mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
updated
This commit is contained in:
gferg
parent
22fd2f2487
commit
cdd8bc7c83
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@ -18,9 +18,18 @@
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|||
</author>
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<revhistory>
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<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>2.5</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>2002-02-02</date>
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||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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||||
Corrected description of IP.
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||||
</revremark>
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||||
</revision>
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||||
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||||
<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>2.4</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>12 June 2001</date>
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||||
<date>2001-06-12</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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<revremark>
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Where to find more.
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||||
|
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@ -29,7 +38,7 @@
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|||
|
||||
<revision>
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<revnumber>2.3</revnumber>
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||||
<date>22 May 2001</date>
|
||||
<date>2001-05-21</date>
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||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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||||
Introduction to bus types.
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|
|
@ -39,7 +48,7 @@
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|||
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||||
<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>2.2</revnumber>
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||||
<date>5 February 2001</date>
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||||
<date>2001-02-05</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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New section on how DNS is organized. Corrected for new
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|
|
@ -49,7 +58,7 @@
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|||
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<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>2.1</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>29 November 2000</date>
|
||||
<date>2000-11-29</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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||||
Correct explanation of twos-complement numbers. Various
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|
|
@ -59,7 +68,7 @@
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|||
|
||||
<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>2.0</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>5 August 2000</date>
|
||||
<date>2000-08-05</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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||||
First DocBook version. Detailed description of memory hierarchy.
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||||
|
|
@ -68,7 +77,7 @@
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|||
|
||||
<revision>
|
||||
<revnumber>1.7</revnumber>
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||||
<date>6 March 2000</date>
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||||
<date>2000-03-06</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
|
||||
Correct and expanded the section on file permissions.
|
||||
|
|
@ -77,7 +86,7 @@
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|||
|
||||
<revision>
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||||
<revnumber>1.4</revnumber>
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||||
<date>25 September 1999</date>
|
||||
<date>1999-09-25</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
|
||||
<revremark>
|
||||
Be more precise about what kernel does vs. what init does.
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||||
|
|
@ -86,7 +95,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<revision>
|
||||
<revnumber>1.3</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>27 June 1999</date>
|
||||
<date>1999-06-27</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
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||||
<revremark>
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||||
The sections `What happens when you log in?' and `File
|
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|
|
@ -96,7 +105,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<revision>
|
||||
<revnumber>1.2</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>26 December 1998</date>
|
||||
<date>1998-12-26</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
|
||||
<revremark>
|
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The section `How does my computer store things in memory?'.
|
||||
|
|
@ -105,7 +114,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<revision>
|
||||
<revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
|
||||
<date>29 October 1998</date>
|
||||
<date>1998-10-29</date>
|
||||
<authorinitials>esr</authorinitials>
|
||||
<revremark>
|
||||
Initial revision.
