diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/abs-guide/abs-guide.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/abs-guide/abs-guide.xml index 375204f3..61d19ef6 100644 --- a/LDP/guide/docbook/abs-guide/abs-guide.xml +++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/abs-guide/abs-guide.xml @@ -17431,7 +17431,6 @@ function write_utf8_string { command archive - Creation and manipulation utility for archives, mainly used for binary object file libraries. @@ -17439,6 +17438,7 @@ function write_utf8_string { rpm + rpm @@ -17446,7 +17446,6 @@ function write_utf8_string { command package manager - The Red Hat Package Manager, or rpm utility provides a wrapper for @@ -17514,6 +17513,7 @@ function write_utf8_string { cpio + cpio @@ -17521,7 +17521,6 @@ function write_utf8_string { command cpio - This specialized archiving copy command (copy input and output) @@ -17541,6 +17540,7 @@ function write_utf8_string { rpm2cpio + rpm @@ -17548,7 +17548,6 @@ function write_utf8_string { command cpio - This command extracts a cpio archive from an rpm one. @@ -17563,6 +17562,7 @@ function write_utf8_string { pax + pax @@ -17570,7 +17570,6 @@ function write_utf8_string { command archive - The pax portable archive @@ -17608,6 +17607,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files gzip + gzip @@ -17615,7 +17615,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command gzip - The standard GNU/UNIX compression utility, replacing the inferior and proprietary @@ -17652,6 +17651,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files bzip2 + bzip2 @@ -17659,7 +17659,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command bzip2 - An alternate compression utility, usually more efficient (but slower) than gzip, especially on @@ -17681,6 +17680,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files compress uncompress + compress @@ -17695,7 +17695,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command uncompress - This is an older, proprietary compression utility found in commercial UNIX distributions. The more efficient gzip has largely @@ -17712,6 +17711,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files sq + sq @@ -17719,7 +17719,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command sq - Yet another compression (squeeze) utility, a filter that works only on sorted @@ -17741,6 +17740,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files zip unzip + zip @@ -17755,7 +17755,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command unzip - Cross-platform file archiving and compression utility compatible with DOS pkzip.exe. Zipped archives seem to be a more @@ -17768,6 +17767,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files unarc unarj unrar + unarc @@ -17789,7 +17789,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command rar.exe - These Linux utilities permit unpacking archives compressed with the DOS arc.exe, arj.exe, and @@ -17802,6 +17801,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files lzma unlzma lzcat + lzma @@ -17823,7 +17823,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command lzcat - Highly efficient Lempel-Ziv-Markov compression. The syntax of lzma is similar to that of gzip. The xz unxz xzcat + xz @@ -17859,7 +17859,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command xzcat - A new high-efficiency compression tool, backward compatible with lzma, and with an invocation syntax similar to gzip. For @@ -17879,6 +17878,7 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files file + file @@ -17886,7 +17886,6 @@ pax -rf daily_backup.pax ~/bsd-server/files command file - A utility for identifying file types. The command file file-name will return a @@ -17946,6 +17945,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD which + which @@ -17953,7 +17953,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command which - which command gives the full path to command. This is useful for finding out whether a particular command or utility is installed @@ -17968,6 +17967,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD whereis + whereis @@ -17975,7 +17975,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command whereis - Similar to which, above, whereis command gives the full path to command, but also to its @@ -17989,6 +17988,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD whatis + whatis @@ -17996,7 +17996,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command whatis - whatis command looks up command in the whatis database. This is useful @@ -18020,6 +18019,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD vdir + vdir @@ -18027,7 +18027,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command ls - Show a detailed directory listing. The effect is similar to ls -lb. This is one of the GNU @@ -18053,6 +18052,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD locate slocate + locate @@ -18067,7 +18067,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command slocate - The locate command searches for files using a database stored for just that purpose. The slocate command is the secure version of @@ -18081,6 +18080,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD getfacl setfacl + getfacl @@ -18095,7 +18095,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command setfacl - These commands retrieve or set the file access control @@ -18141,6 +18140,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD readlink + readlink @@ -18148,7 +18148,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command link - Disclose the file that a symbolic link points to. bash$ readlink /usr/bin/awk @@ -18160,6 +18159,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD strings + strings @@ -18167,7 +18167,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command strings - Use the strings command to find printable strings in a binary or data file. It will list sequences of printable characters found in the target @@ -18199,6 +18198,7 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD diff patch + diff @@ -18213,7 +18213,6 @@ file $DIRECTORY/* | fgrep $KEYWORD command patch - diff: flexible file comparison utility. It compares the target files line-by-line sequentially. In some applications, such as comparing @@ -18311,6 +18310,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 diff3 merge + diff3 @@ -18326,7 +18326,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 merge - An extended version of diff that compares three files at a time. This command returns an exit value of 0 upon successful execution, but unfortunately this gives @@ -18357,6 +18356,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 sdiff + sdiff @@ -18364,7 +18364,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command sdiff - Compare and/or edit two files in order to merge them into an output file. Because of its interactive nature, this command would find little use in a script. @@ -18373,6 +18372,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 cmp + cmp @@ -18380,7 +18380,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command cmp - The cmp command is a simpler version of diff, above. Whereas diff reports the differences between two files, @@ -18406,6 +18405,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 comm + comm @@ -18413,7 +18413,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command comm - Versatile file comparison utility. The files must be sorted for this to be useful. @@ -18467,6 +18466,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 basename + basename @@ -18474,7 +18474,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command basename - Strips the path information from a file name, printing + Strips the path information from a file name, printing only the file name. The construction basename $0 lets the script know its name, that is, the name it was invoked by. This can be used for usage messages if, @@ -18487,6 +18487,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 dirname + dirname @@ -18494,7 +18495,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command dirname - Strips the basename from + Strips the basename from a filename, printing only the path information. basename and dirname @@ -18516,6 +18517,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 split csplit + split @@ -18531,7 +18533,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 csplit - These are utilities for splitting a file into smaller chunks. Their usual use is for splitting up large files in order to back them up on floppies or preparatory to @@ -18561,6 +18562,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 cksum md5sum sha1sum + sum @@ -18586,7 +18588,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command sha1sum - These are utilities for generating checksums. A checksum is a number @@ -18684,6 +18685,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 uuencode + uuencode @@ -18691,7 +18693,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command uuencode - This utility encodes binary files (images, sound files, compressed files, etc.) into ASCII characters, making @@ -18704,6 +18705,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 uudecode + uudecode @@ -18711,7 +18713,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command uudecode - This reverses the encoding, decoding uuencoded files back into the original binaries. @@ -18731,6 +18732,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 mimencode mmencode + mimencode @@ -18745,7 +18747,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command encode - The mimencode and mmencode commands process multimedia-encoded e-mail attachments. Although @@ -18760,6 +18761,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 crypt + crypt @@ -18767,7 +18769,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command crypt - At one time, this was the standard UNIX file encryption utility. @@ -18794,6 +18795,7 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 openssl + openssl @@ -18801,7 +18803,6 @@ gzip -cd patchXX.gz | patch -p0 command SSL - This is an Open Source implementation of Secure Sockets Layer encryption. @@ -18851,6 +18852,7 @@ tar -xzv shred + shred @@ -18858,7 +18860,6 @@ tar -xzv command secure delete - Securely erase a file by overwriting it multiple times with random bit patterns before deleting it. This command has @@ -18884,6 +18885,7 @@ tar -xzv mktemp + temporary @@ -18891,7 +18893,6 @@ tar -xzv command filename - Create a temporary file Creates a temporary @@ -18930,6 +18931,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" make + make @@ -18937,7 +18939,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command Makefile - Utility for building and compiling binary packages. This can also be used for any set of operations triggered @@ -18957,6 +18958,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" install + install @@ -18964,7 +18966,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command install - Special purpose file copying command, similar to cp, but capable of setting permissions and attributes of the copied @@ -18978,6 +18979,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" dos2unix + dos2unix @@ -18985,7 +18987,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command file converter - This utility, written by Benjamin Lin and collaborators, converts DOS-formatted text files (lines terminated by CR-LF) to UNIX format (lines terminated by LF only), @@ -18995,6 +18996,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" ptx + ptx @@ -19002,7 +19004,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command index - The ptx [targetfile] command outputs a permuted index (cross-reference list) of the targetfile. This may be further filtered and formatted in a @@ -19013,6 +19014,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" more less + more @@ -19027,7 +19029,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command less - Pagers that display a text file or stream to stdout, one screenful at a time. @@ -19072,6 +19073,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" host + host @@ -19079,7 +19081,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command host - Searches for information about an Internet host by name or IP address, using DNS. @@ -19092,6 +19093,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" ipcalc + ipcalc @@ -19099,7 +19101,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command ipcalc - Displays IP information for a host. With the option, ipcalc