From f690f2984c870e207f05990eda7ecbd30a3fd8c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: gferg <> Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2001 16:36:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] new --- .../SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO.sgml | 2691 +++++++++++++++++ LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/cdrom.jpeg | Bin 0 -> 24091 bytes LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/ppscsi.jpeg | Bin 0 -> 7341 bytes .../docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/scsi-arch.jpeg | Bin 0 -> 29086 bytes 4 files changed, 2691 insertions(+) create mode 100644 LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO.sgml create mode 100644 LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/cdrom.jpeg create mode 100644 LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/ppscsi.jpeg create mode 100644 LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/scsi-arch.jpeg diff --git a/LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO.sgml b/LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO.sgml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..010e8e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,2691 @@ + + + + + The Linux SCSI subsystem in 2.4 + + + + Douglas + Gilbert + +
+ dgilbert@interlog.com +
+ + + + 2nd January 2001 + + + 2000 + 2001 + Douglas Gilbert + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with + no Back-Cover Texts. + + + For an online copy of the license see + + www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html. + + + + + + + + + Introduction + +This document describes the SCSI subsystem as the Linux kernel +enters the 2.4 production series. + + +An external view of the SCSI subsystem is the main theme. +Material is included to help the system administration of the Linux SCSI +subsystem. There are also brief descriptions of ioctl()s and interfaces +that may be relevant to those writing applications that use this subsystem. +However internal data structures and design issues are not addressed +[see reference W2]. To unclutter the presentation, +compile options and system calls (including ioctl()s) have been placed in +. Although not strictly part of the SCSI +subsystem, there is also description of raw devices in . + + +This document follows on from one written four years ago by Drew +Eckhardt called the SCSI-HOWTO [see reference W7]. +That document described the SCSI subsystem in Linux kernel 1.2 and 1.3 +series. It is still available from the Linux Documentation Project +[LDP, see reference W8] in its "unmaintained" +section. Both documents have roughly similar structures although Drew's +document has a lot of information on the adapter drivers. + + +The most up to date version of this document can be found at + +www.torque.net/scsi/linux_scsi_24. + + +This document was built on 2nd January 2001. + + + + + Architectural Overview + +The SCSI subsystem has a 3 level architecture with the "upper" level +being closest to the user/kernel interface while the "lower" level +is closest to the hardware. The upper level drivers are commonly known +by a terse two letter abbreviation (e.g. "sd" for SCSI disk driver). +The names of the corresponding module drivers which, for historical +reasons, sometimes differ from the built in driver names are shown in +braces in the following diagram. + + + + + + + + + + + The 3 level driver architecture of the SCSI subsystem. + + + + +The upper level supports the user-kernel interface. In the case of sd and sr +this is a block device interface while for st and sg this is a character +device interface. Any operation using the SCSI subsystem (e.g. reading a +sector from a disk) involves one driver at each of the 3 levels (e.g. sd, +SCSI mid level and aic7xxx drivers). + + +As can be seen from the diagram, the SCSI mid level is common to all +operations. The SCSI mid level defines internal interfaces and provides +common services to the upper and lower level drivers. Ioctls provided by +the mid level are available to the file descriptors belonging to any of +the 4 upper level drivers. + + +The most common operation on a block device is to "mount" a +file system. For a sd device typically a partition is mounted +(e.g. mount -t ext2 /dev/sda6 /home). For a +sr device usually the whole device is mounted (e.g. +mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom). The dd + command can be used to read or write from block devices. +In this case the block size argument ("bs") needs to be set to +the block size of the device (e.g. 512 bytes for most disks) +or an integral multiple of that device block size (e.g. 8192 bytes). +A recent addition to the block subsystem allows a device (or partition) +to be mounted more than once, at different mount points. + + +Sd is a member of the generic disk family, as is the hd device from the +IDE subsystem. Apart from mounting sd devices, the fdisk + command is available to view or modify a disk's +partition table. Although the hdparm command is +primarily intended for IDE disks, some options work on SCSI +disks. + + +Sr is a member of the CD-ROM subsystem. Apart from mounting file +systems (e.g. iso9660), audio CDs can also be read. The latter +action does not involve mounting a file +system but typically by invoking some ioctls. General +purpose Linux commands such as dd cannot be +used on audio CDs. + + +St is a char device for reading and writing tapes. Even though +general purpose command like tar and +dd can be used, the mt +command is recommended since it is specially designed for this purpose. + + +Sg is a SCSI command pass through device that uses a char device +interface. General purpose Linux commands should not + be used on sg devices. Applications such +as SANE (for scanners), cdrecord and +cdrdao (for cd writers) and +cdparanoia (for reading audio CDs digitally) use sg. + + + + + Names and Addresses + +This section covers the various naming schemes that exist in Linux +and the SCSI worlds and how they interact. + + + + SCSI Addressing + +Linux has a four level hierarchical addressing scheme for SCSI devices: + +SCSI adapter number {host} +channel number {bus} +id number {target} +lun {lun} + + + +"Lun" is the common SCSI abbreviation of Logical Unit Number. +The terms in braces are the name conventions used by device pseudo file system +(devfs). "Bus" is used in preference to "channel" in the description below. + + +The SCSI adapter number is typically an arbitrary numbering of the adapter +cards on the internal IO buses (e.g. PCI, PCMCIA, ISA etc) of the computer. +Such adapters are sometimes termed as HBAs (host bus adapters). +SCSI adapter numbers are issued by the kernel in ascending order starting +with 0. + + +Each HBA may control one of more SCSI buses. The various types of SCSI +buses are listed in . + + +Each SCSI bus can have multiple SCSI devices connected to it. In SCSI +parlance the HBA is called the "initiator" and takes up one SCSI id +number (typically 7). The initiator + +SCSI standards allow for multiple initiators to be present on a single bus. +This is not well supported in Linux although there are patches around +that improve this situation. + +talks to targets which are commonly +known as SCSI devices (e.g. disks). On SCSI parallel buses the number +of ids is related to the width. 8 bit buses (sometimes called "narrow") +can have 8 SCSI ids of which 1 is taken by the HBA leaving 7 for SCSI +devices. Wide SCSI buses are 16 bits wide and can have a maximum of 15 +SCSI devices (targets) attached. The SCSI 3 draft standard allows a +large number of ids to be present on a SCSI bus. + + +Each SCSI device can contain multiple Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs). These +are typically used by sophisticated tape and cdrom units that support +multiple media. + + +So Linux's flavour of SCSI addressing is a four level hierarchy: + +<scsi(_adapter_number), channel, id, lun> + +Using the naming conventions of devfs this becomes: + +<host, bus, target, lun> + + + + + + Device Names + +Device names can be thought of as gateways to a kernel driver that +controls a device rather than the device itself. Hence there can be +multiple device names some of which may offer slightly different +characteristics, all mapping to the same actual device. + + +The device names of the various SCSI devices are found within the +/dev directory. Traditionally in Linux, SCSI +devices have been identified by their major and minor device number +rather than their SCSI bus addresses (e.g. SCSI target id and LUN). +The device pseudo file system (devfs) moves away from the major and +minor device number scheme and for the SCSI subsystem uses device names +based on the SCSI bus addresses [discussed later in + and ref: W5]. +Alternatively, there is a utility called scsidev +which addresses this issue within the scope of the Linux SCSI subsystem +and thus does not have the same system wide impact as devfs. Scsidev is +discussed later in and ref: +W6. + + +Eight block major numbers are reserved for SCSI disks: 8, 65, 66, 67, 68, +69, 70 and 71. Each major can accommodate 256 minor numbers which, in the +case of SCSI disks, are subdivided as follows: + +[b,8,0] /dev/sda +[b,8,1] /dev/sda1 +.... +[b,8,15] /dev/sda15 +[b,8,16] /dev/sdb +[b,8,17] /dev/sdb1 +.... +[b,8,255] /dev/sdp15 + + + +The disk device names without a trailing digit refer to the whole disk +(e.g. /dev/sda) +while those with a trailing digit refer to one of the 15 allowable +partitions within that disk. + + +The remaining 7 SCSI disk block major numbers follow a similar pattern: + +[b,65,0] /dev/sdq +[b,65,1] /dev/sdq1 +.... +[b,65,159] /dev/sdz15 +[b,65,160] /dev/sdaa +[b,65,161] /dev/sdaa1 +.... +[b,65,255] /dev/sdaf15 +[b,66,0] /dev/sdag +[b,66,1] /dev/sdag1 +.... +[b,66,255] /dev/sdav15 +.... +[b,71,255] /dev/sddx15 + + + +So there are 128 possible disks (i.e. /dev/sda to +/dev/sddx) each having up +to 15 partitions. By way of contrast, the IDE subsystem allows 20 disks +(10 controllers each with 1 master and 1 slave) which can have up to 63 +partitions each. + + +SCSI CD-ROM devices are allocated the block major number of 11. Traditionally +sr has been the device name but scd +probably is more recognizable and is +favoured by several recent distributions. 