|
||||
|
|
@ -159,7 +168,7 @@ periodically.</para>
|
|||
<para>New versions of the Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO will be
|
||||
periodically posted to <ulink url="news:comp.os.linux.help">
|
||||
comp.os.linux.help</ulink> and <ulink url="news:comp.os.linux.announce">
|
||||
news:comp.os.linux.announce</ulink> and <ulink url="news:news.answers">
|
||||
comp.os.linux.announce</ulink> and <ulink url="news:news.answers">
|
||||
news.answers</ulink>. They will also be uploaded to various Linux WWW and
|
||||
FTP sites, including the LDP home page.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,10 +212,12 @@ on the
|
|||
which is the heart of your computer.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Your computer has a screen and keyboard. It has hard drives and
|
||||
floppy disks. The screen and your disks have <firstterm>controller
|
||||
cards</firstterm> that plug into the motherboard and help the computer drive
|
||||
these devices. (Your keyboard is too simple to need a separate
|
||||
card; the controller is built into the keyboard chassis itself.)</para>
|
||||
floppy disks. Some of these devices are run by <firstterm>controller
|
||||
cards</firstterm> that plug into the motherboard and help the computer
|
||||
drive them; others are run by specialized chipsets directly on the
|
||||
motherboard that fulfill the same function as a controller card. Your
|
||||
keyboard is too simple to need a separate card; the controller is built
|
||||
into the keyboard chassis itself.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>We'll go into some of the details of how these devices work later. For
|
||||
now, here are a few basic things to keep in mind about how they work
|
||||
|
|
@ -589,7 +600,7 @@ special <firstterm>swap space</firstterm><indexterm><primary>swap
|
|||
space</primary></indexterm> area on your hard disk.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>Note that in the past, that "Sometimes" last paragraph ago was
|
||||
"Almost always," -- the size of memory was typically small relative to the
|
||||
"Almost always" -- the size of memory was typically small relative to the
|
||||
size of running programs, so swapping was frequent. Memory is far less
|
||||
expensive nowadays and even low-end machines have quite a lot of it. On
|
||||
modern single-user machines with 64MB of memory and up, it's possible to
|
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|
|
@ -718,7 +729,7 @@ these details. Your programs get faster when they have stronger locality,
|
|||
because that makes the caching work better. The easiest way to make
|
||||
programs fast is therefore to make them small. If a program isn't slowed
|
||||
down by lots of disk I/O or waits on network events, it will usually run at
|
||||
the speed of the largest cache that it will fit inside.</para>
|
||||
the speed of the smallest cache that it will fit inside.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>If you can't make your whole program small, some effort to tune the
|
||||
speed-critical portions so they have stronger locality can pay off.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1497,18 +1508,18 @@ the transmission media in the network and the type of service.</para>
|
|||
know that the Internet actually uses two protocols, stacked one on top
|
||||
of the other.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The lower level,
|
||||
<para>The lower level,
|
||||
<firstterm>IP</firstterm><indexterm><primary>IP</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
(Internet Protocol), knows how to get individual packets from a source
|
||||
address to a destination address (this is why these are called IP
|
||||
addresses). However, IP is not reliable; if a packet gets lost or dropped,
|
||||
the source and destination machines may never know it. In network jargon,
|
||||
IP is a <firstterm>connectionless</firstterm> protocol; the sender just fires
|
||||
a packet at the receiver and doesn't expect an acknowledgement.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>IP is fast and cheap, though. Sometimes fast, cheap and unreliable
|
||||
is OK. When you play networked Doom or Quake, each bullet is represented
|
||||
by an IP packet. If a few of those get lost, that's OK.</para>
|
||||
(Internet Protocol), is responsible for labeling
|
||||
individual packets with the source address and destination address of two
|
||||
computers exchanging information over a network.
|
||||
For example, when you access http://www.linuxdoc.org, the packets you send
|
||||
will have your computer's IP address, such as 192.168.1.101, and the IP
|
||||
address of the www.linuxdoc.org computer, 152.2.210.81. These addresses
|
||||
work in much the same way that your home address works when someone sends
|
||||
you a letter. The post office can read the address and determine where
|
||||
you are and how best to route the letter to you, much like a router does
|
||||
for Internet traffic.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The upper level,
|
||||
<firstterm>TCP</firstterm><indexterm><primary>TCP</primary></indexterm>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1600,3 +1611,4 @@ fill-column:75
|
|||
compile-command: "mail -s \"Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO update\" submit@linuxdoc.org <Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO.sgml"
|
||||
End:
|
||||
-- >
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ C++ Programming HOW-TO
|
|||
<author>Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan)
|
||||
<htmlurl url="mailto:alavoor[AT]yahoo.com"
|
||||
name="alavoor[AT]yahoo.com">
|
||||
<date>v41.1, 22 Jan 2002
|
||||
<date>v41.2, 01 Feb 2002
|
||||
<abstract>
|
||||
This document provides a comprehensive list of C++ URL
|
||||
pointers, links to C++ online textbooks, and programming tips on C++.