does a reverse DNS lookup, finding @@ -19114,6 +19115,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" nslookup + nslookup @@ -19121,7 +19123,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command name server lookup - Do an Internet name server lookup on a host by IP address. This is essentially equivalent @@ -19148,6 +19149,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" dig + dig @@ -19155,7 +19157,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command domain information groper - Domain Information Groper. Similar to @@ -19213,6 +19214,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" traceroute + traceroute @@ -19220,7 +19222,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command traceroute - Trace the route taken by packets sent to a remote host. This command works within a LAN, WAN, or over the @@ -19244,6 +19245,7 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" ping + ping @@ -19251,7 +19253,6 @@ echo "tempfile name = $tempfile" command ping - Broadcast an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to another machine, @@ -19294,6 +19295,7 @@ fi whois + whois @@ -19301,7 +19303,6 @@ fi command domain name server - Perform a DNS (Domain Name System) lookup. The option permits specifying which particular whois server to query. See @@ -19311,6 +19312,7 @@ fi finger + finger @@ -19318,7 +19320,6 @@ fi command finger - Retrieve information about users on a network. Optionally, this command can display @@ -19370,6 +19371,7 @@ fi chfn + chfn @@ -19377,7 +19379,6 @@ fi command finger - Change information disclosed by the finger command. @@ -19385,6 +19386,7 @@ fi vrfy + vrfy @@ -19392,7 +19394,6 @@ fi command vrfy - Verify an Internet e-mail address. This command seems to be missing from newer Linux @@ -19409,6 +19410,7 @@ fi sx rx + sx @@ -19423,7 +19425,6 @@ fi command rx - The sx and rx command set serves to transfer files to and from a remote host using the xmodem protocol. These @@ -19435,6 +19436,7 @@ fi sz rz + sz @@ -19449,7 +19451,6 @@ fi command rz - The sz and rz command set serves to transfer files to and from a remote host using the zmodem protocol. @@ -19465,6 +19466,7 @@ fi ftp + ftp @@ -19472,7 +19474,6 @@ fi command file transfer - Utility and protocol for uploading / downloading files to or from a remote host. An ftp session can be automated in a script (see and uucp uux cu + uucp @@ -19504,7 +19506,6 @@ fi command uucp - uucp: UNIX to UNIX copy. This is a communications package for @@ -19541,6 +19542,7 @@ fi telnet + telnet @@ -19548,7 +19550,6 @@ fi command telnet - Utility and protocol for connecting to a remote host. The telnet protocol contains security holes and should therefore probably be @@ -19559,6 +19560,7 @@ fi wget + wget @@ -19566,7 +19568,6 @@ fi command download - The wget utility noninteractively retrieves or @@ -19599,6 +19600,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 lynx + lynx @@ -19606,7 +19608,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command browser - The lynx Web and file browser can be used inside a script (with the @@ -19629,6 +19630,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 rlogin + rlogin @@ -19636,7 +19638,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command remote login - Remote login, initates a session on a remote host. This command has security issues, so use ssh instead. @@ -19645,6 +19646,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 rsh + rsh @@ -19652,7 +19654,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command remote shell - Remote shell, executes command(s) on a remote host. This has security issues, so use ssh instead. @@ -19661,6 +19662,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 rcp + rcp @@ -19668,7 +19670,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command remote copy - Remote copy, copies files between two different networked machines. @@ -19676,6 +19677,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 rsync + rsync @@ -19683,7 +19685,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command remote update - Remote synchronize, updates (synchronizes) files @@ -19714,6 +19715,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 ssh + ssh @@ -19721,7 +19723,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command secure shell - Secure shell, logs onto a remote host and executes commands there. This secure replacement for telnet, @@ -19752,6 +19753,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 scp + scp @@ -19759,7 +19761,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command secure copy - Secure copy, similar in function to rcp, copies files between two different networked machines, but does so using @@ -19776,6 +19777,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 write + write @@ -19783,7 +19785,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command write - This is a utility for terminal-to-terminal communication. It allows sending lines from your terminal (console or xterm) to that of another user. The @@ -19797,6 +19798,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 netconfig + netconfig @@ -19804,7 +19806,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command network - A command-line utility for configuring a network adapter (using DHCP). This command is native to Red Hat centric Linux distros. @@ -19819,6 +19820,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 mail + mail @@ -19826,7 +19828,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command mail - Send or read e-mail messages. @@ -19843,6 +19844,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 mailto + mailto @@ -19850,7 +19852,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command MIME mail - Similar to the mail command, mailto sends e-mail messages from the command-line or in a script. However, @@ -19861,6 +19862,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 mailstats + mailstats @@ -19868,7 +19870,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command statistics - Show mail statistics. This command may be invoked only by root. @@ -19888,6 +19889,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 vacation + vacation @@ -19895,7 +19897,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command