256 SCSI CD-ROM devices are +allowed: + +[b,11,0] /dev/scd0 [or /dev/sr0] +[b,11,255] /dev/scd255 [or /dev/sr255] + + + +SCSI tape devices are allocated the char major number of 9. Up to 32 tapes +devices are supported each of which can be accessed in one of four modes +(0, 1, 2 and 3), with or without rewind. The devices are allocated as +follows: + +[c,9,0] /dev/st0 [tape 0, mode 0, rewind] +[c,9,1] /dev/st1 [tape 1, mode 0, rewind] +.... +[c,9,31] /dev/st31 [tape 31, mode 0, rewind] +[c,9,32] /dev/st0l [tape 0, mode 1, rewind] +.... +[c,9,63] /dev/st31l [tape 31, mode 1, rewind] +[c,9,64] /dev/st0m [tape 0, mode 2, rewind] +.... +[c,9,96] /dev/st0a [tape 0, mode 3, rewind] +.... +[c,9,127] /dev/st31a [tape 31, mode 3, rewind] +[c,9,128] /dev/nst0 [tape 0, mode 0, no rewind] +.... +[c,9,160] /dev/nst0l [tape 0, mode 1, no rewind] +.... +[c,9,192] /dev/nst0m [tape 0, mode 2, no rewind] +.... +[c,9,224] /dev/nst0a [tape 0, mode 3, no rewind] +.... +[c,9,255] /dev/nst31a [tape 31, mode 3, no rewind] + + + +The SCSI generic (sg) devices are allocated the char major number of 21. +There are 256 possible SCSI generic (sg) devices: + +[c,21,0] /dev/sg0 +[c,21,1] /dev/sg1 +.... +[c,21,255] /dev/sg255 + + + +Note that the SCSI generic device name's use of a trailing letter (e.g. +/dev/sgc) is deprecated. + + +Each SCSI disk (but not each partition), each SCSI CD-ROM and each SCSI +tape is mapped to an sg device. SCSI devices that don't fit into these +three categories (e.g. scanners) also appear as sg devices. + + +Pseudo devices [see ] can cause devices +that are usually not considered as SCSI to appear as SCSI device names. +For example an IDE ATAPI CD-ROM may be picked up by the ide-scsi pseudo +driver and mapped to /dev/scd0 . + + +The linux/Documentation/devices.txt file supplied +within the kernel source is the definitive reference for Linux device +names and their corresponding major and minor number allocations. + + + + + Device Names in devfs + +The device pseudo file system can be mounted as /dev in +which case it replaces the traditional Linux device subdirectory. +Alternatively it can be mounted elsewhere (e.g. /devfs) +and supplement the existing device structure. + + +Without devfs, devices names are typically maintained in the +dev directory +of the root partition. Hence the device names (and their associated +permissions) have file system persistence. The existence of a device name +does not necessarily imply such a device (or even its driver) is present. To +save users having to create device name entries (with the mknod + command) most Linux distributions come with thousands of device +names defined in the /dev directory. When applications +try to open() the device name then a errno value of ENODEV indicates there +is no corresponding device (or driver) currently available. + + +Devfs takes a different approach in which the existence of the device name +is directly related to the presence of the corresponding device (and its +driver). + + +Assuming devfs is mounted on /dev then SCSI devices +have primary device names that might look like this: + +/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target1/lun0/disc [whole disk] +/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target1/lun0/part6 [partition 6] +/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target1/lun0/generic [sg device for disk] + +/dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target2/lun0/cd [CD reader or writer] +/dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target2/lun0/generic [sg device for cd] + +/dev/scsi/host2/bus0/target0/lun0/mt [tape mode 0 rewind] +/dev/scsi/host2/bus0/target0/lun0/mtan [tape mode 3 no rewind] +/dev/scsi/host2/bus0/target0/lun0/generic [sg device for tape] + +The sg device on the third line corresponds to the "whole disk" on the +first line since they have the same SCSI address (i.e. +host0/bus0/target1/lun0). If the sg driver is a module +and it has not yet been loaded (or it has been unloaded) then the +"generic" device names in the above list will not be present. + + +[Notice the spelling of "disc" as the devfs author favours English spelling +over the American variant.] It can be seen that devfs's naming scheme +closely matches the SCSI addressing discussed in +. It is worth noting that the IDE subsystem uses +a similar devfs device naming scheme with the word "scsi" replaced with +"ide". Devfs is discussed further in . + + + + + Device Names in scsidev + +A utility program called scsidev adds device names to +the /dev/scsi directory that reflect the SCSI address +of each device. The first 2 letters of the name are the upper level SCSI +driver name (i.e. either sd, sr, st or sg). The number following the "h" +is the host number while the number following the "-" is meant for +host identification purposes. For PCI adapters this seems to be always +0 while for ISA adapters it is their IO address. [Perhaps this field +could be made more informative or dropped.] The numbers following +the "c", "i" and "l" are channel (bus), target id and lun values +respectively. Raw disks are shown without a trailing partition number +while partitions contained within them are shown with the partition +number following a "p". + + +The scsidev would typically be run as part of the +boot up sequence. It may also be useful to run it after the SCSI +configuration has changed (e.g. adding or removing lower level driver +modules, or the use of the add/remove-single-device command). After +scsidev has been run on my system which contains +2 disks, a cd reader and writer plus a scanner, then the following +names were added in the /dev/scsi directory: + +$ ls -l /dev/scsi/ # abridged +total 0 +brw------- 8, 0 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i0l0 +brw------- 8, 1 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i0l0p1 +... +brw------- 8, 8 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i0l0p8 +brw------- 8, 16 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i1l0 +brw------- 8, 17 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i1l0p1 +... +brw------- 8, 24 Sep 2 11:56 sdh0-0c0i1l0p8 +crw------- 21, 0 Sep 2 11:56 sgh0-0c0i0l0 +crw------- 21, 1 Sep 2 11:56 sgh0-0c0i1l0 +crw------- 21, 2 Sep 2 11:56 sgh1-0c0i2l0 +crw------- 21, 3 Sep 2 11:56 sgh1-0c0i5l0 +crw------- 21, 4 Sep 2 11:56 sgh1-0c0i6l0 +br-------- 11, 0 Sep 2 11:56 srh1-0c0i2l0 +br-------- 11, 1 Sep 2 11:56 srh1-0c0i6l0 + +The mapping between the SCSI generic device names (sg) and their corresponding +names when controlled by other upper level drivers (i.e. sd, sr or st) can +be seen by looking for name matches when the second letter is ignored. +Hence "sdh0-0c0i0l0" and "sgh0-0c0i0l0" refer to the same device. By process +of elimination the "sgh1-0c0i5l0" filename is the scanner since that class +of devices can only be accessed by via the sg interface. + + +The scsidev package also includes the ability to introduce names like +/dev/scsi/scanner by manipulating the +/etc/scsi.alias configuration file. The package also includes +the useful rescan-scsi-bus.sh utility. +For further information about scsidev see +W6. On my system, both devfs and scsidev +co-exist happily. + + + + + + + Kernel Configuration + +The Linux kernel configuration is usually found in the kernel source in +the file: /usr/src/linux/.config . It is not +recommended to edit this file directly but to use one of these configuration +options: + + make config + - starts a character based questions and answer session + make menuconfig + - starts a "cursors" based configuration tool + make xconfig + - starts a X based configuration tool + + + +The descriptions of these selections that is displayed by the associated +help button can be found in the flat ASCII file: +/usr/src/linux/Documentation/Configure.help + + +Ultimately these configuration tools edit the .config +file. An option will either indicate some driver is built into the +kernel ("=y") or will be built as a module ("=m") or is not selected. +The unselected state can either be indicated by a line starting with +"#" (e.g. "# CONFIG_SCSI is not set") or by the absence of the relevant +line from the .config file. + + +The 3 states of the main selection option for the SCSI subsystem (which +actually selects the SCSI mid level driver) follow. Only one of these +should appear in an actual .config file: + +CONFIG_SCSI=y +CONFIG_SCSI=m +# CONFIG_SCSI is not set + + + +Some other common SCSI configuration option follow: + +CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD [disk (sd) driver] +CONFIG_SD_EXTRA_DEVS [extra slots for disks added later] +CONFIG_CHR_DEV_ST [tape (st) driver] +CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SR [SCSI cdrom (sr) driver] +CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SR_VENDOR [allow vendor specific cdrom commands] +CONFIG_SR_EXTRA_DEVS [extra slots for cdroms added later] +CONFIG_CHR_DEV_SG [SCSI generic (sg) driver] +CONFIG_DEBUG_QUEUES [for debugging multiple queues] +CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN [allow probes above lun 0] +CONFIG_SCSI_CONSTANTS [symbolic decode of SCSI errors] +CONFIG_SCSI_LOGGING [allow logging to be runtime selected] + +CONFIG_SCSI_<ll_driver> [numerous lower level adapter drivers] +CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG [lower level driver for debugging] + +CONFIG_SCSI_PPA [older parallel port zip drives] +CONFIG_SCSI_IMM [newer parallel port zip drives] + +CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDESCSI [ide-scsi pseudo adapter] +CONFIG_I2O_SCSI [scsi command set over i2o bus] +CONFIG_SCSI_PCMCIA [for SCSI HBAs on PCMCIA bus] +CONFIG_USB_STORAGE [usb "mass storage" type] + + + +If the root file system is on a SCSI disk then it makes sense +to build into the kernel the SCSI mid level, the sd driver and +the host adapter driver that the disk is connected to. In most cases +it is usually safe to build the sr, st and sg drivers as modules so +that they are loaded as required. If a device like a scanner is on +a separate adapter then its driver may well be built as a module. In +this case, that adapter driver will need to be loaded before the +scanner will be recognized. + + +Linux distributions have many of the SCSI subsystem drivers built as +modules since building all of them in would lead to a very +large kernel that would exceed the capabilities of the boot loader. +This leads to a "chicken and the egg" problem in which the SCSI +drivers are needed to load the root file system and vice versa. The +2 phase load used by the initrd device addresses this problem +(see man initrd and man mkinitrd). + + + + + Boot Parameters + +On a PC the motherboard's BIOS together with the SCSI BIOS provided +by most SCSI host adapters takes care of the problem of loading the +boot loader's image from a SCSI disk into memory and executing it. This +may require some settings to be changed in the motherboard's BIOS. When +more than one SCSI adapter is involved, the SCSI BIOS settings may need +to change to indicate which one contains the disk with the boot image. +The boot image make also come from an IDE disk, a bootable CD-ROM or +a floppy. + + +While LILO is the most common boot loader in use with Linux today, other +boot loaders such as "grub" [see +www.gnu.org/software/grub] should be considered +if the root partition is a reiserfs or ext3 partition. + + +Some boot parameters related to the SCSI subsystem: + + single [enter single user mode] + <n> [enter run level <n> {0..6}] + root=/dev/sda6 [*] + root=/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part6 [*] + root=/dev/sd/c0b0t0u0p6 [*] + devfs=mount [overrides CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=n] + devfs=nomount [overrides CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y] + init=<command> [executes <command> rather than init] + quiet [reduce output to console during boot] + debug [increase output to console during boot] + max_scsi_luns=1 [limits SCSI bus scans to lun==0] + +* When devfs is in use the initial read-only mount + of the root partition can be done via the old + /dev/sd<a><n> notation or the new devfs + notation (and two of these are shown). + The joint "root=/dev/sda6 single" may be useful + when disk or adapter changes have broken the + kernel boot load. + +The default argument to the "init" parameter is /sbin/init + (see man (8) init). If files such as /etc/fstab + have incorrect entries, it may be useful to drop directly +into a shell with "init=/bin/bash". However if shared libraries files +or their paths are inappropriate