|
||||
|
|
@ -427,8 +427,7 @@ will build a sample custom string class by using multiple inheritance,
|
|||
inheriting the standard C++ library string class and the String class
|
||||
presented in Appendix A.
|
||||
|
||||
Start by downloading the sample file 'string_multi.h' from <ref id="Appendix
|
||||
A">.
|
||||
Start by downloading the sample file 'string_multi.h' from <ref id="Appendix A">.
|
||||
|
||||
That file is reproduced below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -499,7 +498,12 @@ All the programs, examples are given in Appendix of this document.
|
|||
You can download as a single tar zip, the String class, libraries
|
||||
and example programs from
|
||||
<itemize>
|
||||
<item> Go here and click on C++Programming howto.tar.gz file <url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com">
|
||||
|
||||
<item>
|
||||
Go to <url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com"> and click on
|
||||
"Source code C++
|
||||
Programming howto" (<url name="aldev-site" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">)
|
||||
|
||||
<item> Mirror sites are at -
|
||||
<url name="angelfire" url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0">,
|
||||
<url name="geocities" url="http://www.geocities.com/alavoor/index.html">,
|
||||
|
|
@ -537,8 +541,7 @@ software. Human brain is too slow and hence it is better to use the
|
|||
computer's power to test and validate software.
|
||||
|
||||
The program
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/example_String.cpp"
|
||||
name="example_String.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="example_String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
(and also given in
|
||||
<ref id ="Appendix A" name="Appendix A">
|
||||
) has regression test module which you can use to run the regression tests
|
||||
|
|
@ -719,8 +722,8 @@ int main()
|
|||
}
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
See the
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/example_String.cpp"
|
||||
name="example_String.cpp">.
|
||||
<url name="example_String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
.
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
************ End of Section ***************
|
||||
|
|
@ -1510,7 +1513,7 @@ way you should perform many other operations on files.
|
|||
File.h
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/File.h">
|
||||
and File.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/File.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="File.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<item> Java: Java.io.File class definition <url url="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api/java/io/File.html">
|
||||
<item> Quick Reference on File Class <url url="http://unicornsrest.org/reference/java/qref11/java.io.File.html">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1587,8 +1590,8 @@ The zap() function will delete the pointer and set it NULL.
|
|||
This will ensure that even if multiple zap()'s are called on the
|
||||
same deleted pointer then the
|
||||
program will not crash. Please see the function zap_example() in
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/example_String.cpp"
|
||||
name="example_String.cpp">.
|
||||
<url name="example_String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
// See zap_example() in example_String.cpp
|
||||
|
|
@ -1627,8 +1630,8 @@ or 'delete' to free memory allocated with malloc. If you do, then
|
|||
results will be unpredictable.
|
||||
|
||||
See the zap examples in
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/example_String.cpp"
|
||||
name="example_String.cpp">.
