SCSI drive /dev/sda /dev/sd0
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Second SCSI drive /dev/sdb /dev/sd1
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</verb>
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The partitions (FreeBSD slices) on an IDE drive are labelled in the following
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way (<tt>/dev/hda</tt> is used as an example):
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<verb>
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Linux FreeBSD
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First primary partition /dev/hda1 /dev/wd0s1
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Second primary partition /dev/hda2 /dev/wd0s2
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Third primary partition /dev/hda3 /dev/wd0s3
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Fourth primary partition /dev/hda4 /dev/wd0s4
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</verb>
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The partitions in my FreeBSD slice is labelled in the following way. It is the
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labelling you get by default. It is possible to change the labelling if you do
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a custom installation of FreeBSD (<tt>/dev/hda4</tt> is the FreeBSD slice in
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the example):
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<verb>
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Linux label FreeBSD label FreeBSD mount point
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/dev/hda5 /dev/wd0s4a /
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/dev/hda6 /dev/wd0s4b swap
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/dev/hda7 /dev/wd0s4e /var
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/dev/hda8 /dev/wd0s4f /usr
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</verb>
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If you run <tt/dmesg/ in Linux you will see this as (The linux kernel must be
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build with <bf/UFS filesystem support/ for this to work. See section <ref
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id="installlinux" name="Installing and preparing Linux">):
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<verb>
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Partition check:
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hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 >
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</verb>
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If you have installed FreeBSD in the <tt>/dev/sd1s3</tt> slice
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(<tt>/dev/sdb3</tt> in Linux parlace), and <tt>/dev/sdb2</tt> is a Linux
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extended partition containing two logical partitions (<tt>/dev/sdb5</tt> and
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<tt>/dev/sdb6</tt>), the previous example would look like this:
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<verb>
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Linux label FreeBSD label FreeBSD mount point
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/dev/sdb7 /dev/sd1s3a /
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/dev/sdb8 /dev/sd1s3b swap
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/dev/sdb9 /dev/sd1s3e /var
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/dev/sdb10 /dev/sd1s3f /usr
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</verb>
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This will be shown as
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<verb>
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Partition check:
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sdb: sdb1 sdb2 < sdb5 sdb6 > sdb3 < sdb7 sdb8 sdb9 sdb10 >
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</verb>
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in the output from <tt/dmesg/.
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If you have a Linux extended partition <em/after/ your FreeBSD slice you're in
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for trouble, because most Linux kernels installation floppies are build
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without UFS support, they will not recognise the FreeBSD partitions inside the
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slice. What should have been seen as (<tt>/dev/hda3</tt> is the FreeBSD
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slice and <tt>/dev/hda4</tt> is the Linux extended partition)
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<verb>
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Partition check:
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hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 > hda4 < hda9 hda10 >
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</verb>
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is seen as:
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<verb>
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Partition check:
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hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 >
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</verb>
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This can give you the wrong device assignment and cause the loss of data. My
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advice is to <em/always put your FreeBSD slice after any Linux extended
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partitions, and do not change any logical partitions in your Linux extended
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partitions after installing FreeBSD!/
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<sect>Sharing swap space between Linux and FreeBSD
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!swap space, sharing</nidx>
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<p>
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This section describes how I got Linux and FreeBSD to share a swap partition.
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There may be other ways to get the same result. You can install FreeBSD before
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Linux if you want to, just pay attention to the order of the partitions in the
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FreeBSD slice.
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<sect1>Installing and preparing Linux<label id="installlinux">
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!Linux, installing</nidx>
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<p>
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The first step is to install Linux as normal. You have to leave space for the
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FreeBSD slice at your hard drive. You don't have to make a Linux swap
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partition, but if you want one, put it in the space you want to allocate for
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FreeBSD. That way you can delete the Linux swap partition later and use the
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space for FreeBSD.
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When you have installed Linux you have to build a new kernel. Read <bf/The
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Linux Kernel HOWTO/ if this is new to you. You <em/have/ to include both
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<bf/UFS filesystem support (read only)/ and <bf/BSD disklabel (FreeBSD
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partition tables) support/:
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<verb>
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UFS filesystem support (read only) (CONFIG_UFS_FS) [N/y/m/?] y
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BSD disklabel (FreeBSD partition tables) support (CONFIG_BSD_DISKLABEL) [N/y/?]