this may also fail. That leaves +"init=/sbin/sash" which is a statically linked shell with many useful +commands (for repairing a system) built in (see man (8) sash). + + +When Linux fails to boot after reporting a message like: + + VFS: Cannot open root device 08:02 + +then the kernel expected to find a root partition on device +/dev/sda2 and did not. The numbers in the +error message are major and minor device numbers (in hex) +[see for +the mapping to device names]. In such situations the "root" boot +option can be useful (also the rdev can be used to +modify where the boot image looks for the root partition). + + +Lilo's configuration file /etc/lilo.conf +can take the "root=" option in two ways. The normal way is a line +like: 'root=/dev/sda2'. +In this case /dev/sda2 is converted into major +and minor numbers based on the state of the system when + the lilo command is executed. This can be +a nuisance, especially if hardware is going to be re-arranged. +The other way is a line of the form: 'append="root=/dev/sda2"' +In this case the /dev/sda2 is passed through +to the kernel the next time it is started. This is the same as +giving the "root=/dev/sda2" string at the kernel boot time prompt. +It is interpreted by the kernel at startup (once the HBAs and their +attached devices have been recognized) and thus is more flexible. + + + + + Modules and their Parameters + +There are many SCSI related modules. The mid and upper level modules +are listed below: + + scsi_mod.o + sd_mod.o + sr_mod.o + st.o + sg.o + + + +Notice that the first 3 have "_mod" appended to their normal driver names. +Lower level drivers tend to use the name (or an abbreviation) of the +HBA's manufacturer (e.g. advansys) +plus optionally the chip number of the major controller chip (e.g. +sym53c8xx for symbios controllers based on the NCR 53c8?? family of chips). + + +All SCSI modules depend on the mid level. This means if the SCSI mid +level is not built into the kernel and if scsi_mod.o +has not already been loaded then a command like modprobe st +will cause the scsi_mod.o module to be loaded. There +could well be other dependencies, for example modprobe sr_mod + will also cause the cdrom module to be loaded if it hasn't been +already. Also if the SCSI mid level is a module, then all other SCSI +subsystem drivers must be modules (this is enforced by the kernel build +configuration tools). + + +Modules can be loaded with the modprobe <module_name> + command which will try to load any modules that the +nominated <module_name> depends on. +Also <module_name> does not need the trailing ".o" extension which +is assumed if not given. The 'insmod <module_name>' command will also try +and load <module_name> but without first loading modules it depends on. +Rules for how modules can cause other modules to be loaded (with +appropriate parameters appended) are usually placed in the file +/etc/modules.conf. [Note that in earlier Linux kernels +this file was often called /etc/conf.modules.] +For further information about the format of this file try +man modules.conf. + + +There is a special relationship between the module parameter +"scsi_hostadapter" and the initrd file system. For more information see +man initrd and man mkinitrd. For +example, after the initial configuration of recent RedHat distributions +on my system the /etc/modules.conf file contains +the line: "alias scsi_hostadapter advansys". My system boots from a +SCSI disk connected to an advansys controller (thanks the BIOS) and the +root file system is also on the same SCSI disk. + + + + + Proc pseudo file system + +The proc pseudo file system provides some useful information about +the SCSI subsystem. [The kernel configuration option is CONFIG_PROC_FS and +in almost all cases prof_fs should be built in.] SCSI specific information +is found under the directory /proc/scsi. Probably +the most commonly accessed entry is cat /proc/scsi/scsi +which lists the attached SCSI devices. See + for more details. + + +The lower level drivers are allocated proc_fs entries of the form: + + /proc/scsi/<driver_name>/<scsi_adapter_number> + +where the <driver_name> is something like "aic7xxx" or "BusLogic". The +<scsi_adapter_number> (also known as the host number) is the same number +that was discussed in the SCSI addressing +section. Note that one driver may control one or more hosts. +What is stored in this file is lower level driver dependent (and in the +case of some adapter drivers it +is possible to set parameters via this file). When reporting problems +to newsgroups or maintainers it is useful to include the output of this +file (e.g. cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0 ). + + +The general information on the proc pseudo file system can be found in +the kernel source file: +/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt. + + +The sg driver provides information about hosts and devices in directory +/proc/scsi/sg . See . + + + + + Mid Level, Unifying layer + +The SCSI mid level is common to all usage of the SCSI subsystem. Probably +its most important roll is to define internal interfaces and services that +are used by all other SCSI drivers. These internal mechanisms are not +discussed in this document [see ref: W2]. + + +The primary kernel configuration parameter "CONFIG_SCSI" determines whether +the mid level is built in (when "=y") or a module (when "=m"). If +"CONFIG_SCSI=m" then all other SCSI subsystem drivers must also be modules. + + +When the mid level is built as a module then it probably never needs to be +loaded explicitly because using 'modprobe' to load any other SCSI subsystem +module will cause the mid level to be loaded first (if it is not already). + + + + boot parameters + +SCSI drivers that are built into the kernel are checked in a pre-determined +order to see if HBAs that they can control are present. The user has no +control over this order which in most cases is +arbitrary but in the case of some older ISA adapters is required to stop +misidentification. + + +scsi_logging=<n> + where <n> is 0 to turn logging off + where <n> is non-zero to turn logging on + +max_scsi_luns=<n> + where <n> is a number between 1 and 8 + +scsihosts=host0:hosts1::host3 + + + +The recently introduced devfs defines a "scsihosts" +boot time parameter to give the user some control over this. See the +devfs documentation [ref: W5] for a description. +The host names given in the list to the "scsihosts" boot option are +the names of lower level drivers (e.g. "scsihosts=advansys:imm::ide-scsi"). +Devfs does not need to be present for "scsihosts" to be used. The +"scsihosts" parameter, if given, is echoed during in the boot up messages. +For example: + +scsi: host order: advansys:imm::ide-scsi + +Also if multiple HBA are present in a system then they are scanned in +a fixed order which experience has shown to be safe. The "scsihosts" +parameter only effects how these HBAs are indexed (i.e. which SCSI +adapter numbers are associated with them by the kernel). + + +A full list of kernel parameters with some explanations can be found +in the file /usr/src/linux/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt +. + + + + + module parameters + +If SCSI disks are present in the system then it usually is better to +build the mid level driver into the kernel. However if the SCSI +subsystem is only being used periodically (e.g. to burn CD-Rs on +an IDE CD writer) then building the mid level as a module is fine. +The module load time options are the same as the driver's built in +options: + +scsi_logging_level=<n> + where <n> is the logging level mask (0 for logging off) +max_scsi_luns=<n> +scsihosts=host0::host2 + + + + + + proc interface + +To display the SCSI devices currently attached (and recognized) by the SCSI +subsystem use cat /proc/scsi/scsi . + + +The output looks like this: + + Attached devices: + Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 02 Lun: 00 + Vendor: PIONEER Model: DVD-ROM DVD-303 Rev: 1.10 + Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 + Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 + Vendor: IBM Model: DNES-309170W Rev: SA30 + Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03 + + + +After the "Attached devices:" line there are 3 lines for each recognized +device. The first of these lines is SCSI address information discussed in +. The following 2 lines of data are +obtained from a INQUIRY +command that was performed on the device when it was attached. See + for the relationship between the ordering of these +devices compared with the sg driver's ordering (which most of the time is +the same). + + +Existing devices can be removed using + echo "scsi remove-single-device <h> <b> <t <l>" + > /proc/scsi/scsi +where the variables are host, bus (channel), target (scsi id) and lun. The +success (or otherwise) of this command can be determined by sending a +subsequent cat /proc/scsi/scsi command. The removal +will fail if the +device is busy (e.g. if a file system on the device is mounted). + + +New devices can be added using + echo "scsi add-single-device <h> <b> <t> <l>" + > /proc/scsi/scsi +where the variables are host, bus (channel), target (scsi id) and lun. The +success (or otherwise) of this command can be determined by sending a +subsequent cat /proc/scsi/scsi command. + + +The SCSI subsystem does not support hot-plugging of SCSI devices (there are +also electrical issues on the associated SCSI bus). It is recommended that +those who use add+remove-single-device make sure that other devices on that +SCSI bus are inactive if re-plugging is going to take place. + + +To output a list of internal SCSI command blocks use + echo "scsi dump <n>" > /proc/scsi/scsi +where the numeric value of <n> doesn't matter. This is probably only of +interest to people chasing down bugs within the SCSI subsystem. + + +To start (or stop) logging information being sent to the console/log use + + echo "scsi log <token> <n>" > /proc/scsi/scsi + +where <token> is one of: {all, none, error, timeout, scan, mlqueue, +mlcomplete, llqueue, llcomplete, hlqueue, hlcomplete, ioctl} +and <n> is a number between 0 and 7. The tokens "all" and "none" don't +take an <n> argument. Prefix meanings: + + hl upper level drivers [exception: sg uses "timeout"] + ml mid level + ll lower level drivers + [adapter drivers often have there own flags] + +The value "0" turns off logging while "7" maximizes the volume of output. +Logging information will only be output if CONFIG_SCSI_LOGGING was selected +in the kernel build. + + + +Warning: "scsi log all" (and several other variants) can cause a logging +infinite loop if the log file (typically /var/log/messages +) lies on a SCSI disk. Either turn off the kernel logging +daemon or direct its output to a non SCSI device. + + + + + + + Upper level drivers + +The upper level drivers maintain the kernel side of the OS interface +for the logical class of devices they represent (e.g. disks). They +are also responsible for managing certain kernel and SCSI subsystem +resources such as kernel memory and SCSI command structures. +Applications in the user space access these drivers by opening a special +file (block or char) typically found in the /dev + directory tree. + + + + Disk driver (sd) + +The sd driver is a block device which means that it is closely associated +with the block subsystem. It also supports the concept of partitions. +[man sd dates from 1992.] + + + + sd boot