|
||||
<url name="example_String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
|
|
@ -3735,7 +3738,9 @@ are design goals <url url="http://www.voxilla.org/projects/projape.html">
|
|||
<p>
|
||||
<itemize>
|
||||
<item>You can download all the tutorials in one file from
|
||||
<url name="aldev-site" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com"> and click on
|
||||
"Source code C++
|
||||
Programming howto" (<url name="aldev-site" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">)
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<item>Threads tutorial is at <url url="http://www.math.arizona.edu/swig/pthreads/threads.html">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -3980,15 +3985,12 @@ Visit the following sites for C++ Utilities
|
|||
<itemize>
|
||||
<item> C++ Binary File I/O
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/cpp_BinaryFileIO.html">
|
||||
and at <url url="http://aldev.50megs.com/cpphowto/cpp_BinaryFileIO.html" name="mirror site">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<item> Portability Guide
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/cpp_PortabilityGuide.html">
|
||||
and at <url url="http://aldev.50megs.com/cpphowto/cpp_PortabilityGuide.html" name="mirror site">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<item> Snippets collections of C++ routines
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/cpp_Snippets.html">
|
||||
and at <url url="http://aldev.50megs.com/cpphowto/cpp_Snippets.html" name="mirror site">
|
||||
and at <url url="http://www.strangecreations.com/library/snippets" name="snippets site">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<item> escape ISB for C++ - Provides information on how to
|
||||
|
|
@ -4310,7 +4312,7 @@ This will extract the files
|
|||
<item> string_multi.h
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/string_multi.h">
|
||||
<item> example_String.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/example_String.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="example_String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -4319,7 +4321,7 @@ This will extract the files
|
|||
<item> File.h
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/File.h">
|
||||
<item> File.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/File.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="File.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -4328,20 +4330,20 @@ This will extract the files
|
|||
<item> my_malloc.h
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/my_malloc.h">
|
||||
<item> my_malloc.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/my_malloc.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="my_malloc.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
||||
<item> Implementation of String class...
|
||||
<itemize>
|
||||
<item> String.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/String.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="String.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<item> StringTokenizer.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/StringTokenizer.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="StringTokenizer.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<item> StringBuffer.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/StringBuffer.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="StringBuffer.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<item> StringRW.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/StringRW.cpp">
|
||||
<url name="StringRW.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -4350,9 +4352,9 @@ This will extract the files
|
|||
<item> debug.h
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/debug.h">
|
||||
<item> debug.cpp
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/debug.cpp">
|
||||
<item> Makefile
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/Makefile">
|
||||
<url name="debug.cpp" url="http://www.aldev.8m.com/cppsrc.html">
|
||||
<item> Makefile.unx
|
||||
<url url="http://www.angelfire.com/country/aldev0/cpphowto/Makefile.unx">
|
||||
</itemize>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
|
|||
" name="
|
||||
bri@cs.uchicago.edu
|
||||
">
|
||||
<date>v3.3, 28 Jan 2002
|
||||
<date>v3.4, 01 Feb 2002
|
||||
|
||||
<abstract>
|
||||
This is a detailed guide to kernel configuration, compilation, upgrades,
|
||||
|
|
@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ The latest version of this section is at <url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com"> and
|
|||
|
||||
These sites have <bf>lots of linux goodies</bf> and tips.
|
||||
|
||||
The latest copy of this document can be found at <bf><url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com"></bf>.
|
||||
|
||||
Kernel re-compile is required in order to make the kernel very lean
|
||||
and which will result in FASTER operating system . It is also
|
||||
required to support any new devices.
|
||||
|
|
@ -154,127 +156,11 @@ required to support any new devices.
|
|||
<p>
|
||||
Before you build kernel, it is a good idea to do a backup of the system.
|
||||
If you had not backed up your system recently then do it now.
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
**** shivalik not recommended - do backup of root partition
|
||||
Or at least backup essential files using
|
||||
<url name="shivalik" url="http://algolog.tripod.com/postlnx.htm">
|
||||
script.
|
||||
Follow the
|
||||
<url name="shivalik" url="http://algolog.tripod.com/postlnx.htm">
|
||||
script
|
||||
which is a convenient way to make backups of essential files and
|
||||
information about your Linux installation.
|
||||
The
|
||||
<url name="shivalik" url="http://algolog.tripod.com/postlnx.htm">
|
||||
script is not a tool for complete backup and recovery. Ideally,
|
||||
the best thing to do would be to make a verbatim copy of your entire Linux installation
|
||||
along with all files and directories. This is not always possible, necessary, or
|
||||
advisable. The next best thing would be to take a backup of the most essential
|
||||
information and files. The
|
||||
<url name="shivalik" url="http://algolog.tripod.com/postlnx.htm">
|
||||
script achieves this for you. The script creates a
|
||||
directory called <bf>/root/postinfo</bf>.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
See
|
||||
<url name="Backup-Recovery-HOWTO" url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Backup-Recovery-HOWTO.html">.