mail - This utility automatically replies to e-mails that the intended recipient is on vacation and temporarily unavailable. It runs on a network, in conjunction with @@ -19921,6 +19922,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 tput + tput @@ -19928,7 +19930,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command terminal - Initialize terminal and/or fetch information about it from terminfo data. Various options permit @@ -19986,6 +19987,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 infocmp + infocmp @@ -19993,7 +19995,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command terminal - This command prints out extensive information about the current terminal. It references the @@ -20019,6 +20020,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 reset + reset @@ -20026,7 +20028,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command reset - Reset terminal parameters and clear text screen. As with clear, the cursor and prompt reappear in the upper lefthand corner of the terminal. @@ -20035,6 +20036,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 clear + clear @@ -20042,7 +20044,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command clear - The clear command simply clears the text screen at the console or in an xterm. The prompt and cursor @@ -20055,6 +20056,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 resize + resize @@ -20062,7 +20064,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command resize - Echoes commands necessary to set $TERM and $TERMCAP to duplicate the size (dimensions) of the current @@ -20080,6 +20081,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 script + script @@ -20087,7 +20089,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command script - This utility records (saves to a file) all the user keystrokes at the command-line in a console or an xterm window. This, in effect, creates a record of a session. @@ -20108,6 +20109,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 factor + factor @@ -20115,7 +20117,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command factor - Decompose an integer into prime factors. + Decompose an integer into prime factors. bash$ factor 27417 @@ -20133,6 +20135,7 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 bc + bc @@ -20140,7 +20143,6 @@ wget -c ftp://ftp.xyz25.net/bozofiles/filename.tar.bz2 command bc - Bash can't handle floating point calculations, and it lacks operators for certain important mathematical @@ -20228,6 +20230,7 @@ LIMIT_STRING dc + dc @@ -20235,7 +20238,6 @@ LIMIT_STRING command dc - The dc (desk calculator) utility is awk + awk @@ -20310,7 +20313,6 @@ echo "7 8 * p" | dc # 56 command math - Yet another way of doing floating point math in a script is using awk's built-in math functions in a shell @@ -20339,6 +20341,7 @@ echo "7 8 * p" | dc # 56 jot seq + jot @@ -20357,7 +20360,6 @@ echo "7 8 * p" | dc # 56 loop arguments - These utilities emit a sequence of integers, with a user-selectable increment. @@ -20434,6 +20436,7 @@ done getopt + getopt @@ -20441,7 +20444,6 @@ done command option - The getopt command parses command-line options preceded by a dash. This external command @@ -20474,6 +20476,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" run-parts + run-parts @@ -20481,7 +20484,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command run-parts - The run-parts command This is actually a script adapted from @@ -20502,6 +20504,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" yes + yes @@ -20509,7 +20512,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command yes - In its default behavior the yes command feeds a continuous string of the character @@ -20590,6 +20592,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" banner + banner @@ -20597,7 +20600,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command banner - Prints arguments as a large vertical banner to stdout, using an ASCII character (default @@ -20612,6 +20614,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" printenv + printenv @@ -20619,7 +20622,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command environment - Show all the environmental variables set for a particular user. @@ -20632,6 +20634,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" lp + lp @@ -20639,7 +20642,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command lpr - The lp and lpr commands send file(s) to the print queue, to be printed as hard copy. @@ -20692,6 +20694,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" tee + tee @@ -20699,7 +20702,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command tee - [UNIX borrows an idea from the plumbing trade.] This is a redirection operator, but with a difference. Like the plumber's tee, it permits siphoning @@ -20729,6 +20731,7 @@ eval set -- "$args" mkfifo + mkfifo @@ -20736,7 +20739,6 @@ eval set -- "$args" command mkfifo - This obscure command creates a named pipe, a temporary first-in-first-out buffer for @@ -20787,6 +20789,7 @@ Mixed.msg BOZO pathchk + pathchk @@ -20794,7 +20797,6 @@ Mixed.msg BOZO command pathchk - This command checks the validity of a filename. If the filename exceeds the maximum allowable length (255 characters) or one or more of the directories in @@ -20811,6 +20813,7 @@ Mixed.msg BOZO dd + dd @@ -20818,7 +20821,6 @@ Mixed.msg BOZO command dd - Though this somewhat obscure and much feared data duplicator command originated as a utility for exchanging @@ -20992,6 +20994,7 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase od + od @@ -20999,7 +21002,6 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase command od - The od, or octal dump filter converts input (or files) to octal (base-8) or other bases. This is useful for viewing or @@ -21023,6 +21025,7 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase hexdump + hexdump @@ -21030,7 +21033,6 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase command hexadecimal - Performs a hexadecimal, octal, decimal, or ASCII dump of a binary file. This command is the rough equivalent of od, above, but not nearly as @@ -21049,6 +21051,7 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase objdump + objdump @@ -21056,7 +21059,6 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase command object binary dump - Displays information about an object file or binary executable in either hexadecimal form or as a disassembled listing (with the option). @@ -21078,6 +21080,7 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase mcookie + magic @@ -21085,7 +21088,6 @@ dd if=$filename conv=ucase > $filename.uppercase command cookie - This command generates a magic cookie, a 128-bit (32-character) pseudorandom hexadecimal number, @@ -21115,6 +21117,7 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` units + units @@ -21122,7 +21125,6 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` command conversion - This utility converts between different units of measure. While normally invoked in interactive mode, units may find use in a @@ -21137,6 +21139,7 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` m4 + m4 @@ -21144,7 +21147,6 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` command macro - A hidden treasure, m4 is a powerful macro A macro is a @@ -21177,6 +21179,7 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` xmessage + xmessage @@ -21184,7 +21187,6 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` command macro - This X-based variant of echo pops up a message/query window on the desktop. @@ -21196,6 +21198,7 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` zenity + zenity @@ -21203,7 +21206,6 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` command macro - The zenity utility is adept at displaying @@ -21217,6 +21219,7 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` doexec + doexec @@ -21224,7 +21227,6 @@ random001=`md5sum $0 | awk '{print $1}'` command executable arg list - The doexec command enables passing an arbitrary list of arguments to a binary executable. In particular, passing @@ -21261,6 +21263,7 @@ esac dialog + dialog @@ -21268,7 +21271,6 @@ esac command dialog - The dialog family of tools provide a method of calling interactive dialog boxes from a script. The more @@ -21281,6 +21283,7 @@ esac sox + sox @@ -21288,7 +21291,6 @@ esac command sound - The sox, or sound @@ -21338,6 +21340,7 @@ esac users + users @@ -21345,7 +21348,6 @@ esac command users - Show all logged on users. This is the approximate equivalent of who -q. @@ -21353,6 +21355,7 @@ esac groups + groups @@ -21360,7 +21363,6 @@ esac command groups - Lists the current user and the groups she belongs to. This corresponds to the $GROUPS internal variable, @@ -21376,6 +21378,7 @@ esac chown chgrp + chown @@ -21390,7 +21393,6 @@ esac command chgrp - The chown command changes the ownership of a file or files. This command is a useful method that root can use to @@ -21423,6 +21425,7 @@ esac useradd userdel + useradd @@ -21437,7 +21440,6 @@ esac command userdel - The useradd administrative command adds a user account to the system and creates a home directory for that particular user, if so specified. The @@ -21457,6 +21459,7 @@ esac usermod + usermod @@ -21464,7 +21467,6 @@ esac command usermod - Modify a user account. Changes may be made to the password, group membership, expiration date, and other attributes of a given user's account. With this command, a user's password @@ -21475,6 +21477,7 @@ esac groupmod + groupmod @@ -21482,7 +21485,6 @@ esac command group - Modify a given group. The group name and/or ID number may be changed using this command. @@ -21491,6 +21493,7 @@ esac id + id @@ -21498,7 +21501,6 @@ esac command id - The id command lists the real and effective user IDs and the group IDs of the user @@ -21525,6 +21527,7 @@ esac lid + lid @@ -21532,7 +21535,6 @@ esac command group - The lid (list ID) command shows the group(s) that a given user belongs to, or alternately, the users belonging to a given group. May be invoked only by @@ -21554,6 +21556,7 @@ esac who + who @@ -21561,7 +21564,6 @@ esac command whoami - Show all users logged on to the system. @@ -21599,6 +21601,7 @@ esac w + w @@ -21606,7 +21609,6 @@ esac command w - Show all logged on users and the processes belonging to them. This is an extended version of who. The output of w may be piped to grep to find @@ -21619,6 +21621,7 @@ esac logname + logname @@ -21626,7 +21629,6 @@ esac command logname - Show current user's login name (as found in /var/run/utmp). This is a @@ -21662,6 +21664,7 @@ esac su + su @@ -21669,7 +21672,6 @@ esac command su - Runs a program or script as a substitute user. su rjones starts a shell as user @@ -21681,6 +21683,7 @@ esac sudo + sudo @@ -21688,7 +21691,6 @@ esac command sudo - Runs a command as root (or another user). This may be used in a script, thus permitting a regular user to run the script. @@ -21707,6 +21709,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret passwd + passwd @@ -21714,7 +21717,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command password - Sets, changes, or manages a user's password. @@ -21737,6 +21739,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret ac + ac @@ -21744,7 +21747,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command accounting - Show users' logged in time, as read from /var/log/wtmp. This is one of the GNU accounting utilities. @@ -21755,6 +21757,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret last + last @@ -21762,7 +21765,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command logged in - List last logged in users, as read from /var/log/wtmp. This command can also @@ -21785,6 +21787,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret newgrp + newgrp @@ -21792,7 +21795,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command group - Change user's group ID without logging out. This permits access to the new group's files. Since users may be members of multiple groups @@ -21815,6 +21817,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret tty + tty @@ -21822,7 +21825,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command tty - Echoes the name (filename) of the current user's terminal. Note that each separate xterm window counts as a different terminal. @@ -21834,6 +21836,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret stty + stty @@ -21841,7 +21844,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command stty - Shows and/or changes terminal settings. This complex command, used