parameters + +None. + + + + + sd module parameters + +The sd driver takes no parameters when loaded as a module. Note that +its module name is sd_mod.o. + + + + + + CDROM driver (sr or scd) + +The SCSI upper level device name is "sr" while "sr_mod" is the module name. +The device file name is either /dev/sr<n> or +/dev/scd<n>. + + +Following is a diagram illustrating the CDROM subsystem of which sr is a +part: + + + + + + + + + + + The architecture of the CD-ROM subsystem. + + + + +Many modern IDE CDROM players and all DVD players use the ATAPI standard +which then allows them to be controlled by the SCSI subsystem with the +ide-scsi lower level pseudo driver. The default action is for the IDE +subsystem to take ownership of all IDE devices and in this case the default +driver would be ide-cd.o . Once the IDE subsystem +"owns" an ATAPI CDROM player then this excludes the ide-scsi driver from +attaching itself to the same device. In order to change this default +action see the following sections on boot and module parameters. + + + + sr boot parameters + +None but the following is related: +During the boot sequence of the Linux kernel, the IDE devices are scanned +before SCSI devices. This means that if both the ide-cd and ide-scsi drivers +are built in, then the ide-cd driver will claim all CDROM devices on the IDE +bus(-es). To override this action use the boot parameter "hd<x>=scsi" +where <x> is the appropriate drive letter. In this case when the ide-scsi +driver is initialized it will find the unclaimed IDE device and "claim" it +for the SCSI subsystem. + + + + + sr module parameters + +Doing a test to find out if a cdrom drive supports XA mode (mode 2) triggers +firmware bugs on some drives. Consequently the check for XA mode support is +turned off by default. The following module parameter is provided: + + xa_test=<0|1> + +to override the default. [Currently there seems to be no way to turn on +XA mode testing when the sr driver is built into the kernel.] + + +Continuing on with the ATAPI CDROM driver override discussion: for modules +this can also be done with insmod ide-cd ignore=hdb to +exclude that device. Typically the ide-cd module is loaded automatically +so a line in the /etc/modules.conf file like: + + options ide-cd ignore=hdb + +should work. If the ide-scsi module is loaded after that, it will claim hdb. +To check if this has happened examine cat /proc/scsi/scsi. +Note that any other IDE CDROM player apart from the one +connected to /dev/hdb (i.e. first IDE controller, slave +device) will still be controlled by the ide-cd module (and hence the IDE +subsystem). + + + + sr proc interface + +All the following files are readable by all and produce ASCII output +when read: + + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/autoclose + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/autoeject + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/check_media + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/debug + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/info + /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/lock + +They reflect the current state of the CDROM subsystem. This location +is part of the procfs's window through to the sysctl configuration +mechanism (see man sysctl). All but +info are writable by the superuser. There is +a column for each CDROM and DVD player in the system in +info (not just SCSI devices). + + +As an +example, the auto eject feature can be turned on by the superuser with +the command echo "1" > /proc/sys/dev/cdrom/autoeject. +This will cause cdroms to be ejected from the drive when unmounted. + + + + + + Tape driver (st) + +The tape driver interface is documented in the file +/usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/README.st and on the +st(4) man page (type man st). The file +README.st also documents the different parameters and +options of the driver together with the basic mechanisms used in the driver. + + +The tape driver is usually accessed via the mt command +(see man mt). mtx is an associated +program for controlling tape autoloaders +(see +mtx.sourceforge.net). + + + + st boot parameters + + +st=xxx[,yyy] where xxx is one of the following: +buffer_kbs:<n> +write_threshold_kbs:<n> +max_buffers:<n> +max_sg_segs:<n> + +(The old boot parameters st=aa[,bb[,cc[,dd]]] supported but deprecated) + + + + + + st module parameters + + +buffer_kbs=<n> +write_threshold_kbs=<n> +max_buffers=<n> +max_sg_segs=<n> + + + + + + st proc interface + +None. + + + + + + Generic driver (sg) + +See reference W4 for the SCSI Generic (sg) driver +documentation. For SCSI standards see reference +W1 and for a book on the subject of SCSI +programming and pass through mechanisms see reference +B3. + + +Currently the sg documentation focuses on the production version of sg found +in the lk 2.2 series. The abridged form is in the file +scsi-generic.txt which can also be found in the kernel source at +/usr/src/linux/Documentation/scsi-generic.txt. +The web site also contains a longer form called +scsi-generic_long.txt. This documentation describes +what is termed as "version 2" sg. + + +The sg driver in lk 2.4 has the "version 3" sg driver which adds an +additional interface and some new ioctl()s. The most interesting new ioctl() +is SG_IO which sends a SCSI command and waits for its response. The +additions and differences in the version 3 sg driver are documented on +the web site in the file scsi-generic_v3.txt. + + +The abbreviation "sg" is used within the kernel to refer both to the +SCSI generic driver and the scatter-gather capability offered by many +modern IO devices (usually associated with DMA). The context usually +makes it clear which one is being referred to. As an example, note the +contorted sg ioctl() named SG_GET_SG_TABLESIZE where the second "SG" +refers to scatter gather. + + +The public interface for sg is found in the file: +/usr/src/linux/include/scsi/sg.h. Depending on the distribution +this may or may not contain the same information as +/usr/include/scsi/sg.h which is controlled by the GNU library +maintainers. If these 2 files are not the same use the former header +file. Those writing applications based on sg should see its documentation +for more on this matter. + + +The sg driver registers all SCSI devices (with a current maximum of 256) +as they are seen. Each newly registered SCSI device gets allocated the +next available minor device number. At least initially this will be the +same sequence that devices are displayed in mid level's +cat /proc/scsi/scsi. The sg devices device mapping can been +seen with cat /proc/scsi/sg/devices or +cat /proc/scsi/sg/device_strs. Differences between +cat /proc/scsi/scsi and sg orderings will appear when +a low level driver is removed (e.g. rmmod aha1542) or +when a device is removed with remove-single-device. +The sg driver will leave remaining SCSI device mapping to minor device +numbers unchanged. This potentially leaves a "hole" in the sg mapping. +An example follows: + +$ cat /proc/scsi/scsi +Attached devices: +Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 + Vendor: IBM Model: DNES-309170W Rev: SA30 + Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03 +Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 02 Lun: 00 + Vendor: PIONEER Model: DVD-ROM DVD-303 Rev: 1.10 + Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 +Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00 + Vendor: YAMAHA Model: CRW4416S Rev: 1.0g + Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 + +$ cat /proc/scsi/sg/device_strs +IBM DNES-309170W SA30 +PIONEER DVD-ROM DVD-303 1.10 +YAMAHA CRW4416S 1.0g + +$ echo "scsi remove-single-device 1 0 2 0" > /proc/scsi/scsi + +$ cat /proc/scsi/scsi +Attached devices: +Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00 + Vendor: IBM Model: DNES-309170W Rev: SA30 + Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03 +Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00 + Vendor: YAMAHA Model: CRW4416S Rev: 1.0g + Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 + +$ cat /proc/scsi/sg/device_strs +IBM DNES-309170W SA30 +<no active device> +YAMAHA CRW4416S 1.0g + +Notice how the sg driver maintains the row positions of the remaining +devices in the "device_strs" output. So when the Pioneer +dvd player is removed, a hole opens up in the sg device mapping +which is not reflected in the cat /proc/scsi/scsi +output. That "hole" corresponds to the device name +/dev/sg1. + + +The new sg_io_hdr interface includes a data transfer residual count +field called "resid". Only some lower level adapters support this +feature and those that don't always yield zero in this field. At +the time of writing the advansys, aha152x and the sym53c8xx +drivers support this feature. + + + + sg boot parameters + +The sg driver maintains a reserved buffer for each open file descriptor. +The purpose is to guarantee applications that data transfers up to the +size of the reserved buffer will not fail for lack of kernel memory. This +is important for applications like cdrecord that cannot easily recover +(the CDR) from a ENOMEM error. + + +In the absence of the boot parameter 'sg_def_reserved_size' or the sg module +parameter 'def_reserved_size', then each time a sg file descriptor is opened +the reserved buffer size is inherited from SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE which is +defined in include/linux/sg.h. + + +The SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE define value can be overridden by this kernel boot +option: + + sg_def_reserved_size=<n> + + + + + + sg module parameters + +When the sg module is loaded the SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE define value can be +overridden by supplying this option: + + def_reserved_size=<n> + + + + + + sg proc interface + +All the following files are readable by all and produce ASCII output +when read. The file +'def_reserved_size' is also writable by root. The ASCII output has been +formatted in such a way as to be human and machine readable (and hence +a compromise). Use Unix commands of the form cat device_hdrs devices + to see the output of tables. + + +/proc/scsi/sg/debug [internal state of sg driver] +/proc/scsi/sg/def_reserved_size + [like boot/module load parameter] +/proc/scsi/sg/devices [table of numeric device data] +/proc/scsi/sg/device_hdr [column headers for sg/devices] +/proc/scsi/sg/device_strs [table of strings from INQUIRY] +/proc/scsi/sg/hosts [table of numeric host data] +/proc/scsi/sg/host_hdr [column headers for sg/hosts] +/proc/scsi/sg/host_strs [table of string ids for hosts] +/proc/scsi/sg/version [sg version number and date] + +All the above files are owned by root and readable by all while +def_reserved_size is writable by root. For the +devices and device_strs files +the first row output corresponds to /dev/sg0 +(sg minor device number 0). The second row output corresponds to +/dev/sg1, etc. +For the hosts and host_strs +files the first row output corresponds to host (adapter number) 0, etc. +For numeric tables a missing device or host is indicated by a row +of "-1" values. For string tables a missing device or host is indicated +by a row containing "<no active device/host>". + + + + + + + Lower Level drivers + +There are too many SCSI low level drivers to detail in this document. +Alternatively the reader is given suggestions of places to look for +further information. + + +The source directory for the SCSI subsystem in the Linux kernel is a good place +to start: /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi. Several drivers +have information in a "readme" file: README.