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<sect1><title>Using /proc For Input</title>
<indexterm><primary>input</primary><secondary>using /proc for</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>proc</primary><secondary>using for input</secondary></indexterm>
<para>So far we have two ways to generate output from kernel modules: we can register a device driver and
<command>mknod</command> a device file, or we can create a <filename role="directory">/proc</filename> file. This allows the
kernel module to tell us anything it likes. The only problem is that there is no way for us to talk back. The first way we'll
send input to kernel modules will be by writing back to the <filename role="directory">/proc</filename> file.</para>
<para>Because the proc filesystem was written mainly to allow the kernel to report its situation to processes, there are no
special provisions for input. The <varname>struct proc_dir_entry</varname> doesn't include a pointer to an input function,
the way it includes a pointer to an output function. Instead, to write into a <filename role="directory">/proc</filename>
file, we need to use the standard filesystem mechanism.</para>
<indexterm><primary><varname>proc_dir_entry</varname></primary></indexterm>
<para>In Linux there is a standard mechanism for file system registration. Since every file system has to have its own
functions to handle inode and file operations<footnote><para>The difference between the two is that file operations deal with
the file itself, and inode operations deal with ways of referencing the file, such as creating links to it.</para></footnote>,
there is a special structure to hold pointers to all those functions, <varname>struct inode_operations</varname>, which
includes a pointer to <varname>struct file_operations</varname>. In /proc, whenever we register a new file, we're allowed to
specify which <varname>struct inode_operations</varname> will be used for access to it. This is the mechanism we use, a
<varname>struct inode_operations</varname> which includes a pointer to a <varname>struct file_operations</varname> which
includes pointers to our <function>module_input</function> and <function>module_output</function> functions.</para>
<indexterm><primary>filesystem</primary><secondary>registration</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>filesystem registration</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><varname>struct inode_operations</varname></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><varname>inode_operations</varname> structure</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><varname>struct file_operations</varname></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><varname>file_operations</varname> structure</primary></indexterm>
<para>It's important to note that the standard roles of read and write are reversed in the kernel. Read functions are used for
output, whereas write functions are used for input. The reason for that is that read and write refer to the user's point of
view --- if a process reads something from the kernel, then the kernel needs to output it, and if a process writes something
to the kernel, then the kernel receives it as input.</para>
<indexterm><primary>read</primary><secondary>in the kernel</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>write</primary><secondary>in the kernel</secondary></indexterm>
<para>Another interesting point here is the <function>module_permission</function> function. This function is called whenever
a process tries to do something with the <filename role="directory">/proc</filename> file, and it can decide whether to allow
access or not. Right now it is only based on the operation and the uid of the current user (as available in
<varname>current</varname>, a pointer to a structure which includes information on the currently running process), but it
could be based on anything we like, such as what other processes are doing with the same file, the time of day, or the last
input we received.</para>
<indexterm><primary>pointer</primary><secondary>current</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>permission</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><varname>module_permissions</varname></primary></indexterm>
<para>The reason for <function>put_user</function> and <function>get_user</function> is that Linux memory (under Intel
architecture, it may be different under some other processors) is segmented. This means that a pointer, by itself, does not
reference a unique location in memory, only a location in a memory segment, and you need to know which memory segment it is to
be able to use it. There is one memory segment for the kernel, and one of each of the processes.</para>
<indexterm><primary><function>put_user</function></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary><function>get_user</function></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>memory segments</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>segment</primary><secondary>memory</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The only memory segment accessible to a process is its own, so when writing regular programs to run as processes,
there's no need to worry about segments. When you write a kernel module, normally you want to access the kernel memory
segment, which is handled automatically by the system. However, when the content of a memory buffer needs to be passed between
the currently running process and the kernel, the kernel function receives a pointer to the memory buffer which is in the
process segment. The <function>put_user</function> and <function>get_user</function> macros allow you to access that
memory.</para>
<example><title>procfs.c</title>
<programlisting><![CDATA[
/* procfs.c - create a "file" in /proc, which allows both input and output.
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* We're doing kernel work */
#include <linux/module.h> /* Specifically, a module */
/* Necessary because we use proc fs */
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
/* In 2.2.3 /usr/include/linux/version.h includes a
* macro for this, but 2.0.35 doesn't - so I add it
* here if necessary. */
#ifndef KERNEL_VERSION
#define KERNEL_VERSION(a,b,c) ((a)*65536+(b)*256+(c))
#endif
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
#include <asm/uaccess.h> /* for get_user and put_user */
#endif
/* The module's file functions ********************** */
/* Here we keep the last message received, to prove
* that we can process our input */
#define MESSAGE_LENGTH 80
static char Message[MESSAGE_LENGTH];
/* Since we use the file operations struct, we can't
* use the special proc output provisions - we have to
* use a standard read function, which is this function */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE &gt;= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
static ssize_t module_output(
struct file *file, /* The file read */
char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to (in the
* user segment) */
size_t len, /* The length of the buffer */
loff_t *offset) /* Offset in the file - ignore */
#else
static int module_output(
struct inode *inode, /* The inode read */
struct file *file, /* The file read */
char *buf, /* The buffer to put data to (in the
* user segment) */
int len) /* The length of the buffer */
#endif
{
static int finished = 0;
int i;
char message[MESSAGE_LENGTH+30];
/* We return 0 to indicate end of file, that we have
* no more information. Otherwise, processes will
* continue to read from us in an endless loop. */
if (finished) {
finished = 0;
return 0;
}
/* We use put_user to copy the string from the kernel's
* memory segment to the memory segment of the process
* that called us. get_user, BTW, is
* used for the reverse. */
sprintf(message, "Last input:%s", Message);
for(i=0; i&lt;len && message[i]; i++)
put_user(message[i], buf+i);
/* Notice, we assume here that the size of the message
* is below len, or it will be received cut. In a real
* life situation, if the size of the message is less
* than len then we'd return len and on the second call
* start filling the buffer with the len+1'th byte of
* the message. */
finished = 1;
return i; /* Return the number of bytes "read" */
}
/* This function receives input from the user when the
* user writes to the /proc file. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
static ssize_t module_input(
struct file *file, /* The file itself */
const char *buf, /* The buffer with input */
size_t length, /* The buffer's length */
loff_t *offset) /* offset to file - ignore */
#else
static int module_input(
struct inode *inode, /* The file's inode */
struct file *file, /* The file itself */
const char *buf, /* The buffer with the input */
int length) /* The buffer's length */
#endif
{
int i;
/* Put the input into Message, where module_output
* will later be able to use it */
for(i=0; i<MESSAGE_LENGTH-1 && i<length; i++)
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
get_user(Message[i], buf+i);
/* In version 2.2 the semantics of get_user changed,
* it not longer returns a character, but expects a
* variable to fill up as its first argument and a
* user segment pointer to fill it from as the its
* second.