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(NEW) y
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</verb>
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Install the new kernel and reboot. Remove any line including the word <em/swap/
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from your <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> file if you have made a Linux swap partition.
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<em/Make sure you have a working Linux boot floppy with the new kernel./ Now
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you are ready to install FreeBSD.
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<sect1>Installing FreeBSD
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!FreeBSD, installing</nidx>
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<p>
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Install FreeBSD as described in the FreeBSD documentation. Remove the Linux
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swap partition if you have made one (you can use the FreeBSD <tt/fdisk/
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program.) Pay attention to the order of the partitions in the FreeBSD
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slice. If you use the default labelling the second partition will be the swap
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partition. Complete the installation of FreeBSD and reboot into Linux
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<em/using the new Linux boot floppy/.
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<sect1>Setting up the FreeBSD swap partition in Linux
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!FreeBSD swap partition configuration</nidx>
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<p>
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Run <tt/dmesg/ when you have booted into Linux. In the output you should see
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something like this:
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<verb>
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Partition check:
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hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 hda4 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 >
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</verb>
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This means that <tt>/dev/hda4</tt> is your FreeBSD slice, while
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<tt>/dev/hda5</tt>, <tt>/dev/hda6</tt>, <tt>/dev/hda7</tt> and
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<tt>/dev/hda8</tt> are the FreeBSD partitions. If your swap partition is
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the second partition in the slice, it will be <tt>/dev/hda6</tt>.
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You have to put the following line into your Linux <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> file to
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enable the swap partition:
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<verb>
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/dev/hda6 none swap sw 0 0
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</verb>
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While FreeBSD can use any type of partition as swap space, Linux needs a
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special signature in the swap partition. This signature is made by <tt/mkswap/.
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FreeBSD ruins this signature when it uses the shared swap partition, so you
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will have to run <tt/mkswap/ each time you boot into Linux. To do this
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automagically you have to find the script that runs <tt/swapon/ at boot time.
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In Red Hat Linux it is <tt>/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit</tt>. Put the following line
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into that file just <em/before/ <tt/swapon -a/:
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<verb>
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awk -- '/swap/ && ($1 !~ /#/) { system("mkswap "$1"") }' /etc/fstab
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</verb>
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This will run <tt/mkswap/ on any swap partitions in <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> every
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time you boot except if they are commented out (having ``#'' as the first
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character in the line.)
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Run <tt/free/ to check out the size of the swap space when you have rebooted
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into Linux. You should also reboot into FreeBSD to make sure everything works
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as expected. If it does not, you have probably used the wrong partition
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as swap partition. The only solution to that problem is to reinstall FreeBSD
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and try again. Experience is a great teacher. :-)
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<sect>Booting FreeBSD using LILO
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!FreeBSD, booting with LILO</nidx>
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<p>
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You can easily boot FreeBSD with LILO. Do not install the FreeBSD boot selector
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(<tt/Booteasy/) if you want to use LILO. Append the following lines to your
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<tt>/etc/lilo.conf</tt> file and run <tt/lilo/ (assuming the FreeBSD slice is
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<tt>/dev/hda4</tt>):
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<verb>
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other=/dev/hda4
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table=/dev/hda
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label=FreeBSD
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</verb>
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If you have installed FreeBSD on the second SCSI drive, use something like
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this (the FreeBSD slice being <tt>/dev/sdb2</tt>):
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<verb>
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other=/dev/sdb2
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table=/dev/sdb
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loader=/boot/chain.b
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label=FreeBSD
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</verb>
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<sect>Mounting filesystems
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!filesystems, mounting</nidx>
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!mounting filesystems</nidx>
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<sect1>Mounting UFS filesystems under Linux
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!mounting filesystems!UFS, in Linux</nidx>
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<p>
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Unfortunately the UFS driver in the Linux 2.0.xx kernels do not include
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support for FreeBSD. When you try to mount a FreeBSD filesystem, you just
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get some error messages (the filesystem actually gets mounted, but you
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cannot do anything with it.) This problem has been solved in the newer
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Linux kernels (version 2.1.87 and higher.)