|
||||
|
||||
Or if you feel that you can take risk of losing data, then skip this section and
|
||||
go to next section.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a tape-drive or a network storage device and you can use fine backup
|
||||
and restore tools like Arkeia or Bru, go to <url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com">
|
||||
and search for 'Backup' with CTRL+f keys.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a read-write CDROM on your linux system then you can create the
|
||||
backups of all filesystems in your linux box.
|
||||
For CDROM writing refer to
|
||||
<url name="CD-Writing-HOWTO" url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/CD-Writing-HOWTO.html">
|
||||
and see the cdrecord.sh script in <ref id="Appendix A">.
|
||||
To dump all the filesystems to CDROM blanks, do:
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
bash$ su - root
|
||||
bash# mkdir /backups
|
||||
bash# cd /backups
|
||||
bash# df
|
||||
This will list something like:
|
||||
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
|
||||
/dev/hda9 2529920 242812 2158592 11% /
|
||||
/dev/hda1 23302 18859 3240 86% /boot
|
||||
/dev/hda5 3028080 509216 2365044 18% /home
|
||||
/dev/hda7 7611636 3734668 3490208 52% /usr
|
||||
/dev/hda8 3834464 447864 3191816 13% /var
|
||||
/dev/hda11 1375616 461400 844336 36% /misc
|
||||
bash# mkdir root-partition
|
||||
bash# mkdir boot-partition
|
||||
bash# mkdir home-partition
|
||||
bash# mkdir usr-partition
|
||||
bash# mkdir var-partition
|
||||
bash# mkdir misc-partition
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda9 /backups/root-partition (in my case root is /dev/hda9, change this)
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda1 /backups/boot-partition (in my case boot is /dev/hda1, change this)
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda5 /backups/home-partition (in my case home is /dev/hda5, change this)
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda7 /backups/usr-partition (in my case usr is /dev/hda7, change this)
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda8 /backups/var-partition (in my case var is /dev/hda8, change this)
|
||||
bash# mount /dev/hda11 /backups/misc-partition (in my case misc is /dev/hda11, change this)
|
||||
and others paritions which you may have
|
||||
bash# ./cdrecord.sh (load the drivers - see Appendix A and CD-Writing howto)
|
||||
bash# cdrecord -scanbus
|
||||
|
||||
bash# cd /backups
|
||||
bash# du -sk *
|
||||
If the size is less than 650MB, it will fit on the CDROM blank.
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R /backups | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
|
||||
If the size is greater than 650MB, you need to dump
|
||||
separately group of filesystems. Note that you can group multiple paritions, so that
|
||||
each group is < 650 MB and mkisofs command accepts multiple pathnames. As in the example
|
||||
below, I grouped root and boot and put them on one CDROM.
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R /backups/root-partition /backups/boot-partition | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R /backups/home-partition | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R /backups/usr-partition | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R /backups/var-partition | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
|
||||
<bf>Large Partitions: </bf>
|
||||
What will you do if the partition is very large? Let's say the partition size is more than 650 MB?
|
||||
If you have a DVD drive then you can write upto 5GB. But not all computers come with
|
||||
DVD read-write drives. If you just have a R-W CD drive,
|
||||
the maximum that you can store is upto 650MB, hence use the following technique:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let's assume the usr partition is greater than 650 MB.
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
bash# du -sk /backups/usr-partition
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
If the total size is greater than 650 MB, then run the shell script (path-list.sh)
|
||||
given in <ref id="Appendix B">.
|
||||
|
||||
The path-list.sh script will create list files like
|
||||
CDROM-BACKUP1.txt,
|
||||
CDROM-BACKUP2.txt,
|
||||
CDROM-BACKUP3.txt and so on.
|
||||
And each group will total upto 650MB thus filling up a CDROM blank.
|
||||
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP1.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP2.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
Load a new CD blank and do :
|
||||
bash# nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP3.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
|
||||
and so on for all the grouplist files which you create.