*
* The reason for this change is that the version 2.2
* get_user can also read an short or an int. The way
* it knows the type of the variable it should read
* is by using sizeof, and for that it needs the
* variable itself.
*/
#else
Message[i] = get_user(buf+i);
#endif
Message[i] = '\0'; /* we want a standard, zero
* terminated string */
/* We need to return the number of input characters
* used */
return i;
}
/* This function decides whether to allow an operation
* (return zero) or not allow it (return a non-zero
* which indicates why it is not allowed).
*
* The operation can be one of the following values:
* 0 - Execute (run the "file" - meaningless in our case)
* 2 - Write (input to the kernel module)
* 4 - Read (output from the kernel module)
*
* This is the real function that checks file
* permissions. The permissions returned by ls -l are
* for referece only, and can be overridden here.
*/
static int module_permission(struct inode *inode, int op)
{
/* We allow everybody to read from our module, but
* only root (uid 0) may write to it */
if (op == 4 || (op == 2 && current->euid == 0))
return 0;
/* If it's anything else, access is denied */
return -EACCES;
}
/* The file is opened - we don't really care about
* that, but it does mean we need to increment the
* module's reference count. */
int module_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;
return 0;
}
/* The file is closed - again, interesting only because
* of the reference count. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
int module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
#else
void module_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
#endif
{
MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
return 0; /* success */
#endif
}
/* Structures to register as the /proc file, with
* pointers to all the relevant functions. ********** */
/* File operations for our proc file. This is where we
* place pointers to all the functions called when
* somebody tries to do something to our file. NULL
* means we don't want to deal with something. */
static struct file_operations File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File =
{
NULL, /* lseek */
module_output, /* "read" from the file */
module_input, /* "write" to the file */
NULL, /* readdir */
NULL, /* select */
NULL, /* ioctl */
NULL, /* mmap */
module_open, /* Somebody opened the file */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
NULL, /* flush, added here in version 2.2 */
#endif
module_close, /* Somebody closed the file */
/* etc. etc. etc. (they are all given in
* /usr/include/linux/fs.h). Since we don't put
* anything here, the system will keep the default
* data, which in Unix is zeros (NULLs when taken as
* pointers). */
};
/* Inode operations for our proc file. We need it so
* we'll have some place to specify the file operations
* structure we want to use, and the function we use for
* permissions. It's also possible to specify functions
* to be called for anything else which could be done to
* an inode (although we don't bother, we just put
* NULL). */
static struct inode_operations Inode_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File =
{
&File_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File,
NULL, /* create */
NULL, /* lookup */
NULL, /* link */
NULL, /* unlink */
NULL, /* symlink */
NULL, /* mkdir */
NULL, /* rmdir */
NULL, /* mknod */
NULL, /* rename */
NULL, /* readlink */
NULL, /* follow_link */
NULL, /* readpage */
NULL, /* writepage */
NULL, /* bmap */
NULL, /* truncate */
module_permission /* check for permissions */
};
/* Directory entry */
static struct proc_dir_entry Our_Proc_File =
{
0, /* Inode number - ignore, it will be filled by
* proc_register[_dynamic] */
7, /* Length of the file name */
"rw_test", /* The file name */
S_IFREG | S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
/* File mode - this is a regular file which
* can be read by its owner, its group, and everybody
* else. Also, its owner can write to it.
*
* Actually, this field is just for reference, it's
* module_permission that does the actual check. It
* could use this field, but in our implementation it
* doesn't, for simplicity. */
1, /* Number of links (directories where the
* file is referenced) */
0, 0, /* The uid and gid for the file -
* we give it to root */
80, /* The size of the file reported by ls. */
&Inode_Ops_4_Our_Proc_File,
/* A pointer to the inode structure for
* the file, if we need it. In our case we
* do, because we need a write function. */
NULL
/* The read function for the file. Irrelevant,
* because we put it in the inode structure above */
};
/* Module initialization and cleanup ******************* */
/* Initialize the module - register the proc file */
int init_module()
{
/* Success if proc_register[_dynamic] is a success,
* failure otherwise */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
/* In version 2.2, proc_register assign a dynamic
* inode number automatically if it is zero in the
* structure , so there's no more need for
* proc_register_dynamic
*/
return proc_register(&proc_root, &Our_Proc_File);
#else
return proc_register_dynamic(&proc_root, &Our_Proc_File);
#endif
}
/* Cleanup - unregister our file from /proc */
void cleanup_module()
{
proc_unregister(&proc_root, Our_Proc_File.low_ino);
}
]]></programlisting>
</example>
</sect1>
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