<driver_name> +. Others have extensive information at the top of their ".c" file +This information often includes a version number, change logs and kernel +boot time and module load +time options. Often the latter information can be found in the installation +guides of the various Linux distributions. Sometimes the driver maintainer will +have a web site containing the most recent bug fix information. Official +maintainers are listed in the /usr/src/linux/MAINTAINERS +file. If there is nothing there, look in the relevant ".c" file in the SCSI +subsystem directory. Some old drivers have no active maintainers. In such cases +posting to the linux-scsi newsgroup may help [see N1]. + + +Drew Eckhardt's SCSI-HOWTO document [see reference W7] +goes into much more detail about lower level (adapter) drivers than this +document. Since that SCSI-HOWTO is 4 years old, some things may have changed +and more drivers have been added. + + + + Pseudo drivers + +SCSI can be viewed as a command set and a set of hardware buses that convey +that command set. Those hardware buses can be further divided into those +used exclusively for SCSI (e.g. ultra wide), those shared with other +protocols (e.g. USB, IEEE 1394) and those buses not defined by the various +SCSI standards. In the final category there are several interesting examples +including IDE ATAPI CD writers and PC parallel bus ZIP drives. Such devices +use the SCSI command set (or something very close to it) over a foreign bus. + + +This section briefly outlines various pseudo lower level drivers which essentially +communicate with other Linux subsystems in order to send the SCSI command set +to devices controlled by those other subsystems. This raises some ownership +issues that often confuse users and result in many questions to the +maintainers. + +IDE-SCSI + +From configuration point of view, ide-scsi will grab +and try to control every IDE device which doesn't have a "native" +driver attached (such as ide-cd, ide-tape, etc). So for example, if +both ide-cd and ide-scsi are compiled into the kernel in a system +which has an ATAPI cdrom, ide-cd will get to control it. If only +ide-scsi is compiled in, it will get the device. There are also some +command line parameters to control which driver gets which device. + + + +It was "hdx=ide-scsi / hdx=ide-cdrom / hdx=ide-floppy" in 2.2.x +kernels. In the 2.4 series this has been changed to "hdx=scsi". +Also see this section on cdroms. +[The term "hdx" is used +to refer to one of the IDE devices in {hda, hdb, hdc ...}.] + + +When the driver is running, the device will be accessible using +the SCSI device (/dev/sda, /dev/sr0 +, etc), and not through the corresponding +/dev/hdx device. Still, the /dev/hdx + device will be available, but only for configuration. + + +All the generic IDE configuration parameters (DMA on/off, 32-bit +I/O, unmasking irq's, etc) are available by using the +/dev/hdx device, for example to enable DMA: + + hdparm -d1 /dev/hdx + +Using cat /proc/ide/hdx/settings will show the +available settings. +All the generic IDE driver settings will be available there, as well +as the following "ide-scsi specific" settings: + +bios_cyl +bios_head +bios_sect +transform +log + +The first three choose the virtual geometry that the drive will +return to the sd driver, in case it's a disk drive (ZIP, etc). +"transform" will configure/enable/disable the SCSI to ATAPI CDB +transformation layer: + +bit 0: Enable(1)/Disable(0) transformation for + commands not originated from the sg driver. +bit 1: Enable/Disable transformation for commands + issued using the sg driver. + +"log" will log debugging information. This is useful also to debug +user-space programs using the sg driver, as it will list the CDB +traffic on the bus -- each issued command, along with its completion +status. +To enable/disable a specific settings, use something like: + + echo "log:1" > /proc/ide/hdx/settings + + + +PPA + IMM + +Iomega ZIP drives come in a variety of flavours including parallel +port, SCSI, and ATAPI. The parallel port versions (both old and new) +are driven by ppa and imm respectively. + + + +The parallel port ZIP drives are actually SCSI devices which tunnel +SCSI commands over the parallel port using interfaces called VPI0 +(older-style) and VPI2 (newer-style). The ppa driver is the VPI0 host +implementation and the imm driver is the VPI2 host implementation. + + +The way it works is that the HBA is a chip inside the ZIP drive, so +that the host adapter and the peripheral are in the same actual case. + + +PPSCSI + +The new, not-yet-integrated, architecture for devices that uses SCSI +over a parallel port cable is ppscsi. The ppscsi module provides the +boiler plate code and makes it easy to write implementations for +different interfaces. + + + +Each ppscsi protocol module registers itself with the ppscsi module, +passing in a list of entry points for the various things that are +common to all protocol drivers. + + + + + + + + + + + The structure of the PPSCSI drivers. + + + + +The plan is that the ppscsi architecture will absorb both the ppa and +imm drivers and protocol modules; only vpi0 has been written so far. +See +www.torque.net/parport/ppscsi.html. + + +USB + +USB classifies a group of devices as "mass storage" (e.g. disks) and +interacts with these using the SCSI command set. The module name is +"usb-storage". +See +www.one-eyed-alien.net/~mdharm/linux-usb. + + + +There is also the usb/microtek driver for controlling X6 USB scanners +from Microtek. When configured, the SANE application uses the sg +driver to send SCSI commands over USB to control this scanner. + + +I2O + +See kernel source file /usr/src/linux/drivers/i2o/io2_scsi.c +. + + + +IEEE 1394 + +Support for IEEE 1394 devices that use the SBP-2 protocol is now +becoming available. See the IEEE 1394 paragraph in this +section for some urls. + + + + + + + + Raw devices + +A raw device can be bound to an existing block device (e.g. a disk) and be +used to perform "raw" IO with that existing block device. Such "raw" IO +bypasses the caching that is normally associated with block devices. +Hence a raw device offers a more "direct" route to the physical device +and allows an application more control over the timing of IO to that +physical device. This makes raw devices suitable for complex applications +like Database Management Systems that typically do their own caching. + + +Raw devices are character devices (major number 162). The first +minor number (i.e. 0) is reserved as a control interface and is usually +found at /dev/rawctl. A utility called raw + (see man raw) can be used to bind a raw +device to an existing block device. These "existing block devices" may be +disks or cdroms/dvds whose underlying interface can be anything supported +by Linux (e.g. IDE or SCSI). + + +A sequence of commands listing the raw devices and then binding +a SCSI disk partition followed by binding the whole disk looks +like this on my system: + +$ ls -lR /dev/raw* +crw-r--r-- 1 root root 162, 0 Dec 6 06:54 /dev/rawctl + +/dev/raw: +total 0 +crw-r--r-- 1 root root 162, 1 Dec 6 06:54 raw1 +crw-r--r-- 1 root root 162, 2 Dec 6 06:54 raw2 +crw-r--r-- 1 root root 162, 3 Dec 6 06:54 raw3 +crw-r--r-- 1 root root 162, 4 Dec 6 06:54 raw4 +$ +$ raw -qa +$ +$ raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sda3 +/dev/raw/raw1: bound to major 8, minor 3 +$ raw /dev/raw/raw2 /dev/sda +/dev/raw/raw2: bound to major 8, minor 0 +$ raw -qa +/dev/raw/raw1: bound to major 8, minor 3 +/dev/raw/raw2: bound to major 8, minor 0 + + + +The normal array of system calls for character devices are available on +raw devices. The size of the transfer for read(2) and write(2) must be +an integral multiple of the physical device's block size. For a disk +this will be its sector size which is normally 512 bytes. The data buffer +given to read() and write() system calls must be aligned to the block +size.The lseek(2) call needs to align its file read/write offset to a block +boundary as well. The pread(3) call (see man pread) +combines a read() and a lseek() and can be useful with raw devices (dito with +pwrite() ). Care should be taken with offsets greater than 2 GB (or perhaps +4 GB) on 32 bit architectures where the "off_t" type is 32 bits long. +One solution is to use the _llseek() call (see man llseek). + + +Unix utilities such as recent versions of dd and +lmdd (from the lmbench suite of programs) can be used +to move data to and from "raw" devices as they meet the above-mentioned +block alignment requirements. Recent versions of the sg_dd +command in the sg_utils package can use raw and sg devices. + + + +If a block device is being accessed via a bound raw device and also via +its normal block interface then there is no cache coherency between the +two access mechanisms. For example if /dev/sda1 was +both mounted and being accessed via a bound raw device then there could be +data inconsistencies. + + + + + + Devfs pseudo file system + +The main documentation for devfs can be found at: reference +W5. The devfs name conventions for the +SCSI subsystem are outlined in . +Devfs is selected by the kernel build option CONFIG_DEVFS_FS and whether +it is mounted at boot time (as /dev) or not is +controlled by the kernel build option CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT. The latter option +can be overridden by the kernel boot time options "devfs=mount" or +"devfs=nomount", whichever is appropriate. + + +The devfs SCSI node names with their default permissions are: + +disc rw------- whole disk including mbr +part1 rw------- first partition {...p1} +... +part15 rw------- 15th partition {...p15} +cd rw-rw-rw- cd or dvd devices +mt rw-rw-rw- tape mode 0 with rewind {...m0} +mtl rw-rw-rw- tape mode 1 with rewind {...m1} +mtm rw-rw-rw- tape mode 2 with rewind {...m2} +mta rw-rw-rw- tape mode 3 with rewind {...m3} +mtn rw-rw-rw- tape mode 0 with no rewind {...m0n} +mtln rw-rw-rw- tape mode 1 with no rewind {...m1n} +mtmn rw-rw-rw- tape mode 2 with no rewind {...m2n} +mtan rw-rw-rw- tape mode 3 with no rewind {...m3n} +generic rw-r----- + + + +These node names are only present if the corresponding device (or sub-entities +of the device (e.g. partitions)) and driver are present. For example if +there is no sg driver present then there is no "generic" device name. The +strings that appear above in braces are appended to the abridged "c0b0t0u0" +notations outlined below as appropriate. + + +The devfs file names that are block or character special files will be +called the primary device names in this description. The devfs daemon, called +devfsd, introduces many symbolic links to those primary device names. This is +done both for backward compatibility and convenience. These symbolic links +will be called secondary device names. + + +The secondary device names are controlled by the devfsd configuration file +usually found in /etc/devfsd.conf . Following is a +list of secondary device names when the default devfsd.conf file is used: + + +Secondary name slink to this primary device name +-------------------------------------------------------------- +/dev/sda /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/disc +/dev/sda1 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/part1 +/dev/sd/c0b0t2u0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/disc +/dev/sd/c0b0t2u0p1 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/part1 +/dev/sr0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target4/lun0/cd +/dev/sr/c0b0t4u0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target4/lun0/cd +/dev/st0 /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/mt +/dev/nst0a /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/mtan +/dev/st/c1b0t0u0m0 /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/mt +/dev/st/c1b0t0u0m3n /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/mtan +/dev/sg0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/generic +/dev/sg1 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target4/lun0/generic +/dev/sg2 /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/generic +/dev/sg/c0b0t2u0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0/generic +/dev/sg/c0b0t4u0 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target4/lun0/generic +/dev/sg/c1b0t0u0 /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0/generic + + + +Note that the more common /dev/scd0 variant for SCSI +cdroms is not supported. There are also /dev/discs, +/dev/cdroms and /dev/tapes +directories that contain symbolic links to all devices (i.e. not just +SCSI devices) that fall into that categorization: + + +Secondary name slink to this primary device +------------------------------------------------------------ +/dev/discs/disc0 /dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0 * +/dev/discs/disc1 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target2/lun0 * +/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 /dev/ide/host0/bus1/target1/lun0/cd +/dev/cdroms/cdrom1 /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target4/lun0/cd +/dev/tapes/tape0 /dev/scsi/host1/bus0/target0/lun0 * + + + +Those entries marked with "*" are directories containing the primary devices. +Note that IDE devices are listed before SCSI devices. These secondary device +names mimic the same persistence rules as the primary device names. So when +a SCSI device (?), or its lower level driver or its upper level driver are +removed then so are the primary and secondary device names associated with it. + + +When devfs is mounted as /dev, the old +"/dev/sda6" type can still be used +in some contexts. This may be convenient if typing is required at the +kernel boot time prompt. For example if a user wants to change the root +partition on a "devfs" machine then any of the following examples +may be used as a kernel boot time option: + + root=/dev/sda6 + root=/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part6 + root=/dev/sd/c0b0t0u0p6 + + + +There are many device scanning programs that expect to see the pre-devfs +device names present and it will some time before they become devfs aware. +Also some programs rely on a open of /dev/sg0 +(for example) to load the +sg driver (assuming it is a module and not already loaded). This can +be arranged by an entry in /etc/devfsd.conf file of: + + LOOKUP sg.* MODLOAD + +and the following in /etc/modules.devfs : + + probeall /dev/sg scsi-hosts sg + alias /dev/sg* /dev/sg + + + +The sg device permissions can be changed with this entry in the +/etc/devfsd.conf file: + + REGISTER scsi/host.*/bus.*/target.*/lun.*/generic + PERMISSIONS 0.0 rw-rw-rw- + +See "man devfsd" for more information. + + +An application can determine whether devfs is active by the presence or +otherwise of the file /dev/.devfsd. + + +A feature of a /dev directory based on a persistent file system (e.g. +ext2) is the ability to associate permissions with a device file name +and keep them from one boot to the next. As noted above the default +action of devfs is to assign device file name permissions anew each time +a machine is booted. The PERMISSIONS action in the +/etc/devfsd.conf can be used to assert permissions but +this may be considered a little awkward. The devfs document +(W5) describes a method for getting the best +of both worlds. This technique relies on the recently added feature +in lk 2.4 to mount the same file system at multiple points. + + + + + + Common bus types (SCSI and other) + +A very good overview of the various bus types touched on in this +appendix (both SCSI and others) can be found at + +www.pctechguide.com/04disk2.htm. + +SCSI + +The original SCSI 1 standard (ANSI specification X3.131-1986) introduced +an 8 bit parallel bus that was able to do asynchronous transfers at 1.5 +MegaBytes/sec and synchronous transfers up to 5 MB/sec. SCSI commands are +sent at the asynchronous rate. SCSI data is transferred either at the +asynchronous rate (worst case) or a negotiated synchronous rate (with +5 MB/sec being the best case). + + +FAST SCSI + +The SCSI 2 standard raised the maximum synchronous speed to 10 MB/sec. SCSI 2 +defined several parallel buses: single ended (as used by SCSI 1) and a new +differential bus. The differential bus has better noise immunity and its +maximum bus length is 25 metres (compared with single ended's 6 metres). +Tagged queuing of commands was also added by SCSI 2. + + +WIDE SCSI + +The SCSI 2 standard also increased the width of the bus allowing 16 and 32 bit +"wide" variants. Very little use has been made of the 32 bit width so "wide" +usually refers to a 16 bit wide data path. The maximum number of SCSI devices +that can connect to a parallel SCSI bus is directly related to the bus width +hence "wide" buses allow a maximum of 16 SCSI devices to be connected. +[At least one of those devices must be the SCSI "initiator" which is +usually a host adapter.] + + +ULTRA SCSI + +Traditionally synchronous buses are clocked either on the rising or falling +edge of the clock (which is normally a square wave). A recent trend has been +to clock on both edges and thus double the available bandwidth. This is +how ULTRA SCSI doubles the SCSI 2 "fast" speed to 20 MB/sec. + + +ULTRA WIDE SCSI + +The same "ultra" technique applied to a (16 bit) wide SCSI parallel bus yields +a bandwidth of 40 MB/sec. + + +ULTRA 2 WIDE SCSI + +This variant introduces a new "low voltage" differential signalling (LVD) that +allows the synchronous clock speed to be doubled yielding 80 MB/sec when using +a (16 bit) wide bus. In this case the maximum SCSI bus length is 12 metres. To +be backward compatible with ULTRA WIDE this variant can fall back to "single +ended" operation. This leads to the abbreviation LVD/SE being used by adapter +manufacturers. One shortcoming of this approach is that the presence of one +UW device on a U2W bus will cause all other U2W devices to communicate at +the slower (i.e. UW) rate. Some adapters overcome this by having separate +LVD and SE physical buses on the same logical SCSI bus. + + +ULTRA 160 SCSI + +The fastest parallel SCSI bus currently available is ULTRA 160 which is +also known as ULTRA 3. It uses a 16 bit wide data path, LVD signalling +(see previous entry) and double transition clocking that increases the +maximum synchronous bandwidth to 160 MB/sec. Additional features +include cyclic redundany codes (CRC) to improve data integrity (compared +with a parity bit) and domain validation which lowers transfer rates +if the error rate is too high. Various +manufacturers have got together and maintain a common web site promoting it: + +www.ultra160-scsi.com. Speeds of 320 MB/sec +and 640 MB/sec using the same or similar LVD signalling over a 16 bit +wide data path may soon be standardized. + + +FC-AL + +This stands for Fibre Channel - Arbitrated Loop and may involve dual +2 Gigabit per second single mode fibre optic links spanning 10 +kilometres with throughputs of up to 400 MegaBytes per second. +Often associated with storage area networks (SANs). Up to 126 +devices can be attached to a loop which in turn can be extended +to 16 million devices in public loop mode. The transmission medium +isn't necessarily fibre optic cable: copper (in the form of co-axial +cable) can also be used at lower speeds and for shorter distances. + + +IEEE 1394 + +This standard also goes by the name of "Fire Wire" [trademarked +by Apple] and "iLink" [trademarked by Sony]. It is a serial bus that can run +at up to 400 Megabits/sec. It has a similar but more general architecture than +USB. The IEEE 1394 standard allows for the SCSI command set to be +carried over a 1394 bus. There is a "sbp2_1394" driver now available for +the Linux IEEE 1392 stack. This sbp2_1394 driver is also a SCSI subsystem +lower level driver (so it is functionally similar to the ide-scsi driver). +So IEEE 1394 devices that use the SBP-2 protocol (e.g. disks, cd-rw/dvd +drives, MO drives and scanners) can be accessed via the SCSI subsystem. +See +Linux1394.sourceforge.net +and +firewire.zawa.com/sbp2/ for more information. + + + +NON SCSI buses + +The following buses are not defined by the SCSI standards but are of interest +because they either can carry the SCSI command set, are in some way +related to the Linux SCSI subsystem or supply a similar functionality to +SCSI products. + + + +IDE (ATAPI) + +IDE is the most used disk type on PC systems today. The acronym stands for +Integrated Drive Electronics and as the name suggests it places the bulk +of the IO "intelligence" on the disk controller card rather than spreading +it between the device (most often a disk) and a controller (HBA) as SCSI +does. IDE grew out of the ST506 and ESDI standards in the 1980s. EIDE +(extended IDE) is a related acronym. The standards that cover IDE are +called ATA and can be found at +www.t13.org. The ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI) +extends the disk oriented command set to support CDROM and tape drives. +The ATAPI command set closely resembles the SCSI command set. The +most recent ATA technology is outlined in the next paragraph. + + + +ATA 100 + +The ATA standards used by IDE devices have also been marching through +the adjectives (e.g. fast and ultra) and the numbers (e.g. 2, 33, +66 and 100). The most recent addition is ATA 100 which supports +burst rates of 100 MB/sec and up to 4 (was 2) devices per bus. [PCs often +have 2 ATA buses.] Both ATA 66 and 100 need a special cable. ATA +cables are relatively short precluding IDE devices being external to +the computer. Cable lengths have previously been limited to 18 inches +although 1 metre long cables have now appeared. + + + +USB + +Universal Serial Bus (USB) has a bandwidth of between 1.5 and 12 +Megabits/sec (the latter speed with USB 1.1). Up to 127 devices can +be connected using a series of hubs each of which connects up to 7 +devices (with a 5 metre limit). USB supplies 5 volts at 0.5 amps to +power small devices. USB is "plug and play", hot pluggable and supports +isochronous data transfers (required for audio and video devices that +need guaranteed minimum bandwidth). + + + +PC Parallel port + +The original PC parallel port was uni-directional (towards the printer) +and was capable of about 10 KB/sec. The IEEE 1284 standard in 1994 +introduced 5 modes of data transfer: + +Compatibility mode (forward direction) +Nibble mode (reverse direction) +Byte mode (reverse direction) +EPP mode (bi-directional) +ECP mode (bi-directional) + +Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) achieves transfer speeds of between 500 KB/sec +and 2 MB/sec and is targeted at CD-ROMs, tapes and hard drives. Extended +Capability Port (ECP) includes run length