in a script, can control terminal behavior and the way output displays. See the info page, and study @@ -21936,6 +21938,7 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret setterm + setterm @@ -21943,7 +21946,6 @@ sudo cp /root/secretfile /home/bozo/secret command terminal - Set certain terminal attributes. This command writes to its terminal's stdout a string that @@ -21972,6 +21974,7 @@ echo normal hello tset + tset @@ -21979,7 +21982,6 @@ echo normal hello command tset - Show or initialize terminal settings. This is a less capable version of stty. @@ -21997,6 +21999,7 @@ echo normal hello setserial + setserial @@ -22004,7 +22007,6 @@ echo normal hello command serial - Set or display serial port parameters. This command must be run by root and is usually found in a @@ -22021,6 +22023,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< getty agetty + getty @@ -22035,7 +22038,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command agetty - The initialization process for a terminal uses getty or agetty to set it up for login by a user. These commands are not @@ -22046,6 +22048,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< mesg + mesg @@ -22053,7 +22056,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command mesg - Enables or disables write access to the current user's terminal. Disabling access would prevent another user on the network to write @@ -22070,6 +22072,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< wall + wall @@ -22077,7 +22080,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command wall - This is an acronym for write all, i.e., sending a message to all users at every terminal logged into the @@ -22110,6 +22112,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< uname + uname @@ -22117,7 +22120,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command uname - Output system specifications (OS, kernel version, etc.) to stdout. Invoked with the option, gives verbose system info @@ -22140,6 +22142,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< arch + arch @@ -22147,7 +22150,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command arch - Show system architecture. Equivalent to uname -m. See . @@ -22161,6 +22163,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< lastcomm + lastcomm @@ -22168,7 +22171,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command last - Gives information about previous commands, as stored in the /var/account/pacct file. Command name and user name can be specified by options. This is @@ -22178,6 +22180,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< lastlog + lastlog @@ -22185,7 +22188,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command last - List the last login time of all system users. This references the /var/log/lastlog file. @@ -22212,6 +22214,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< lsof + lsof @@ -22219,7 +22222,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command lsof - List open files. This command outputs a detailed table of all currently open files and gives information about their owner, size, the processes associated with @@ -22263,6 +22265,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< strace + strace @@ -22270,7 +22273,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command trace - System trace: diagnostic and debugging tool for tracing system calls and signals. This command and @@ -22297,6 +22299,7 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< ltrace + ltrace @@ -22304,7 +22307,6 @@ setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq 0 ; setserial /dev/$DEVICE irq $IRQ< command trace - Library trace: diagnostic and debugging tool that traces library calls invoked by a given command. @@ -22329,6 +22331,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL nc + nc @@ -22336,7 +22339,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command nc - The nc (netcat) utility is a complete toolkit for connecting to and @@ -22370,6 +22372,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL free + free @@ -22377,7 +22380,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command free - Shows memory and cache usage in tabular form. The output of this command lends itself to parsing, using grep, procinfo + procinfo @@ -22408,7 +22411,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command procinfo - Extract and list information and statistics from the /proc @@ -22424,6 +22426,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL lsdev + lsdev @@ -22431,7 +22434,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command device - List devices, that is, show installed hardware. bash$ lsdev @@ -22451,6 +22453,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL du + du @@ -22458,7 +22461,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command du - Show (disk) file usage, recursively. Defaults to current working directory, unless otherwise specified. @@ -22473,6 +22475,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL df + df @@ -22480,7 +22483,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command df - Shows filesystem usage in tabular form. bash$ df @@ -22493,6 +22495,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL dmesg + dmesg @@ -22500,7 +22503,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command dmesg - Lists all system bootup messages to stdout. Handy for debugging and ascertaining which device drivers were installed @@ -22522,6 +22524,7 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL stat + stat @@ -22529,7 +22532,6 @@ getenv("DF_BLOCK_SIZE") = NULL command stat - Gives detailed and verbose statistics on a given file (even a directory or device file) or set of files. @@ -22600,6 +22602,7 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- vmstat + vmstat @@ -22607,7 +22610,6 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- command virtual memory - Display virtual memory statistics. bash$ vmstat @@ -22623,6 +22625,7 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- uptime + uptime @@ -22630,7 +22633,6 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- command uptime - Shows how long the system has been running, along with associated statistics. @@ -22651,6 +22653,7 