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
************ End of Section ***************
|
||||
|
|
@ -381,7 +267,7 @@ bash# make clean
|
|||
|
||||
<item> Read the following file (to gain some knowledge about kernel building. Tip: Use
|
||||
the color editor
|
||||
<url name="gvim" url="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html">
|
||||
<url name="gvim" url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html">
|
||||
for better readability.
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
bash# gvim -R /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/config.in
|
||||
|
|
@ -2179,166 +2065,5 @@ You can read the latex, LyX output using LyX a X-Windows front end to latex.
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<chapt change> Appendix A
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<sect> Appendix A - cdrecord.sh <label id="Appendix A">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
This is shell script to do backup on CDROM and is used in the chapter
|
||||
<ref name="Quick Steps" id="precautions"> of this document.
|
||||
This script is taken from
|
||||
<url name="CD-Writing-HOWTO" url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/CD-Writing-HOWTO.html">
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Filename: cdrecord.sh
|
||||
|
||||
test `whoami` = 'root' || echo "You must be root to execute the commands."
|
||||
cdrecord -scanbus > /dev/null
|
||||
if ! (pidof kerneld || test -f "/proc/sys/kernel/modprobe"); then
|
||||
echo "Neither kerneld nor kmod are running to automatically load modules".
|
||||
fi
|
||||
report_no_autoload() {
|
||||
echo "Ensure the module $1 is loaded automatically next time."
|
||||
}
|
||||
if test ! -f "/proc/scsi/scsi"; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload scsi_mod && insmod scsi_mod
|
||||
fi
|
||||
if ! grep "^........ sg_" /proc/ksyms > /dev/null; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload sg && insmod sg
|
||||
fi
|
||||
if ! grep "^........ sr_" /proc/ksyms > /dev/null; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload sr_mod && insmod sr_mod
|
||||
fi
|
||||
if ! grep "^........ loop_" /proc/ksyms > /dev/null; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload loop && insmod loop
|
||||
fi
|
||||
if ! grep iso9660 /proc/filesystems > /dev/null; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload iso9660 && insmod iso9660
|
||||
fi
|
||||
echo "The following is only needed for IDE/ATAPI CD-writers."
|
||||
if ! grep ide-scsi /proc/ide/drivers > /dev/null; then
|
||||
report_no_autoload ide-scsi && insmod ide-scsi
|
||||
fi
|
||||
cdrecord -scanbus
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
************ End of Section ***************
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<chapt change> Appendix B
|
||||
-->
|
||||
<sect> Appendix B - path-list.sh <label id="Appendix B">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
This is shell script to do backup on CDROM and is used in the chapter
|
||||
<ref name="Quick Steps" id="precautions"> of this document.
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Author: Al Dev EMail: alavoor@yahoo.com
|
||||
# Copyright Al Dev, License : GNU/GPL
|
||||
# Filename: path-list.sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Program to back a large partition > 650 MB over
|
||||
# several cdrom blanks by splitting into chunks.
|
||||
# This program will create a list of filenames which can be input
|
||||
# to mkisofs command's -path-list option. See 'man mkisofs'.
|
||||
|
||||
DIRNAME=""
|
||||
while :
|
||||
do
|
||||
if [ "$DIRNAME" != "" ]; then
|
||||
if [ ! -d $DIRNAME ]; then
|
||||
echo "******"
|
||||
echo "****** Wrong entry: Directory does not exist. Try again"
|
||||
echo "******"
|
||||
else
|
||||
break;
|
||||
fi
|
||||
fi
|
||||
echo " "
|
||||
echo "Please enter the directory name which you want to"
|
||||
echo "backup to multiple cdrom blanks."