encoding and support for DMA. +ECP is targeted at fast printers and scanners. + + + +I2O + +"The I2O (Intelligent Input/Output) specification defines a standard +architecture for intelligent I/O that is independent of both the specific +device being controlled and the host operating system (OS)" [from www.i2osig.org]. +It defines a "split driver" model in which the OS Services Module (OSM) +sits between the host OS device interface and the I2O communications layer +while the Hardware Device Module (HDM) sits between the I2O +communications layer and the hardware. The HDM may well run on a +dedicated processor (IOP). + + + + + + + Changes between lk 2.2 and 2.4 + +Significant work has been done to change the single SCSI command queue +used in lk 2.2 to one command queue per device. To make the SCSI subsystem +more SMP friendly the granularity of the locks is much finer grained. In +lk 2.2 the whole subsystem essentially used one lock. + + +Even though it is not part of the SCSI subsystem, the inclusion of devfs +solves many SCSI device addressing problems that existed in the past. +Associated with devfs but very useful even in its absence is the +"scsihosts" kernel boot time (and module load time) option. This option +allows users to have some control over the ordering of multiple SCSI hosts. + + + + Mid level changes + + +SCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN {ioctl, changed} + + + + + + sd changes + + +HDIO_GETGEO_BIG {ioctl, new} +SCSI_EMULATED_HOST {ioctl, new} + + + + + + sr changes + +No sr changes reported. As a related matter, the way in which the +IDE subsystem is informed that an IDE device (e.g. a cd writer) is +to be ignored has changed. [Instructing an IDE device to be ignored +by the IDE subsystem makes it a candidate to be recognized by the +ide-scsi pseudo driver.] Previously a kernel boot time option such as +"hdb=ide-scsi" would instruct the IDE subsystem to ignore the +device at /dev/hdb. In lk 2.4 this has become +"hdb=scsi". + + + + + st changes + +No interface changes. In lk 2.2 the maximum number of extra tape devices +that could be added after boot time was limited to 3. This limitation +has been removed (leaving a maximum of 32 tape devices as noted earlier). + + + + + sg changes + +The main change is the addition of a new interface structure called +"sg_io_hdr". The existing interface structure (called "sg_header") was found +to be inflexible requiring the concaternation of raw data together with +metadata in the read() and write() commands. + +sg_io_hdr {new interface structure} +SG_IO {new ioctl} +direct IO {present but commented out, see ALLOW_DIO} +procfs output {new information in /proc/scsi/sg directory} +boot/module parameters {new} + + + +Up to 64 bytes of sense data can be obtained from the sg_io_hdr interface +structure. Also a residual count associated with the data transfer is +available (if the lower level driver supports it, if not the residual count +will be 0). + + + + + + Performance and Debugging tools +dd + +Very useful for testing the streaming performance of disks and cdroms/dvds. +See man dd for more details. Here is an example for +timing how long a disk takes to read 1 GB (10**9 bytes) starting from block 0: + +$ time dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null bs=512 count=1953126 + +If the raw device /dev/raw/raw1 is bound to +/dev/sda then the above line is equivalent to: + +$ time dd if=/dev/raw/raw1 of=/dev/null bs=512 count=1953126 + +This may be slower than expected since one 512 byte sector is being read +at a time. Changing the last 2 arguments to "bs=8k count=122071" should +give better timings for the "raw" dd. + + +lmdd + +This command is part of the lmbench suite of programs and is a variant of the +dd command. It has been tailored for IO measurements +and outputs timing and throughput numbers on completion. Hence the +time command and a calculator are not needed. + + +sg_dd + +This command is part of the sg_utils package (see below) and is another +variant of the dd command in which either the input and/or +output file is a sg or a raw device. The block size argument ("bs") must +match that of the physical device in question. The "skip" and "seek" arguments +can be up to 2**31 - 1 on a 32 bit architecture allowing 1TB disks to be +accessed (2G * 512). The Linux system command llseek() is used to seek with +a 64 bit file read/write offset. The lmdd does not +handle the > 2GB case and the dd command gets creative +with multiple relative seeks. sg_dd has +a "bpt" (blocks per transfer) argument that controls the number of blocks +read or written in each IO transaction. + + +sard + +This utility is modelled on System V Release 4's sar -d for +producing IO statistics for mounted devices and partitions. It has been +developed by Stephen Tweedie and includes the sard utility and a required +kernel patch which expands the output of /proc/partitions +. It can be found at + +ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/profiling. It collects statistics +at a relatively low level (e.g. SCSI mid level) compared to programs +like vmstat. + + + + +vmstat {in most distributions, try "man vmstat"} +scsi_debug {lower level driver for debugging + (no adapter required)} +sg_utils {utilities package for sg: + www.torque.net/sg} +CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y + {see /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysrq.txt} + + + + +When it looks like something has partially locked up the system, the +ps command can be useful for finding out what may be +causing the problem. The following options may be useful for identifying what +part of the kernel may be causing the problem. This information could be +forwarded to the maintainers. + +ps -eo cmd,wchan +ps -eo fname,tty,pid,stat,pcpu,wchan +ps -eo pid,stat,pcpu,nwchan,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o args + +The most interesting option for finding the location of the "hang" is +"wchan". If this is a kernel address then ps will +use /proc/ksyms to find the nearest symbolic +location. The "nwchan" option outputs the numerical address of the "hang". + + + + + Compile options and System calls including ioctls + +The compile options in this appendix are those which a system administrator +might conceivably want to change. Naturally the defaults are chosen so the +vast majority of users will not need to modify anything. In some cases setting +kernel build time options, kernel boot time parameters or module load +parameters has the same effect as changing a driver compile time option. + + +System calls act as the interface between application programs and the +kernel and its drivers. In the case of the layered driver architecture that +the SCSI subsystem uses, the upper layer drivers handle most of the +system calls. + + +The SCSI subsystem has a "bubble down" ioctl structure. First the upper level +driver associated with the open file descriptor attempts to decode the ioctl. +If it doesn't recognize it then the ioctl is passed down to the mid level. If +the mid level doesn't recognize it then the ioctl is passed down to the lower +level driver associated with the file descriptor. If the lower level driver +doesn't recognize it then a EINVAL error is generated. + + +Some ioctls are dispatched to related subsystems. + + + + Mid level + +The following header files in the kernel source are relevant to the mid +level: + + /usr/src/linux/include/scsi/scsi.h + /usr/src/linux/include/scsi/scsi_ioctl.h + + + +These files are meant for applications to use (other than parts in +a __KERNEL__ conditional compilation block). They may also be found in +/usr/include/scsi directory but it is best not to trust these versions as +they are maintained with the glibc library and may lag the kernel version +being used. Usually in Linux systems /usr/include/linux +can be relied upon to be a symbolic link to the kernel source's include +area (typically /usr/src/linux/include/linux). This +symbolic link can be used to include the correct scsi_ioctl.h + using the following trick: +#include <linux/../scsi/scsi_ioctl.h> + + +This include file: /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/scsi.h +is the key internal header file for the SCSI subsystem. As such it will not +be discussed here other than to point out it has the same file name (but +it's in a different directory) as the include file mentioned at the beginning +of this section. This sometimes causes confusion. + + +The mid level drivers/scsi/scsi_scan.c file +maintains an array of known SCSI devices with idiosyncracies +. [This was known as the "black list" but that was considered +to judgmental.] The array is called "device_list". The various value are: + +BLIST_NOLUN only probe lun 0 +BLIST_FORCELUN force all 8 luns to be probed + +BLIST_BORKEN passes through broken flag to lower +level driver +BLIST_KEY sends magical MODE SENSE (pc=0x2e) to +unlock device +BLIST_SINGLELUN only allow IO on one lun at a time + +BLIST_NOTQ disable tagged queuing + +BLIST_SPARSELUN keep going after lun not found + +BLIST_MAX5LUN only probe up to lun 5 + +BLIST_ISDISK override INQUIRY's type with disk (direct +access) type +BLIST_ISROM override INQUIRY's type with ROM + + + + + + Mid level compile options + +None. + + + + + Mid level ioctls + +See the following files: + +/usr/src/linux/include/scsi/scsi.h + + + +Note that the SCSI status constants defined in include/scsi/scsi.h are +shifted 1 bit right from the values in the SCSI standards: + + +scsi.h constant value SCSI 2 standard value +---------------------------------------------------- +CHECK_CONDITION 0x1 0x2 +CHECK_GOOD 0x2 0x4 +BUSY 0x4 0x8 +.... + + + +Summary of ioctl()s follow: + +SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND + This interface is deprecated - users should use + the scsi generic (sg) interface instead, as this + is a more flexible approach to performing + generic SCSI commands on a device. + + The structure that we are passed should look like: + + struct sdata { + unsigned int inlen; [i] Length of data written to device + unsigned int outlen; [i] Length of data read from device + unsigned char cmd[x]; [i] SCSI command (6 <= x <= 12) + [o] Data read from device starts here + [o] On error, sense buffer starts here + unsigned char wdata[y]; [i] Data written to device starts here + }; + Notes: + - The SCSI command length is determined by examining + the 1st byte of the given command. There is no way + to override this. + - Data transfers are limited to PAGE_SIZE (4K on + i386, 8K on alpha). + - The length (x + y) must be at least OMAX_SB_LEN + bytes long to accommodate the sense buffer when + an error occurs. The sense buffer is truncated to + OMAX_SB_LEN (16) bytes so that old code will not + be surprised. + - If a Unix error occurs (e.g. ENOMEM) then the user + will receive a negative return and the Unix error + code in 'errno'. If the SCSI command succeeds then + 0 is returned. Positive numbers returned are the + compacted SCSI error codes (4 bytes in one int) + where the lowest byte is the SCSI status. See the + drivers/scsi/scsi.h file for more information on this. + +SCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN + This ioctl takes a pointer to a "struct scsi_idlun" object + as its third argument. The "struct scsi_idlun" definition + is found in <scsi/scsi.h>. It gets populated with scsi + host, channel, device id and lun data for the given device. + Unfortunately that header file "hides" that structure + behind a "#ifdef __KERNEL__" block. To use this, that + structure needs to be replicated in the user's program. + Something like: + typedef struct my_scsi_idlun { + int four_in_one; /* 4 separate bytes of info + compacted into 1 int */ + int host_unique_id; /* distinguishes adapter cards from + same supplier */ + } My_scsi_idlun; + "four_in_one" is made up as follows: + (scsi_device_id | (lun << 8) | (channel << 16) | + (host << 24)) + These 4 components are assumed (or masked) to be 1 byte each. + +SCSI_IOCTL_GET_BUS_NUMBER + In lk 2.2 and earlier this ioctl was needed to get the + host number. During lk 2.3 development the + SCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN ioctl was changed to include this + information. Hence this ioctl is only needed for + backward compatibility. +SCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE + Probably a remnant of the past when the mid level + addressed such issues. Now this functionality is + controlled by the lower level drivers. Best ignored. +SCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_DISABLE + See comment for SCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE. +SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST + This ioctl expects its 3rd argument to be a pointer to + a union that looks like this: + union probe_host { + unsigned int length; /* [i] max length of + output ASCII string */ + char str[length]; /* [o] N.B. may need '\0' + appended */ + }; + The host associated with the device's fd either has a + host dependent information string or failing that its + name, output into the given structure. Note that the + output starts at the beginning of given structure + (overwriting the input length). N.B. A trailing '\0' + may need to be put on the output string if it has been + truncated by the input length. A return value of 1 + indicates the host is present, 0 indicates that the + host isn't present (how can that happen?) and a + negative value indicates an error. + +SCSI_IOCTL_DOORLOCK +SCSI_IOCTL_DOORUNLOCK +SCSI_IOCTL_TEST_UNIT_READY + Returns 0 if the unit (device) is ready, a positive + number if it is not or a negative number when there + is an OS error. + +SCSI_IOCTL_START_UNIT +SCSI_IOCTL_STOP_UNIT +SCSI_EMULATED_HOST {same as SG_EMULATED_HOST <new>} + + + + + + + sd driver + + + + + sd compile options + + +MAX_RETRIES {5} +SD_TIMEOUT {30 seconds} +SD_MOD_TIMEOUT {75 seconds} + + + + + + sd ioctls and user interface + +The relevant files to see: + +include/linux/hdreg.h +include/linux/genhd.h +include/linux/fs.h + + + +A list of ioctl()s follow: + +HDIO_GETGEO_BIG +HDIO_GETGEO [retrieve disk geometry] +BLKGETSIZE [number of sectors in device] +BLKROSET [set read only flag] +BLKROGET [get read only flag] +BLKRASET [set read ahead value] +BLKRAGET [get read ahead value] +BLKFLSBUF [instructs SCSI subsystem to flush buffers] +BLKSSZGET [get device block size] +BLKPG [partition table manipulation] +BLKELVGET [get elevator parameters] +BLKELVSET [set elevator parameters] +BLKRRPART [reread the partition table] + +open() (all flags ignored) +close() +ioctl() (see list above) + + + + + + + sr driver + + + + + sr compile options + +None. + + + + + sr ioctls and user interface + +See the following files: + +/usr/src/linux/include/linux/cdrom.h +/usr/src/linux/drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c [revision history section] +/usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex + + + +Some of the following ioctls are described in cdrom-standard.tex : + +CDROMCLOSETRAY +CDROM_SET_OPTIONS +CDROM_CLEAR_OPTIONS +CDROM_SELECT_SPEED +CDROM_SELECT_DISC +CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED +CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS +CDROM_CHANGER_NSLOTS +CDROM_LOCKDOOR +CDROM_DEBUG +CDROM_GET_CAPABILITY +DVD_READ_STRUCT +DVD_WRITE_STRUCT +DVD_AUTH +CDROM_SEND_PACKET +CDROM_NEXT_WRITABLE +CDROM_LAST_WRITTEN + + + +The O_NONBLOCK flag on the open() of scd devices is important. Without it the +open() will wait until there is media in the device before returning. + + +open() O_NONBLOCK +close() +read() +write() +ioctl() + + + + + + + st driver + + + + + st compile options + +Most of the following compile options can be overridden with +boot/module parameters and/or runtime configuration (i.e. ioctls). + + +The following parameters are defined in linux/drivers/scsi/st_options.h + +ST_NOWAIT {0} +ST_IN_FILE_POS {0} +ST_RECOVERED_WRITE_FATAL {0} +ST_DEFAULT_BLOCK {0} +ST_BUFFER_BLOCKS {32} +ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD_BLOCKS {30} +ST_MAX_BUFFERS {4} +ST_MAX_SG {16} +ST_FIRST_SG {8} +ST_FIRST_ORDER {5} +ST_TWO_FM {0} +ST_BUFFER_WRITES {1} +ST_ASYNC_WRITES {1} +ST_READ_AHEAD {1} +ST_AUTO_LOCK {0} +ST_FAST_MTEOM {0} +ST_SCSI2LOGICAL {0} +ST_SYSV {0} + + + +The following parameters are defined in linux/drivers/scsi/st.c + +ST_TIMEOUT {900*HZ} +ST_LONG_TIMEOUT {14000*HZ} + + + + + + st ioctls and user interface + +The Linux tape interface is defined in +/usr/src/linux/include/linux/mtio.h . + + +The following ioctl()s are listed in alphabetical order with a brief +explanation to the right. [See st documentation (especially +man 4 st) for more details.] + +MTIOCTOP [execute tape commands and set drive/driver options] +MTIOCGET [get the status of the drive] +MTIOCPOS [get the current tape location] + +open() O_RDONLY, O_RDWR +close() +read() +write() +ioctl() + + + + + + + sg driver + +The following header files in the kernel source are relevant to the sg driver: + + /usr/src/linux/include/scsi/sg.h + + + +As pointed out previously this is best included in +applications by using: + + #include <linux/../scsi/sg.h> + + + + + sg compile options + +Here are some defines from the sg.h file that the user could conceivably want +to change. The current default values are shown in braces on the right: + + +SG_SCATTER_SZ {32768} +SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE {SG_SCATTER_SZ} +SG_DEF_FORCE_LOW_DMA {0} +SG_DEF_FORCE_PACK_ID {0} +SG_DEF_KEP_ORPHAN {0} +SG_MAX_QUEUE {16} +SG_DEFAULT_RETRIES {1} +SG_BIG_BUFF {SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE} +SG_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT {60 seconds} +SG_DEF_COMMAND_Q {0 *} +SG_DEF_UNDERRUN_FLAG {0} + +* The per file descriptor copy of this flips to 1 (thus + allowing command queuing) as soon as a write() based + on the newer sg_io_hdr structure is detected. + + + + + + sg ioctls and user interface + +The following ioctl()s are listed in alphabetical order with a brief +explanation to the right. [See sg documentation for more details.] + + +SG_EMULATED_HOST [indicate if adapter is ide-scsi] +SG_GET_COMMAND_Q [command queuing flag state] +SG_GET_KEEP_ORPHAN [interrupted SG_IO keep orphan flag state] +SG_GET_LOW_DMA ["low dma flag" (<= 16 MB on i386) state] +SG_GET_NUM_WAITING [number of responses waiting to be read()] +SG_GET_PACK_ID [pack_id of next to read() response + (-1 if none)] +SG_GET_REQUEST_TABLE [yields array of requests being processed] +SG_GET_RESERVED_SIZE [current size of reserved buffer] +SG_GET_SCSI_ID [a little more info than the mid level's + SCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN ioctl] +SG_GET_SG_TABLESIZE [max entries in host's scatter gather table] +SG_GET_TIMEOUT [yields timeout (unit: jiffies + (10ms on i386))] +SG_GET_TRANSFORM [state of ide-scsi's transform flag] +SG_IO [send given SCSI command and wait for + response] +SG_NEXT_CMD_LEN [change command length of next command] +SG_SCSI_RESET [send a SCSI bus, device or host reset] +SG_SET_COMMAND_Q [set command queuing state {old=0, new=1}] +SG_SET_DEBUG [set debug level {0}] +SG_SET_KEEP_ORPHAN [set SG_IO's keep orphan flag {0}] +SG_SET_FORCE_LOW_DMA [force DMA buffer low (<= 16 MB on i386) + {0}] +SG_SET_FORCE_PACK_ID [so read() can fetch by pack_id {0}] +SG_SET_RESERVED_SIZE [change default buffer size + {SG_DEF_RESERVED_SIZE}] +SG_SET_TIMEOUT [change current timeout {60 secs} ] +SG_SET_TRANSFORM [set ide-scsi's ATAPI transform flag {0}] + +open() [recognized oflags: O_RDONLY, O_RDWR, O_EXCL, + O_NONBLOCK] +close() +read() +write() +ioctl() +poll() [used when in O_NONBLOCK mode] +fasync() [enables generation of SIGIO signal for read()] + + + + + + + + References, Credits and Corrections +WEB + +The following references are found on the web. Please alert the author +if any of these links become stale. + + + +[W1] SCSI (draft) standards, resources: +www.t10.org + + +[W2] Eric Youngdale is the chief architect of the Linux SCSI subsystem: + +www.andante.org/scsi.html + + +[W3] Jens Axboe maintains the cdrom subsystem which includes sr: +www.kernel.dk + + +[W4] The author's scsi generic (sg) site: + +www.torque.net/sg + + +[W5] Richard Gooch's devfs site: + +www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/devfs.html + + +[W6] Kurt Garloff's site (including the scsidev utility): + +www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ + + +[W7] Drew Eckhardt's SCSI-HOWTO from 1996 (in ASCII): + +metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/unmaintained/SCSI-HOWTO + + + +[W8] Linux Documentation Project (LDP): + +linuxdoc.org + + +NEWSGROUPS + +The following entries are actually reflectors rather than newsgroups. +Various web locations archive their contents (e.g. +marc.theaimsgroup.com). + + + +[N1] Linux SCSI reflector: linux-scsi@vger.kernel.org . +This is a relatively low volume (circa 200 postings per month) Linux +SCSI specific group that many of the SCSI subsystem maintainers +monitor. + + +[N2] Linux kernel reflector: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org . +This is a relatively high volume (circa 5000 postings per month) group +for all aspects of the Linux kernel. The Linux SCSI reflector should +be tried first. + + +BOOKS + +Here are some books that the author found useful. + + + +[B1] "Linux Device Drivers" by A. Rubini [O'Reilly 1998 ISBN 1-56592-292-1] +This is a solid text on Linux device drivers including some information +on the SCSI subsystem. It covers the block subsystem well and has +many char device driver examples. It was written during the Linux 2.1 +kernel development series and is most relevant to the Linux 2.0 and 2.2 +series. There are rumours that a new edition may soon emerge. + + +[B2] "Running Linux" 3rd edition by M. Welsh, M. K. Dalheimer & L. Kaufman + [O'Reilly 1999 ISBN 1-56592-469-X] +This is a classic Linux tome which includes some SCSI configuration info. + + +[B3] "The Programmer's Guide to SCSI" by Brian Sawert [Addison Wesley 1998 + ISBN 0-201-18538-5] +This book covers many SCSI topics, including the pass through mechanisms +of Linux (sg) and ASPI/ASPI32 as used by Windows. + + +CREDITS + +The author is grateful for the following contributions: + +Kai Makisara (st) Kai.Makisara@metla.fi + +Jens Axboe (sr) axboe@suse.de + +Richard Gooch (devfs) rgooch@atnf.csiro.au + +Tim Waugh (ppa, imm, ppscsi + docbook) +twaugh@redhat.com +Gadi Oxman (ide-scsi) +gadio@netvision.net.il + + + + +CORRECTIONS and SUGGESTIONS + +Please send any corrections or suggestions to the author at +dougg@torque.net or dgilbert@interlog.com +. + + + + + + diff --git a/LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/cdrom.jpeg b/LDP/howto/docbook/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/cdrom.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 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