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- hostname + hostname @@ -22658,7 +22661,6 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- command hostname - Lists the system's host name. This command sets the host name in an /etc/rc.d @@ -22689,6 +22691,7 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- hostid + hostid @@ -22696,7 +22699,6 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- command host id - Echo a 32-bit hexadecimal numerical identifier for the host machine. @@ -22738,6 +22740,7 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- sar + sar @@ -22745,7 +22748,6 @@ File access rights: -rw-rw-r-- command system activity report - Invoking sar (System Activity Reporter) gives a very detailed rundown on system statistics. The Santa Cruz Operation (Old SCO) released @@ -22781,6 +22783,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 readelf + elf @@ -22788,7 +22791,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command statistics - Show information and statistics about a designated elf binary. This is part of the binutils package. @@ -22807,6 +22809,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 size + size @@ -22814,7 +22817,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command segment - The size [/path/to/binary] command gives the segment sizes of a binary executable or archive file. This is mainly of use to programmers. @@ -22834,6 +22836,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 logger + logger @@ -22841,7 +22844,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command logger - Appends a user-generated message to the system log (/var/log/messages). You do not have @@ -22870,6 +22872,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 logrotate + logrotate @@ -22877,7 +22880,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command logrotate - This utility manages the system log files, rotating, compressing, deleting, and/or e-mailing them, as appropriate. @@ -22907,6 +22909,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 ps + ps @@ -22914,7 +22917,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command ps - Process Statistics: lists currently @@ -22940,6 +22942,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 pgrep pkill + pgrep @@ -22955,7 +22958,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26process kill - Combining the ps command with grep or kill. @@ -22988,6 +22990,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 pstree + pstree @@ -22995,7 +22998,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command pstree - Lists currently executing processes in tree format. The option shows the PIDs, as well as the process names. @@ -23005,6 +23007,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 top + top @@ -23012,7 +23015,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command processes - Continuously updated display of most cpu-intensive processes. The option displays in text @@ -23040,6 +23042,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 nice + nice @@ -23047,7 +23050,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command nice - Run a background job with an altered priority. Priorities run from 19 (lowest) to -20 @@ -23063,6 +23065,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 nohup + nohup @@ -23070,7 +23073,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command nohup - Keeps a command running even after user logs off. The command will run as a foreground process unless followed by &. If you use nohup @@ -23083,6 +23085,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 pidof + pidof @@ -23090,7 +23093,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command process ID - Identifies process ID (PID) of a running job. Since job control commands, such as kill and fuser + fuser @@ -23124,7 +23127,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command fuser - Identifies the processes (by PID) that are accessing a given file, set of files, or directory. May also be invoked with the option, which kills @@ -23194,6 +23196,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 cron + cron @@ -23201,7 +23204,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command crond - Administrative program scheduler, performing such duties as cleaning up and deleting system log files and @@ -23228,6 +23230,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 init + init @@ -23235,7 +23238,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command init - The init command is the parent of all processes. Called @@ -23249,6 +23251,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 telinit + telinit @@ -23256,7 +23259,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command telinit - Symlinked to init, this is a means of changing the system runlevel, usually done for system maintenance or emergency filesystem repairs. Invoked only by root. This @@ -23267,6 +23269,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 runlevel + runlevel @@ -23274,7 +23277,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command runlevel - Shows the current and last runlevel, that is, whether the system is halted (runlevel 0), in single-user mode (1), in multi-user mode (2 @@ -23288,6 +23290,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26halt shutdown reboot + halt @@ -23309,7 +23312,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command reboot - Command set to shut the system down, usually just prior to a power down. On some Linux distros, the halt command has 755 permissions, so it can be invoked by a non-root user. @@ -23320,6 +23322,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 service + service @@ -23327,7 +23330,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command service - Starts or stops a system service. The startup scripts in /etc/init.d and /etc/rc.d use this @@ -23354,6 +23356,7 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26 nmap + nmap @@ -23361,7 +23364,6 @@ Average: all 6.33 1.70 14.71 0.00 77.26command port scan - Network mapper and port scanner. This command scans a server to locate open ports and the services associated with those @@ -23385,6 +23387,7 @@ exit 0 ifconfig + ifconfig @@ -23392,7 +23395,6 @@ exit 0 command ifconfig - Network interface configuration and