|
||||
echo "Also make sure you have write/read permissions in that directory."
|
||||
echo "Enter with leading slash, for example, "
|
||||
echo -n "something like /backups/usr-partition : "
|
||||
read DIRNAME
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
OUTFILE="path-list.txt"
|
||||
|
||||
# Serious problems is - mkisofs complains and gives errors on
|
||||
# directories and links (because of duplicate listing).
|
||||
# Hence, soft/hard links need to be removed when doing mkisofs command
|
||||
# Work around for soft links: Tar all the soft links to
|
||||
# a file called Softlinks.tgz and then backup this file
|
||||
tar zcvf $DIRNAME/Softlinks.tgz ` find $DIRNAME -type l `
|
||||
|
||||
if [ ! -f $DIRNAME/Softlinks.tgz ]; then
|
||||
echo " "
|
||||
echo "****************************************************************"
|
||||
echo "FATAL ERROR: Enable to create the file $DIRNAME/Softlinks.tgz"
|
||||
echo "May be you do not have read/write permissions in $DIRNAME"
|
||||
echo "****************************************************************"
|
||||
echo " "
|
||||
exit
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
# Avoid directories and links
|
||||
|
||||
find $DIRNAME -type f -printf "%s %p\n" > $OUTFILE
|
||||
find $DIRNAME -type b -printf "%s %p\n" >> $OUTFILE
|
||||
find $DIRNAME -type c -printf "%s %p\n" >> $OUTFILE
|
||||
find $DIRNAME -type p -printf "%s %p\n" >> $OUTFILE
|
||||
find $DIRNAME -type s -printf "%s %p\n" >> $OUTFILE
|
||||
|
||||
TOTALSIZE=0
|
||||
FILECOUNTER=1
|
||||
rm -f CDROM-BACKUP*.txt
|
||||
rm -f "CDROM-BACKUP"$FILECOUNTER".txt"
|
||||
|
||||
cat "$OUTFILE" |
|
||||
while read LINE
|
||||
do
|
||||
SIZE=`echo $LINE | cut -d' ' -f1 `
|
||||
#echo SIZE $SIZE
|
||||
FILENAME=`echo $LINE | cut -d' ' -f2 `
|
||||
TOTALSIZE=$(( $SIZE + $TOTALSIZE ))
|
||||
#echo TOTALSIZE $TOTALSIZE
|
||||
|
||||
# If greater than 650 MB then switch to new group file
|
||||
# Do upto 649 MB = 649 * 1024 * 1024 = 680525824
|
||||
if [ $TOTALSIZE -gt 680525824 ]; then
|
||||
FILECOUNTER=$(( $FILECOUNTER + 1 ))
|
||||
TOTALSIZE=0
|
||||
rm -f "CDROM-BACKUP"$FILECOUNTER".txt"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
echo $FILENAME >> "CDROM-BACKUP"$FILECOUNTER".txt"
|
||||
#echo $FILENAME
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
rm "$OUTFILE"
|
||||
|
||||
echo " "
|
||||
echo "********************************* "
|
||||
echo " Load a new CDROM blank and do :
|
||||
nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP1.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
Load next CDROM blank
|
||||
nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP2.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 -
|
||||
Load next CDROM blank
|
||||
nice --20 mkisofs -R -path-list CDROM-BACKUP3.txt | cdrecord -v fs=40m speed=2 dev=0,0 - "
|
||||
echo "********************************* "
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
************ End of Section ***************
|
||||
*******************************************
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-->
|
||||
</article>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ PHP HOW-TO
|
|||
" name="
|
||||
alavoor[AT]yahoo.com
|
||||
">
|
||||
<date>v25.9, 12 Jan 2002
|
||||
<date>v26.0, 31 Jan 2002
|
||||
<abstract>
|
||||
This document tells you howto develop PHP programs and also to migrate all the
|
||||
Windows 95 GUI applications to powerful PHP + HTML + DHTML + XML + Java applets + Javascript.