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There is another version of the UFS driver for Linux 2.0.xx kernels (xx <= 30)
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on <url url="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs/"
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name="metalab.unc.edu (the former sunsite.unc.edu)">. It is called <bf/U2FS/
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and the current version is <tt/u2fs-0.4.3.tar.gz/. A version of U2FS
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(<tt/ufs-0.4.4.tar.gz/) for Linux 2.0.31 and higher (2.0.xx; not 2.1.xx) can
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be found at <url
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url="http://www.mathi.uni-heidelberg.de/~flight/projects/u2fs/"
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name="this site"> along with further information about U2FS (and UFS.)
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Now you have to build a new kernel with support for the U2FS filesystem
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and BSD disklabels. See section <ref id="installlinux"
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name="Installing and preparing Linux"> for more information on this. You can
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leave out <bf/UFS filesystem support/ from the kernel when you use U2FS.
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When you have installed the new kernel, you can mount your UFS filesystems
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(all the partitions in the FreeBSD slice except the swap partition) with a
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command like this:
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<verb>
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mount -t u2fs /dev/hda8 /mnt
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</verb>
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You should use a command like
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<verb>
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mount -t ufs /dev/hda8 /mnt
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</verb>
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if you use a Linux kernel version 2.1.87 or higher. From Linux kernel
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version 2.1.112 you must add <tt/-o ufstype=44bsd/ to the command like this:
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<verb>
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mount -t ufs -o ufstype=44bsd /dev/hda8 /mnt
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</verb>
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The UFS (and U2FS) driver is read-only. That is; you can read from the UFS
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filesystems but you cannot write to them. An experimental read-write UFS
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driver has replaced the read-only driver in Linux kernels version 2.1.112 and
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higher; writing to FreeBSD partitions is supported from version 2.1.127.
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<sect1>Mounting ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD<label id="ext2fs">
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!mounting filesystems!ext2fs, in FreeBSD</nidx>
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<p>
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To mount ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD, you first have to build a new
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kernel with ext2fs support. Read <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/"
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name="the FreeBSD handbook"> to learn how to do that. Put the line
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<verb>
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options "EXT2FS"
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</verb>
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in your kernel configuration file for the new kernel.
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When you have booted with the new kernel, you can mount an ext2fs filesystem
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by giving a command like:
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<verb>
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mount -t ext2fs /dev/wd0s3 /mnt
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</verb>
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Due to a bug in FreeBSD 2.2.8 and earlier you will have to unmount all ext2fs
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filesystems <em/before/ you shut down FreeBSD if you are using these any of
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these versions. If you shut down FreeBSD with an ext2fs filesystem mounted,
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FreeBSD cannot sync the UFS filesystems. This results in <tt/fsck/ being run
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the next time FreeBSD is booted. You can work around this bug by putting the
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line:
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<verb>
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umount -a -t ext2fs
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</verb>
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in the <tt>/etc/rc.shutdown</tt> file. The bug has been fixed in FreeBSD 3.x.
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<sect>Running foreign binaries
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!foreign binaries</nidx>
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<sect1>Running FreeBSD binaries under Linux
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!foreign binaries!FreeBSD in Linux</nidx>
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<p>
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The <tt/iBCS/ package has support for running FreeBSD binaries under Linux;
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but it's old and unmaintained. I cannot get it to work. Please let me know if
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you have had better luck with this.
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<sect1>Running Linux binaries under FreeBSD
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<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!foreign binaries!Linux in FreeBSD</nidx>
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<p>
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FreeBSD has the ability to run Linux binaries, both in a.out and ELF formats.
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To do this you have to take the following three steps:
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<enum>
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<item>You have to enable Linux compatibility. To do this (in FreeBSD 2.2.2 ---
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details may vary in other versions) you have to edit your <tt>/etc/rc.conf</tt>
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file and change
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<verb>
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linux_enable="NO"
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</verb>
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to
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<verb>
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linux_enable="YES"
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</verb>
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and reboot. Another way to load the Linux binary support is to execute the
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command <tt>/usr/bin/linux</tt>. This way you don't have to reboot, and you
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don't always have the Linux binary support loaded (i.e. you save memory.)
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Remember to add the line
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<verb>
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options COMPAT_LINUX
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</verb>
|
|
to the FreeBSD kernel config file if you build a new FreeBSD kernel.
|
|
|
|
<item>You have to install the Linux shared libraries if your Linux binaries are
|
|
dynamically linked. The libraries are included in FreeBSD 2.2.{2,5,6}
|
|
as the package <tt/linux_lib-2.4.tgz/ (newer versions might be
|
|
available.)
|
|
Run the following command to install the package:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
pkg_add <path_to_package>/linux_lib-2.4.tgz
|
|
</verb>
|
|
<path_to_package> is the directory where the package
|
|
is stored. You may also load it off the net by:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
pkg_add ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/packages-stable/All/linux_lib-2.4.tgz
|
|
</verb>
|
|
or by re-running <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt>. Enter ``Configure'', ``Packages''
|
|
and use the menus. You should execute the following command if you are running
|
|
statically linked Linux binaries:
|
|
<verb>
|
|
brandelf -t Linux <name_of_statically_linked_linux_binary>
|
|
</verb>
|
|
|
|
<item>Install the Linux program(s) you want to run. The program(s) can be
|
|
installed on either UFS or ext2fs filesystems. See section <ref id="ext2fs"
|
|
name="Mounting ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD"> for more information about
|
|
using ext2fs filesystems under FreeBSD.
|
|
|
|
</enum>
|
|
|
|
I have successfully run the Linux versions of Applixware 4.3 and Netscape 3.01
|
|
(both ELF format) under FreeBSD 2.2.2 using this method (yes, I know there is
|
|
a native FreeBSD version of Netscape 4.) The Linux versions of acroread and
|
|
StarOffice 3 and 4 also work well under FreeBSD. StarOffice 5 depends on
|
|
native Linux threads and currently do not work under FreeBSD. Read the FreeBSD
|
|
documentation for more information on this topic.
|
|
|
|
<sect>Information resources
|
|
<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!information resources</nidx>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The latest version of this mini-HOWTO can be downloaded from <url
|
|
url="http://www.image.dk/~nkbj/" name="this site"> in several formats
|
|
(including SGML and PostScript.) The document has been translated into
|
|
Japanese by Mr. Teruyoshi Fujiwara as part of <url
|
|
url="ftp://jf.linux.or.jp/pub/JF/other-formats/" name="the JF project">.
|
|
|
|
You can find some articles about the difference between Linux and FreeBSD
|
|
<url url="http://www.futuresouth.com/~fullermd/freebsd/bsdvlin.html"
|
|
name="here">.
|
|
|
|
You can find more informations about FreeBSD (and download the whole system)
|
|
at <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/" name="this site">. You can also buy
|
|
the system on CDROMs from <url url="http://www.cdrom.com"
|
|
name="Walnut Creek CDROM"> (their servers are running FreeBSD.)
|
|
|
|
The Linux Kernel HOWTO (and this mini-HOWTO) is released as part of <url
|
|
url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/" name="The Linux Documentation Project">.
|
|
|
|
<sect>Credits and legal stuff
|
|
<nidx>FreeBSD dualboot!credits and legal stuff</nidx>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Thanks to the members of the <url url="http://www.bsd-dk.dk/"
|
|
name="*BSD user group in Denmark"> for answering the questions of a
|
|
FreeBSD newbie, to Mr. Takeshi Okazaki for bringing the existence of U2FS
|
|
to my attention, and to Mr. David O'Brien for valuable suggestions.
|
|
|
|
<sect1>Legal stuff
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Trademarks are owned by their owners.
|
|
|
|
Although the information given in this document is believed to be correct,
|
|
the author will accept no liability for the content of this document. Use
|
|
the tips and examples given herein at your own risk.
|
|
|
|
Copyright © 1997-2000 by Niels Kristian Bech Jensen. This document
|
|
may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the
|
|
LDP License at <url url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html"
|
|
name="http://www.linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html">.
|
|
|
|
</article>
|
|
|