tuning utility. @@ -23445,6 +23447,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` netstat + netstat @@ -23452,7 +23455,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command netstat - Show current network statistics and information, such as routing tables and active connections. This utility @@ -23483,6 +23485,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` iwconfig + iwconfig @@ -23490,7 +23493,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command wireless - This is the command set for configuring a wireless network. It is the wireless equivalent of ifconfig, above. @@ -23499,6 +23501,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` ip + ip @@ -23506,7 +23509,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command routing - General purpose utility for setting up, changing, and analyzing IP (Internet Protocol) @@ -23539,6 +23541,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` route + route @@ -23546,7 +23549,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command route - Show info about or make changes to the kernel routing table. @@ -23566,6 +23568,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` iptables + iptables @@ -23574,7 +23577,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` firewall - The iptables command set is a packet filtering tool used mainly for such security @@ -23598,6 +23600,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` chkconfig + chkconfig @@ -23605,7 +23608,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command network configuration - Check network and system configuration. This command lists and @@ -23630,6 +23632,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` tcpdump + tcpdump @@ -23637,7 +23640,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command tcp - Network packet sniffer. This is a tool for analyzing and troubleshooting traffic on a network by dumping packet headers that match specified criteria. @@ -23667,6 +23669,7 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` mount + mount @@ -23674,7 +23677,6 @@ echo `/sbin/ifconfig | grep ^[a-z] | awk '{print $1}'` command mount - Mount a filesystem, usually on an external device, such as a floppy or CDROM. The file /etc/fstab provides a handy listing @@ -23737,6 +23739,7 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. umount + umount @@ -23744,7 +23747,6 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. command umount - Unmount a currently mounted filesystem. Before physically removing a previously mounted floppy or CDROM disk, the device must be umounted, else filesystem corruption may result. @@ -23764,6 +23766,7 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. gnome-mount + gnome-mount @@ -23771,7 +23774,6 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. command mount - The newer Linux distros have deprecated mount and umount. The successor, for command-line mounting of removable storage @@ -23799,6 +23801,7 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. sync + sync @@ -23806,7 +23809,6 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. command sync - Forces an immediate write of all updated data from buffers to hard drive (synchronize drive with buffers). While not strictly necessary, a @@ -23824,6 +23826,7 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. losetup + losetup @@ -23831,7 +23834,6 @@ ls -alR # List the files in the directory tree there. command losetup - Sets up and configures loopback devices. @@ -23853,6 +23855,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. mkswap + mkswap @@ -23860,7 +23863,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command mkswap - Creates a swap partition or file. The swap area must subsequently be enabled with swapon. @@ -23870,6 +23872,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. swapon swapoff + swapon @@ -23884,7 +23887,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command swapoff - Enable / disable swap partitition or file. These commands usually take effect at bootup and shutdown. @@ -23893,6 +23895,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. mke2fs + mke2fs @@ -23900,7 +23903,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command mke2fs - Create a Linux ext2 filesystem. This command must be invoked as root. @@ -23920,6 +23922,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. mkdosfs + mkdosfs @@ -23927,7 +23930,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command mkdosfs - Create a DOS FAT filesystem. @@ -23936,6 +23938,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. tune2fs + tune2fs @@ -23943,7 +23946,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command tune2fs - Tune ext2 filesystem. May be used to change filesystem parameters, such as maximum mount count. This must be invoked as @@ -23958,6 +23960,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. dumpe2fs + dumpe2fs @@ -23965,7 +23968,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command dumpe2fs - Dump (list to stdout) very verbose filesystem info. This must be invoked as root. @@ -23980,6 +23982,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. hdparm + hdparm @@ -23987,7 +23990,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command hard disk parameters - List or change hard disk parameters. This command must be invoked as root, and it may be dangerous if misused. @@ -23996,6 +23998,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. fdisk + fdisk @@ -24003,7 +24006,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command fdisk - Create or change a partition table on a storage device, usually a hard drive. This command must be invoked as root. @@ -24017,6 +24019,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. fsck e2fsck debugfs + fsck @@ -24038,7 +24041,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command debugfs - Filesystem check, repair, and debug command set. @@ -24063,6 +24065,7 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. badblocks + badblocks @@ -24070,7 +24073,6 @@ mount -o loop /dev/loop0 /mnt # Mount it. command badblocks - Checks for bad blocks (physical media flaws) on a storage device. This command finds use when formatting a newly installed hard drive or testing the integrity