|
||||
|
|
@ -73,6 +73,11 @@ and mainframe operating systems and on all operating systems where "C" compiler
|
|||
-->
|
||||
<sect>Introduction
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<bf>
|
||||
(The latest version of this document is at <url url="http://www.aldev.8m.com">. You may
|
||||
want to check there for changes).
|
||||
</bf>
|
||||
|
||||
<it><bf>Definition:</bf> PHP is a simple, object-oriented,
|
||||
interpreted, robust, secure, very high-performance, architecture neutral, portable,
|
||||
dynamic scripting language. PHP has "class" keyword similar to Java's "class" keyword.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1832,17 +1837,55 @@ and <url name="CGI-Resources" url="http://cgi-resources.com">
|
|||
</itemize>
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we assume that your server has support for PHP activated
|
||||
and that all files ending in .php3 are handled by PHP.
|
||||
and that all files ending in .php are handled by PHP.
|
||||
If you are using Apache then you should edit httpd.conf and make appropriate
|
||||
changes to enable PHP.
|
||||
|
||||
Your first PHP-enabled page:
|
||||
Create a file named hello.php3 and in it put the following lines:
|
||||
Create a file named hello.php and in it put the following lines:
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
<html><head><title>PHP Test< /title>< /head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<?php echo "Hello World<P>"; ?>
|
||||
< /body>< /html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<
|
||||
title>
|
||||
PHP Test<
|
||||
/title>
|
||||
<
|
||||
/head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>
|
||||
This is an example of php script.
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
Below, you will see one line saying 'Hello World' and 'foo is foobar':
|
||||
<
|
||||
/h1>
|
||||
<?php
|
||||
echo "Hello World";
|
||||
$foo = "foobar";
|
||||
echo "<br>foo is $foo";
|
||||
?>
|
||||
<
|
||||
/body>
|
||||
<
|
||||
/html>
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
|
||||
Copy this file hello.php to the directory known to Apache, like
|
||||
<bf>/var/www/html</bf> which is also known as DocumentRoot in httpd.conf file.
|
||||
Now, to run this example, bring up a web browser and type the URL
|
||||
<it>http://localhost/hello.php</it> or you can type <it>http://127.0.0.1/hello.php</it>.
|
||||
But make sure you bring up Apache web server on your system.
|
||||
When you run the example you will get an output like:
|
||||
<code>
|
||||
This is an example of php script.
|
||||
Below, you will see one line saying 'Hello World' and 'foo is foobar':
|
||||
|
||||
Hello World
|
||||
foo is foobar
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
If you get some errors or if you see the file with tags then your Apache Web server may
|
||||
not be working properly or PHP is not enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that this is not like a CGI script.
|
||||
Think of it as a normal HTML file which happens to have a set of
|
||||
special tags available to you.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1900,13 +1943,21 @@ mode even in the middle of a PHP block:
|
|||
if(strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT,"MSIE"))
|
||||
{
|
||||
?>
|
||||
< center>< b>You are using Internet Explorer< /b>< /center>
|
||||
<
|
||||
center><
|
||||
b>You are using Internet Explorer<
|
||||
/b><
|
||||
/center>
|
||||
<?
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
?>
|
||||
< center>< b>You are not using Internet Explorer< /b>< /center>
|
||||
<
|
||||
center><
|
||||
b>You are not using Internet Explorer<
|
||||
/b><
|
||||
/center>
|
||||
<?
|
||||
}
|
||||
?>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1932,7 +1983,8 @@ it:
|
|||
Your name: <input type=text name=name>
|
||||
You age: <input type=text name=age>
|
||||
<input type=submit>
|
||||
< /form>
|
||||
<
|
||||
/form>
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
There is nothing special about this form. It is a straight HTML form with no
|
||||
special tags of any kind. When the user fills in this form and hits the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue