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formatting an indentation, will make it easier in the future for reviewers,editors and translators. No content change for ease of use of diffs. 

added ISBN number and more bookinfo.
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LDP/guide/docbook/Intro-Linux/abook.xml
View File

@ -19,485 +19,483 @@
<!ENTITY app5 SYSTEM "app5.xml">
<!ENTITY gloss SYSTEM "gloss.xml">
]>
<book>
<bookinfo>
<title>Introduction to Linux</title>
<subtitle>A Hands on Guide</subtitle>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Machtelt</firstname>
<surname>Garrels</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>CoreSequence.com</orgname>
<address>
<email>tille@coresequence.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<edition>Version 1.9 20040101</edition>
<keywordset>
<keyword>Linux</keyword>
<keyword>Beginners</keyword>
<keyword>linux</keyword>
<keyword>start</keyword>
<keyword>Getting started</keyword>
<keyword>guide</keyword>
<keyword>Guide</keyword>
<keyword>Exercises</keyword>
<keyword>exercises</keyword>
</keywordset>
</bookinfo>
<preface>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section id="intro_01">
<title>Why this guide?</title>
<para>Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only
experts can understand how a Linux system works. Though there is a lot of free
documentation available, the documentation is widely scattered on the Web, and
often confusing, since it is usually oriented toward experienced UNIX or Linux
users. Today, thanks to the advancements in development, Linux has grown in
popularity both at home and at work. The goal of this guide is to show people
of all ages that Linux can be simple and fun, and used for all kinds of purposes.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_02">
<title>Who should read this book?</title>
<para>
This guide was created as an overview of the Linux Operating System, geared
toward new users as an exploration tour and getting started guide, with
exercises at the end of each chapter. For more advanced trainees it can be a
desktop reference, and a collection of the base knowledge needed to proceed with
system and network administration. This book contains many real life examples
derived from the author's experience as a Linux system and network
administrator, trainer and consultant. We hope these examples will help you
to get a better understanding of the Linux system and that you feel encouraged
to try out things on your own.
</para>
<para>Everybody who wants to get a <quote>CLUE</quote>, a Command Line User Experience, with
Linux (and UNIX in general) will find this book useful.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_03">
<title>New versions of this guide</title>
<para>This document is published in the Guides section of the Linux
Documentation Project collection at
<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/guides.html" />;
you can also download PDF and PostScript formatted versions here for printing.
</para>
<para>The most recent edition is available at
<ulink url="http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/">
http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_04">
<title>Revision History</title>
<para>
<revhistory>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.10</revnumber>
<date>2004-01-06</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Changed encoding to UTF-8, rearranged revision history.
Added a lot of markup in the screen sections to better distinguish prompts from commands; introduced warnings, cautions and tips.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.9</revnumber>
<date>2003-11-29</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Acted upon remarks from readers to clarify issues with compressed files, removable media; found a couple more spelling errors, added an extra example for cron and one for prompt settings; took out reference to Acrobat Reader and stuffit, which are not Open Source (pointing to a fancy flight simulator instead ;-) More on keyboard layout. Added RPM example, added yum package manager.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.8</revnumber>
<date>2003-09-16</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added app5, corrected some minor details.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.7</revnumber>
<date>2003-07-26</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added RPM and apt-get examples, corrected issues with tar incremental backup.
Updated glossary and added links to sections within document.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.6</revnumber>
<date>2003-07-21</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Corrected details in chap 1 to 5, tried shorter lines in intro and chap1 to make it easier on translators using CVS. See what this gives: next update diffs should be more readable for these parts.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.5</revnumber>
<date>2003-06-17</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Redo of chapter 10 on Networking, left out some sections
that were too complicated.
</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.4</revnumber>
<date>2003-04-27</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added sound and video playing, chat/conference;
got rid of redhat-config image and redhat printtool gui stuff;
bash key combinations in chap2;
XML keycap tag on all key combinations, parameter tag on arguments, guibutton
tag for graphical buttons, menuchoice, guimenu and guimenuitem tags for GUI
menu selections;
replaced pico with ed, added piece about Linux in the office, replaced abiword
image with openoffice screenshot;
added conventions and organization sections in introduction;
added konqueror screenshot in chap2;
replaced system-monitor screenshot in chap4 with something more up to date;
summary for chap2, checked exercises;
added bash in app3 differing features;
License section is now only invariant section.
</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.3</revnumber>
<date>2003-03-26</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>grep and escape characters;
exporting variables;
more consequent about security issues;
init and cron revised;
window and desktop managers explanation;
removed some more too RedHat specific stuff;
added piece about (x)inetd;
local authentication;
text conversions and encoding;
graphical help, graphical file managers, note on internet connections;
spell check.
</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.2</revnumber>
<date>2003-02-28</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>ps a bit better explained;
more in getting started: --help, whatis, apropos explained;
more on find;
chmod and umask still contained a couple of errors and incompletenesses;
resized images that were too large to be printed;
resized oversized text boxes for better print quality;
updated glossary.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.1</revnumber>
<date>2003-01-22</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Bug fixes;
removed some more too RedHat specific stuff;
corrected minor errors;
moved most recent version to decent URL;
improved tar section, added something about jar.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
<date>2002-12-29</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Initial release for TLDP</revremark>
</revision>
</revhistory>
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_05">
<title>Contributions</title>
<para>
Many thanks to all the people who shared their experiences. And especially to
the Belgian Linux users, among them my husband, for hearing me out every day
and always being generous in their comments.
</para>
<para>Also a special thought for Tabatha Marshall for doing a really thorough
revision, spell check and styling, and to Eugene Crosser for marking the errors
that we two looked over.
</para>
<para>And thanks to all the readers who noticed me about missing topics and who
helped to pick out the last errors, unclear definitions and typos by going
through the trouble of mailing me all their remarks. These are also the people who help me keep this guide up to date.
</para>
<para>Finally, a big thank you for the volunteers who are currently translating
this document in French, Swedish, German and more. It is a big work that should
not be underestimated; I admire your courage.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_06">
<title>Feedback</title>
<para>
Missing information, missing links, missing characters? Mail it to the
maintainer of this document: <address><email>tille@coresequence.com</email></address>
</para>
<para>Don't forget to check with the
<ulink url="http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/">latest version</ulink> first!
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_07">
<title>Copyright information</title>
<para>&#169; 2002-2004 Machtelt Garrels.
</para>
<para> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections
being the <quote>Copyright information</quote> and <quote>Feedback</quote>
sections, with no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in <xref linkend="app4" /> entitled <quote>GNU Free
Documentation License</quote>.
</para>
<para>Read <ulink url="http://www.fsf.org/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto
</ulink> if you want to know why this license was chosen for this book.
</para>
<para>The author and publisher have made every effort in the preparation of this
book to ensure the accuracy of the information. However, the information
contained in this book is offered without warranty, either express or implied.
Neither the author nor the publisher nor any dealer or distributor will be held
liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused either directly or
indirectly by this book.
</para>
<para>The logos, trademarks and symbols used in this book are the properties of
their respective owners.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_08">
<title>What do you need?</title>
<para>You will require a computer and a medium containing a Linux distribution.
Most of this guide applies to all Linux distributions - and UNIX in general.
Apart from time, there are no further specific requirements.
</para>
<para>The <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO/">
Installation HOWTO</ulink> contains helpful information on how to obtain
Linux software and install it on your computer. Hardware requirements and
coexistence with other operating systems are also discussed.
</para>
<para>CD images can be downloaded from <ulink url="http://www.linux-iso.com/">
linux-iso.com</ulink> and many other locations, see <xref linkend="app1" />.
</para>
<para>An interesting alternative for those who don't dare to take the step of
an actual Linux installation on their machine are the Linux distributions that
you can run from a CD, such as the <ulink url="http://www.knoppix.com/">
Knoppix</ulink> distribution.
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_09">
<title>Conventions used in this document</title>
<para>The following typographic and usage conventions occur in this text:
</para>
<table id="conventions" frame="all"><title>Typographic and usage conventions</title>
<tgroup cols="2" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<thead>
<row><entry>Text type</entry><entry>Meaning</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><quote>Quoted text</quote></entry>
<entry>Quotes from people, quoted computer output.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><screen>terminal view</screen></entry>
<entry>Literal computer input and output captured from the terminal,
usually rendered with a light grey background.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><command>command</command></entry>
<entry>Name of a command that can be entered on the command line.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>VARIABLE</varname></entry>
<entry>Name of a variable or pointer to content of a variable, as in
<varname>$VARNAME</varname>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><option>option</option></entry>
<entry>Option to a command, as in <quote>the <option>-a</option> option to the
<command>ls</command> command</quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><parameter>argument</parameter></entry>
<entry>Argument to a command, as in <quote>read
<command>man <parameter>ls</parameter></command></quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><cmdsynopsis><command>command <option>options</option>
<parameter>arguments</parameter></command></cmdsynopsis></entry>
<entry>Command synopsis or general usage, on a separated line.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>filename</filename></entry>
<entry>Name of a file or directory, for example <quote>Change to the
<filename>/usr/bin</filename> directory.</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><keycap>Key</keycap></entry>
<entry>Keys to hit on the keyboard, such as <quote>type <keycap>Q</keycap>
to quit</quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><guibutton>Button</guibutton></entry>
<entry>Graphical button to click, like the <guibutton>OK</guibutton>
button.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><menuchoice><guimenu>Menu</guimenu><guimenuitem>Choice</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice></entry>
<entry>Choice to select from a graphical menu, for instance: <quote>Select
<menuchoice><guimenu>Help</guimenu><guimenuitem>About Mozilla</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice> in your browser.</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><emphasis>Terminology</emphasis></entry>
<entry>Important term or concept: <quote>The Linux <emphasis>kernel</emphasis>
is the heart of the system.</quote></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>See <xref linkend="chap_01" /></entry><entry>link to related subject
within this guide.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><ulink url="http://tille.soti.org">The author</ulink></entry>
<entry>Clickable link to an external web resource.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>The following images are used:</para>
<note><title>This is a note</title><para>It contains additional information or remarks.</para></note>
<caution><title>This is a caution</title><para>It means be careful.</para></caution>
<warning><title>This is a warning</title><para>Be <emphasis>very</emphasis> careful.</para></warning>
<tip><title>This is a tip</title><para>Tips and tricks.</para></tip>
</section>
<section id="intro_10">
<title>Organization of this document</title>
<para>This guide aims to be the foundation for all other materials that you
can get from The Linux Documentation Project. As such, it provides you with
the fundamental knowledge needed by anyone who wants to start working with a
Linux system, while at the same time it tries to consciously avoid to re-invent
the hot water. Thus, you can expect this book to be incomplete and full of
links to sources of additional information on your system, on the Internet and
in your system documentation.
</para>
<para>The first chapter is an introduction to the subject on Linux; the next
two discuss absolute basic commands. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss some more
advanced but still basic topics. Chapter 6 is needed for continuing with the
rest, since it discusses editing files, an ability you need to pass from Linux
newbie to Linux user. The following chapters discuss somewhat more advanced
topics that you will have to deal with in everyday Linux use.
</para>
<para>All chapters come with exercises that will test your preparedness for the
next chapter.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_01" />: What is Linux, how did it come into existence,
who should use it, installing your computer.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_02" />: Getting started, connecting to the system,
basic commands, where to find help.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_03" />: The filesystem, important files and
directories, managing files and directories, security modes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_04" />: Understanding and managing processes, boot and
shutdown procedures, postponing tasks, repetitive tasks.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_05" />: What are standard input, output and error and
how are these features used from the command line.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_06" />: Why you should learn to work with an editor,
discussion of the most common editors.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_07" />: Configuring your graphical, text and audio
environment, settings for the non-native English speaking Linux user, tips for
adding extra software.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_08" />: Converting files to a printable format,
getting them out of the printer, hints for solving print problems.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_09" />: Preparing data to be backed up, discussion of
various tools.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="chap_10" />: Overview of Linux networking tools and user
applications, with a short discussion of the underlying service daemon programs
and secure networking.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="app1" />: Which books to read and sites to visit when you
have finished reading this one.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="app2" />: A comparison.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="app3" />: If you ever get stuck, these tables might be an
outcome. Also a good argument when your boss insists that YOU should use HIS
favorite shell.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><xref linkend="app4" />: What you can do with this guide, from the legal
perspective.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</preface>
<toc></toc>
&chap1;
&chap2;
&chap3;
&chap4;
&chap5;
&chap6;
&chap7;
&chap8;
&chap9;
&chap10;
&app1;
&app2;
&app3;
&app4;
&app5;
&gloss;
</book>
<bookinfo>
<title>Introduction to Linux</title>
<subtitle>A Hands on Guide</subtitle>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Machtelt</firstname>
<surname>Garrels</surname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>CoreSequence.com</orgname>
<address>
<email>tille@coresequence.com</email>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<edition>Version 1.10 20040202</edition>
<pubdate>2002</pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2002</year>
<year>2003</year>
<year>2004</year>
<holder>Machtelt Garrels</holder>
</copyright>
<isbn>ISBN 90-808529-1-0</isbn>
<keywordset>
<keyword>Linux</keyword>
<keyword>Beginners</keyword>
<keyword>linux</keyword>
<keyword>start</keyword>
<keyword>Getting started</keyword>
<keyword>guide</keyword>
<keyword>Guide</keyword>
<keyword>Exercises</keyword>
<keyword>exercises</keyword>
</keywordset>
</bookinfo>
<preface>
<title>Introduction</title>
<section id="intro_01">
<title>Why this guide?</title>
<para>Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only experts
can understand how a Linux system works. Though there is a lot of free documentation
available, the documentation is widely scattered on the Web, and often confusing,
since it is usually oriented toward experienced UNIX or Linux users. Today, thanks
to the advancements in development, Linux has grown in popularity both at home and
at work. The goal of this guide is to show people of all ages that Linux can be
simple and fun, and used for all kinds of purposes.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_02">
<title>Who should read this book?</title>
<para> This guide was created as an overview of the Linux Operating System, geared
toward new users as an exploration tour and getting started guide, with exercises at
the end of each chapter. For more advanced trainees it can be a desktop reference,
and a collection of the base knowledge needed to proceed with system and network
administration. This book contains many real life examples derived from the author's
experience as a Linux system and network administrator, trainer and consultant. We
hope these examples will help you to get a better understanding of the Linux system
and that you feel encouraged to try out things on your own.</para>
<para>Everybody who wants to get a <quote>CLUE</quote>, a Command Line User Experience,
with Linux (and UNIX in general) will find this book useful.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_03">
<title>New versions of this guide</title>
<para>This document is published in the Guides section of the Linux Documentation
Project collection at<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/guides.html"/>; you can also
download PDF and PostScript formatted versions here for printing.</para>
<para>The most recent edition is available at<ulink
url="http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/"> http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_04">
<title>Revision History</title>
<para>
<revhistory>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.11</revnumber>
<date>2004-02-02</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Completed bookinfo with ISBN</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.10</revnumber>
<date>2004-01-06</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Changed encoding to UTF-8, rearranged revision history. Added a
lot of markup in the screen sections to better distinguish prompts from
commands; introduced warnings, cautions and tips.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.9</revnumber>
<date>2003-11-29</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Acted upon remarks from readers to clarify issues with compressed
files, removable media; found a couple more spelling errors, added an
extra example for cron and one for prompt settings; took out reference
to Acrobat Reader and stuffit, which are not Open Source (pointing to a
fancy flight simulator instead ;-) More on keyboard layout. Added RPM
example, added yum package manager.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.8</revnumber>
<date>2003-09-16</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added app5, corrected some minor details.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.7</revnumber>
<date>2003-07-26</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added RPM and apt-get examples, corrected issues with tar
incremental backup. Updated glossary and added links to sections within document.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.6</revnumber>
<date>2003-07-21</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Corrected details in chap 1 to 5, tried shorter lines in intro
and chap1 to make it easier on translators using CVS. See what this
gives: next update diffs should be more readable for these parts.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.5</revnumber>
<date>2003-06-17</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Redo of chapter 10 on Networking, left out some sections that
were too complicated.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.4</revnumber>
<date>2003-04-27</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Added sound and video playing, chat/conference; got rid of
redhat-config image and redhat printtool gui stuff; bash key
combinations in chap2; XML keycap tag on all key combinations, parameter
tag on arguments, guibutton tag for graphical buttons, menuchoice,
guimenu and guimenuitem tags for GUI menu selections; replaced pico with
ed, added piece about Linux in the office, replaced abiword image with
openoffice screenshot; added conventions and organization sections in
introduction; added konqueror screenshot in chap2; replaced
system-monitor screenshot in chap4 with something more up to date;
summary for chap2, checked exercises; added bash in app3 differing
features; License section is now only invariant section.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.3</revnumber>
<date>2003-03-26</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>grep and escape characters; exporting variables; more consequent
about security issues; init and cron revised; window and desktop
managers explanation; removed some more too RedHat specific stuff; added
piece about (x)inetd; local authentication; text conversions and
encoding; graphical help, graphical file managers, note on internet
connections; spell check.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.2</revnumber>
<date>2003-02-28</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>ps a bit better explained; more in getting started: --help,
whatis, apropos explained; more on find; chmod and umask still contained
a couple of errors and incompletenesses; resized images that were too
large to be printed; resized oversized text boxes for better print
quality; updated glossary.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.1</revnumber>
<date>2003-01-22</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Bug fixes; removed some more too RedHat specific stuff; corrected
minor errors; moved most recent version to decent URL; improved tar
section, added something about jar.</revremark>
</revision>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
<date>2002-12-29</date>
<authorinitials>MG</authorinitials>
<revremark>Initial release for TLDP</revremark>
</revision>
</revhistory>
</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_05">
<title>Contributions</title>
<para> Many thanks to all the people who shared their experiences. And especially to the
Belgian Linux users, among them my husband, for hearing me out every day and always
being generous in their comments.</para>
<para>Also a special thought for Tabatha Marshall for doing a really thorough revision,
spell check and styling, and to Eugene Crosser for marking the errors that we two
looked over.</para>
<para>And thanks to all the readers who noticed me about missing topics and who helped
to pick out the last errors, unclear definitions and typos by going through the
trouble of mailing me all their remarks. These are also the people who help me keep
this guide up to date.</para>
<para>Finally, a big thank you for the volunteers who are currently translating this
document in French, Swedish, German, Hindi and more. It is a big work that should
not be underestimated; I admire your courage.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_06">
<title>Feedback</title>
<para> Missing information, missing links, missing characters? Mail it to the maintainer
of this document: <address>
<email>tille@coresequence.com</email>
</address>
</para>
<para>Don't forget to check with the<ulink
url="http://tille.soti.org/training/tldp/">latest version</ulink> first!</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_07">
<title>Copyright information</title>
<para>&#169; 2002-2004 Machtelt Garrels.</para>
<para> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being the
<quote>Copyright information</quote> and <quote>Feedback</quote> sections, with
no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
<xref linkend="app4"/> entitled <quote>GNU Free Documentation License</quote>.</para>
<para>Read <ulink url="http://www.fsf.org/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</ulink>
if you want to know why this license was chosen for this book.</para>
<para>The author and publisher have made every effort in the preparation of this book to
ensure the accuracy of the information. However, the information contained in this
book is offered without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author nor
the publisher nor any dealer or distributor will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused either directly or indirectly by this book.</para>
<para>The logos, trademarks and symbols used in this book are the properties of their
respective owners.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_08">
<title>What do you need?</title>
<para>You will require a computer and a medium containing a Linux distribution. Most of
this guide applies to all Linux distributions - and UNIX in general. Apart from
time, there are no further specific requirements.</para>
<para>The <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO/"> Installation
HOWTO</ulink> contains helpful information on how to obtain Linux software and
install it on your computer. Hardware requirements and coexistence with other
operating systems are also discussed.</para>
<para>CD images can be downloaded from <ulink url="http://www.linux-iso.com/">
linux-iso.com</ulink> and many other locations, see <xref linkend="app1"/>.</para>
<para>An interesting alternative for those who don't dare to take the step of an actual
Linux installation on their machine are the Linux distributions that you can run
from a CD, such as the <ulink url="http://www.knoppix.com/"> Knoppix</ulink> distribution.</para>
</section>
<section id="intro_09">
<title>Conventions used in this document</title>
<para>The following typographic and usage conventions occur in this text:</para>
<table id="conventions" frame="all">
<title>Typographic and usage conventions</title>
<tgroup cols="2" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Text type</entry>
<entry>Meaning</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<quote>Quoted text</quote>
</entry>
<entry>Quotes from people, quoted computer output.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<screen>terminal view</screen>
</entry>
<entry>Literal computer input and output captured from the terminal,
usually rendered with a light grey background.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>command</command>
</entry>
<entry>Name of a command that can be entered on the command line.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<varname>VARIABLE</varname>
</entry>
<entry>Name of a variable or pointer to content of a variable, as in<varname>$VARNAME</varname>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<option>option</option>
</entry>
<entry>Option to a command, as in <quote>the <option>-a</option> option
to the<command>ls</command> command</quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<parameter>argument</parameter>
</entry>
<entry>Argument to a command, as in <quote>read<command>man <parameter>ls</parameter>
</command>
</quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>command <option>options</option>
<parameter>arguments</parameter>
</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</entry>
<entry>Command synopsis or general usage, on a separated line.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<filename>filename</filename>
</entry>
<entry>Name of a file or directory, for example <quote>Change to
the<filename>/usr/bin</filename> directory.</quote>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<keycap>Key</keycap>
</entry>
<entry>Keys to hit on the keyboard, such as <quote>type
<keycap>Q</keycap> to quit</quote>.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<guibutton>Button</guibutton>
</entry>
<entry>Graphical button to click, like the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<menuchoice>
<guimenu>Menu</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>Choice</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice>
</entry>
<entry>Choice to select from a graphical menu, for instance: <quote>Select<menuchoice>
<guimenu>Help</guimenu>
<guimenuitem>About Mozilla</guimenuitem>
</menuchoice> in your browser.</quote>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<emphasis>Terminology</emphasis>
</entry>
<entry>Important term or concept: <quote>The Linux
<emphasis>kernel</emphasis> is the heart of the system.</quote>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<screen>\</screen>
</entry>
<entry>The backslash in a terminal view or command synopsis indicates an
unfinished line. In other words, if you see a long command that is
cut into multiple lines, \ means <quote>Don't press
<keycap>Enter</keycap> yet!</quote>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>See <xref linkend="chap_01"/>
</entry>
<entry>link to related subject within this guide.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<ulink url="http://tille.soti.org">The author</ulink>
</entry>
<entry>Clickable link to an external web resource.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>The following images are used:</para>
<note>
<title>This is a note</title>
<para>It contains additional information or remarks.</para>
</note>
<caution>
<title>This is a caution</title>
<para>It means be careful.</para>
</caution>
<warning>
<title>This is a warning</title>
<para>Be <emphasis>very</emphasis> careful.</para>
</warning>
<tip>
<title>This is a tip</title>
<para>Tips and tricks.</para>
</tip>
</section>
<section id="intro_10">
<title>Organization of this document</title>
<para>This guide aims to be the foundation for all other materials that you can get from
The Linux Documentation Project. As such, it provides you with the fundamental
knowledge needed by anyone who wants to start working with a Linux system, while at
the same time it tries to consciously avoid to re-invent the hot water. Thus, you
can expect this book to be incomplete and full of links to sources of additional
information on your system, on the Internet and in your system documentation.</para>
<para>The first chapter is an introduction to the subject on Linux; the next two discuss
absolute basic commands. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss some more advanced but still basic
topics. Chapter 6 is needed for continuing with the rest, since it discusses editing
files, an ability you need to pass from Linux newbie to Linux user. The following
chapters discuss somewhat more advanced topics that you will have to deal with in
everyday Linux use.</para>
<para>All chapters come with exercises that will test your preparedness for the next chapter.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_01"/>: What is Linux, how did it come into existence,
who should use it, installing your computer.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_02"/>: Getting started, connecting to the system, basic
commands, where to find help.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_03"/>: The filesystem, important files and directories,
managing files and directories, security modes.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_04"/>: Understanding and managing processes, boot and
shutdown procedures, postponing tasks, repetitive tasks.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_05"/>: What are standard input, output and error and how
are these features used from the command line.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_06"/>: Why you should learn to work with an editor,
discussion of the most common editors.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_07"/>: Configuring your graphical, text and audio
environment, settings for the non-native English speaking Linux user, tips
for adding extra software.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_08"/>: Converting files to a printable format, getting
them out of the printer, hints for solving print problems.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_09"/>: Preparing data to be backed up, discussion of
various tools.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="chap_10"/>: Overview of Linux networking tools and user
applications, with a short discussion of the underlying service daemon
programs and secure networking.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="app1"/>: Which books to read and sites to visit when you have
finished reading this one.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="app2"/>: A comparison.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="app3"/>: If you ever get stuck, these tables might be an
outcome. Also a good argument when your boss insists that YOU should use HIS
favorite shell.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<xref linkend="app4"/>: What you can do with this guide, from the legal perspective.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</preface>
<toc/> &chap1; &chap2; &chap3; &chap4; &chap5; &chap6; &chap7;
&chap8; &chap9; &chap10; &app1; &app2; &app3; &app4; &app5; &gloss;</book>

460
LDP/guide/docbook/Intro-Linux/app1.xml
View File

@ -1,129 +1,335 @@
<appendix id="app1">
<title>Where to go from here?</title>
<abstract><para>This document gives an overview of useful books and sites.</para></abstract>
<sect1><title>Useful Books</title>
<sect2><title>General Linux</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"Linux in a Nutshell" by Ellen Siever, Jessica P. Hackman, Stephen SPainhour, Stephen Figgins, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 0596000251</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Running Linux" by Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, Lar Kaufman, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 156592469X</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Linux Unleashed" by Tim Parker, Bill Ball, David Pitts, Sams, ISBN 0672316889</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"When You Can't Find Your System Administrator" by Linda Mui, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565921046</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>When you actually buy a distribution, it will contain a very decent user manual.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Editors</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"Learning the Vi Editor" by Linda Lamb and Arnold Robbins, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565924266</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"GNU Emacs Manual" by Richard M.Stallman, iUniverse.Com Inc., ISBN 0595100333</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Learning GNU Emacs" by Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt and Eric Raymond, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565921526</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Perl Cookbook" by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565922433</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Shells</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"Unix Shell Programming" by Stephen G.Kochan and Patrick H.Wood, Sams Publishing, ISBN 067248448X</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Learning the Bash Shell" by Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565923472</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"The Complete Linux Shell Programming Training Course" by Ellie Quigley and Scott Hawkins, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0130406767</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Linux and Unix Shell Programming" by David Tansley, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0201674726</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Unix C Shell Field Guide" by Gail and Paul Anderson, Prentice Hall, ISBN 013937468X</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>X Windows</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"Gnome User's Guide" by the Gnome Community, iUniverse.Com Inc., ISBN 0595132251</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"KDE Bible" by Dave Nash, Hungry Minds Inc., ISBN 0764546929</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"The Concise Guide to XFree86 for Linux" by Aron HSiao, Que, ISBN 0789721821</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"The New XFree86" by Bill Ball, Prima Publishing, ISBN 0761531521</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Beginning GTK+ and Gnome" by Peter Wright, Wrox Press, ISBN 1861003811</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"KDE 2.0 Development" by David Sweet and Matthias Ettrich, Sams Publishing, ISBN 0672318911</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"GTK+/Gnome Application Development" by Havoc Pennington, New Riders Publishing, ISBN 0735700788</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Networking</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>"TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume I: The Protocols" by W. Richard Stevens, Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series, ISBN 0-201-63346-9</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"DNS and BIND" by Paul Albitz, Cricket Liu, Mike Loukides and Deborah Russell, O'Reilly &amp; Associates, ISBN 0596001584</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"The Concise Guide to DNS and BIND" by Nicolai Langfeldt, Que, ISBN 0789722739</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Implementing LDAP" by Mark Wilcox, Wrox Press, ISBN 1861002211</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Understanding and deploying LDAP directory services" by Tim Howes and co., Sams, ISBN 0672323168</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Sendmail" by Brian Costales and Eric Allman, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565922220</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Removing the Spam : Email Processing and Filtering" by Geoff Mulligan, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0201379570</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Managing IMAP" by Dianna &amp; Kevin Mullet, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 059600012X</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1><title>Useful sites</title>
<sect2><title>General information</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.tldp.org">The Linux documentation project</ulink>: all docs, manpages, HOWTOs, FAQs</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.google.com/linux">Google for Linux</ulink>: the specialized search engine</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.deja.com">Deja</ulink>: an archive of all newsgroup postings, including the comp.os.linux hierarchy</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://slashdot.org">Slashdot</ulink>: daily news</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com">http://www.oreilly.com</ulink>: books on Linux System and Network administration, Perl, Java, ...</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.posix.com/posix.html">POSIX</ulink>: the standard</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.linuxhq.com">Linux HQ</ulink>: Maintains a complete database of source, patches and documentation for various versions of the Linux kernel.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Architecture Specific References</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.linuxppc.org">Linux PPC</ulink>: Linux on a Power PC (e.g. Apple PowerPC, PowerMac, Amiga, IBM ThinkPad/PowerSeries/RS/6000, Motorola...)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.alphalinux.org">AlphaLinux</ulink>: Linux on Alpha architecture (e.g. Digital Workstation)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.linux-mips.org">Linux-MIPS</ulink>: Linux on MIPS (e.g. SGI Indy)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.bibliorg/mdw/HOWTO/Laptop-HOWTO.html">Laptop HOWTO</ulink>: Specific guidelines for installing and running Linux on laptops, configuration files for various models.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.mklinux.org">MkLinux</ulink>: Linux on Apple</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Distributions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://fedora.redhat.com/">The Fedora Project</ulink>: RedHat-sponsored community effort OS.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.mandrake.com">Mandrake</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.debian.org">Debian</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.turbolinux.com">TurboLinux</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.slackware.com">Slackware</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.suse.de">SuSE</ulink></para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.linuxiso.org">LinuxISO.org</ulink>: CD images for all distributions.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.knoppix.org/">Knoppix</ulink>: distribution that runs from a CD, you don't need to install anything for this one.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.distrowatch.com/">DistroWatch.com</ulink>: find a Linux that goes with your style.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>...</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2><title>Software</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://freshmeat.net">Freshmeat</ulink>: new software, software archives</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.openssh.org">OpenSSH</ulink>: Secure SHell site</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.openoffice.org">OpenOffice</ulink>: MS compatible Office Suite</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.kde.org">KDE</ulink>: K Desktop site</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.gnu.org">GNU</ulink>: GNU and GNU software</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.gnome.org">Gnome</ulink>: The official Gnome site</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.ximian.com">Ximian</ulink>: Ximian Gnome, Red Carpet package management system for StarOffice, Opera, CodeWeavers, Loki Demos, Evolution, system packages, ...</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.rpmfind.net">RPM Find</ulink>: all RPM packages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.samba.org">Samba</ulink>: MS Windows file and print services</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.openldap.org">Home of the OpenLDAP Project</ulink>: OpenLDAP server/clients/utilities, FAQ and other documentation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org">Sendmail Homepage</ulink>: A thorough technical discussion of Sendmail features, includes configuration examples.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://netfilter.samba.org">Netfilter</ulink>: contains assorted information about iptables: HOWTO, FAQ, guides, ...</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.gimp.org">Official GIMP website</ulink>: All information about the GNU Image Manipulation Program.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/">SourceForge.net</ulink>: Open SOurce software development site.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.vim.org/">vIm homepage</ulink></para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<title>Where to go from here?</title>
<abstract>
<para>This document gives an overview of useful books and sites.</para>
</abstract>
<sect1>
<title>Useful Books</title>
<sect2>
<title>General Linux</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>"Linux in a Nutshell" by Ellen Siever, Jessica P. Hackman, Stephen
SPainhour, Stephen Figgins, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 0596000251</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Running Linux" by Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, Lar Kaufman,
O'Reilly UK, ISBN 156592469X</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Linux Unleashed" by Tim Parker, Bill Ball, David Pitts, Sams, ISBN 0672316889</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"When You Can't Find Your System Administrator" by Linda Mui, O'Reilly UK,
ISBN 1565921046</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>When you actually buy a distribution, it will contain a very decent user manual.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Editors</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>"Learning the Vi Editor" by Linda Lamb and Arnold Robbins, O'Reilly UK,
ISBN 1565924266</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"GNU Emacs Manual" by Richard M.Stallman, iUniverse.Com Inc., ISBN 0595100333</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Learning GNU Emacs" by Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt and Eric Raymond,
O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565921526</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Perl Cookbook" by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington, O'Reilly UK,
ISBN 1565922433</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Shells</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>"Unix Shell Programming" by Stephen G.Kochan and Patrick H.Wood, Sams
Publishing, ISBN 067248448X</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Learning the Bash Shell" by Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt, O'Reilly
UK, ISBN 1565923472</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"The Complete Linux Shell Programming Training Course" by Ellie Quigley
and Scott Hawkins, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN 0130406767</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Linux and Unix Shell Programming" by David Tansley, Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, ISBN 0201674726</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Unix C Shell Field Guide" by Gail and Paul Anderson, Prentice Hall, ISBN 013937468X</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>X Windows</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>"Gnome User's Guide" by the Gnome Community, iUniverse.Com Inc., ISBN 0595132251</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"KDE Bible" by Dave Nash, Hungry Minds Inc., ISBN 0764546929</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"The Concise Guide to XFree86 for Linux" by Aron HSiao, Que, ISBN 0789721821</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"The New XFree86" by Bill Ball, Prima Publishing, ISBN 0761531521</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Beginning GTK+ and Gnome" by Peter Wright, Wrox Press, ISBN 1861003811</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"KDE 2.0 Development" by David Sweet and Matthias Ettrich, Sams
Publishing, ISBN 0672318911</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"GTK+/Gnome Application Development" by Havoc Pennington, New Riders
Publishing, ISBN 0735700788</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Networking</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>"TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume I: The Protocols" by W. Richard Stevens,
Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series, ISBN 0-201-63346-9</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"DNS and BIND" by Paul Albitz, Cricket Liu, Mike Loukides and Deborah
Russell, O'Reilly &amp; Associates, ISBN 0596001584</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"The Concise Guide to DNS and BIND" by Nicolai Langfeldt, Que, ISBN 0789722739</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Implementing LDAP" by Mark Wilcox, Wrox Press, ISBN 1861002211</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Understanding and deploying LDAP directory services" by Tim Howes and
co., Sams, ISBN 0672323168</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Sendmail" by Brian Costales and Eric Allman, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 1565922220</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Removing the Spam : Email Processing and Filtering" by Geoff Mulligan,
Addison Wesley Publishing Company, ISBN 0201379570</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>"Managing IMAP" by Dianna &amp; Kevin Mullet, O'Reilly UK, ISBN 059600012X</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Useful sites</title>
<sect2>
<title>General information</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.tldp.org">The Linux documentation project</ulink>:
all docs, manpages, HOWTOs, FAQs</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.google.com/linux">Google for Linux</ulink>: the
specialized search engine</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.deja.com">Deja</ulink>: an archive of all newsgroup
postings, including the comp.os.linux hierarchy</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://slashdot.org">Slashdot</ulink>: daily news</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com">http://www.oreilly.com</ulink>: books on
Linux System and Network administration, Perl, Java, ...</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.posix.com/posix.html">POSIX</ulink>: the standard</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.linuxhq.com">Linux HQ</ulink>: Maintains a complete
database of source, patches and documentation for various versions of the
Linux kernel.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Architecture Specific References</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.linuxppc.org">Linux PPC</ulink>: Linux on a Power PC
(e.g. Apple PowerPC, PowerMac, Amiga, IBM ThinkPad/PowerSeries/RS/6000, Motorola...)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.alphalinux.org">AlphaLinux</ulink>: Linux on Alpha
architecture (e.g. Digital Workstation)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.linux-mips.org">Linux-MIPS</ulink>: Linux on MIPS
(e.g. SGI Indy)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.bibliorg/mdw/HOWTO/Laptop-HOWTO.html">Laptop
HOWTO</ulink>: Specific guidelines for installing and running Linux on
laptops, configuration files for various models.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.mklinux.org">MkLinux</ulink>: Linux on Apple</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Distributions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://fedora.redhat.com/">The Fedora Project</ulink>:
RedHat-sponsored community effort OS.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.mandrake.com">Mandrake</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.debian.org">Debian</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.turbolinux.com">TurboLinux</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.slackware.com">Slackware</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.suse.de">SuSE</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.linuxiso.org">LinuxISO.org</ulink>: CD images for all distributions.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.knoppix.org/">Knoppix</ulink>: distribution that runs
from a CD, you don't need to install anything for this one.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.distrowatch.com/">DistroWatch.com</ulink>: find a
Linux that goes with your style.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>...</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Software</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://freshmeat.net">Freshmeat</ulink>: new software, software archives</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.openssh.org">OpenSSH</ulink>: Secure SHell site</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.openoffice.org">OpenOffice</ulink>: MS compatible
Office Suite</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.kde.org">KDE</ulink>: K Desktop site</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org">GNU</ulink>: GNU and GNU software</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.gnome.org">Gnome</ulink>: The official Gnome site</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.ximian.com">Ximian</ulink>: Ximian Gnome, Red Carpet
package management system for StarOffice, Opera, CodeWeavers, Loki Demos,
Evolution, system packages, ...</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.rpmfind.net">RPM Find</ulink>: all RPM packages</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.samba.org">Samba</ulink>: MS Windows file and print services</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.openldap.org">Home of the OpenLDAP Project</ulink>:
OpenLDAP server/clients/utilities, FAQ and other documentation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org">Sendmail Homepage</ulink>: A thorough
technical discussion of Sendmail features, includes configuration examples.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://netfilter.samba.org">Netfilter</ulink>: contains assorted
information about iptables: HOWTO, FAQ, guides, ...</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.gimp.org">Official GIMP website</ulink>: All
information about the GNU Image Manipulation Program.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/">SourceForge.net</ulink>: Open SOurce
software development site.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.vim.org/">vIm homepage</ulink>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</appendix>

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@ -1,36 +1,182 @@
<appendix id="app2">
<title>DOS versus Linux commands</title>
<abstract><para>In this appendix, we matched DOS commands with their Linux equivalent.</para></abstract>
<para>As an extra means of orientation for new users with a Windows background, the table below lists MS-DOS commands with their Linux counterparts. Keep in mind that Linux commands usually have a number of options. Read the Info or man pages on the command to find out more.</para>
<table frame="all">
<title>Overview of DOS/Linux commands</title>
<tgroup cols="2" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<thead>
<row><entry>DOS commands</entry><entry>Linux command</entry></row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row><entry><command>&lt;command&gt; /?</command></entry><entry><command>man &lt;command&gt;</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>cd</command></entry><entry><command>cd</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>chdir</command></entry><entry><command>pwd</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>cls</command></entry><entry><command>clear</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>copy</command></entry><entry><command>cp</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>date</command></entry><entry><command>date</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>del</command></entry><entry><command>rm</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>dir</command></entry><entry><command>ls</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>echo</command></entry><entry><command>echo</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>edit</command></entry><entry><command>vim (or other editor)</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>exit</command></entry><entry><command>exit</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>fc</command></entry><entry><command>diff</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>find</command></entry><entry><command>grep</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>format</command></entry><entry><command>mke2fs or mformat</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>mem</command></entry><entry><command>free</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>mkdir</command></entry><entry><command>mkdir</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>more</command></entry><entry><command>more or even less</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>move</command></entry><entry><command>mv</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>ren</command></entry><entry><command>mv</command></entry></row>
<row><entry><command>time</command></entry><entry><command>date</command></entry></row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<title>DOS versus Linux commands</title>
<abstract>
<para>In this appendix, we matched DOS commands with their Linux equivalent.</para>
</abstract>
<para>As an extra means of orientation for new users with a Windows background, the table below
lists MS-DOS commands with their Linux counterparts. Keep in mind that Linux commands
usually have a number of options. Read the Info or man pages on the command to find out more.</para>
<table frame="all">
<title>Overview of DOS/Linux commands</title>
<tgroup cols="2" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>DOS commands</entry>
<entry>Linux command</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<command>&lt;command&gt; /?</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>man &lt;command&gt;</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>cd</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>cd</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>chdir</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>pwd</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>cls</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>clear</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>copy</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>cp</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>date</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>date</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>del</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>rm</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>dir</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>ls</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>echo</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>echo</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>edit</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>vim (or other editor)</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>exit</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>exit</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>fc</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>diff</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>find</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>grep</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>format</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>mke2fs or mformat</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>mem</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>free</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>mkdir</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>mkdir</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>more</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>more or even less</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>move</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>mv</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>ren</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>mv</command>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<command>time</command>
</entry>
<entry>
<command>date</command>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</appendix>

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<appendix id="app4">
<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
<title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
<para>Version 1.1, March 2000</para>
<blockquote>
<para>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
<para>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.</para>
</blockquote>
<sect1 id="gfdl-0">
<title>Preamble</title>
<para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by
others.</para>
<para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which
is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para>
<para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals
for free software, because free software needs free documentation:
a free program should come with manuals providing the same
freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
printed book. We recommend this License principally for works
whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-1">
<title>Applicability and definitions</title>
<para>This License applies to any manual or other work that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document",
below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the
public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".</para>
<para>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.</para>
<para>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.</para>
<para>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections,
in the notice that says that the Document is released under this
License.</para>
<para>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
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<para>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
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<para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
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Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
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<para>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
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For works in formats which do not have any title page as such,
"Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of
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text.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-2">
<title>Verbatim copying</title>
<para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this
License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or
distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for
copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
must also follow the conditions in section 3.</para>
<para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
above, and you may publicly display copies.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-3">
<title>Copying in quantity</title>
<para>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts,
you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and
legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must
also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
copies. The front cover must present the full title with all
words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.</para>
<para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.</para>
<para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.</para>
<para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
updated version of the Document.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-4">
<title>Modifications</title>
<para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided
that you release the Modified Version under precisely this
License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the
Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition,
you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
<listitem><para>Use in the Title Page
(and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
there were any, be listed in the History section of the
Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if
the original publisher of that version gives permission.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>List on the Title Page,
as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
five).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>State on the Title page
the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Preserve all the
copyright notices of the Document.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Add an appropriate
copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Include, immediately
after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Preserve in that license
notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Include an unaltered
copy of this License.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Preserve the section
entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating
at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no
section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating
the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given
on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Preserve the network
location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>In any section entitled
"Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's
title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications
given therein.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Preserve all the
Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
considered part of the section titles.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Delete any section
entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in
the Modified Version.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Do not retitle any
existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with
any Invariant Section.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.</para>
<para>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by
various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that
the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.</para>
<para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the
end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
publisher that added the old one.</para>
<para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
this License give permission to use their names for publicity for
or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-5">
<title>Combining documents</title>
<para>You may combine the Document with other documents released
under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice.</para>
<para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced
with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with
the same name but different contents, make the title of each such
section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the
name of the original author or publisher of that section if known,
or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of
the combined work.</para>
<para>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-6">
<title>Collections of documents</title>
<para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
other documents released under this License, and replace the
individual copies of this License in the various documents with a
single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
the documents in all other respects.</para>
<para>You may extract a single document from such a collection,
and distribute it individually under this License, provided you
insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
copying of that document.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-7">
<title>Aggregation with independent works</title>
<para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.</para>
<para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than
one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts
may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
aggregate.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-8">
<title>Translation</title>
<para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may
include a translation of this License provided that you also
include the original English version of this License. In case of
a disagreement between the translation and the original English
version of this License, the original English version will
prevail.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-9">
<title>Termination</title>
<para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any
other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the
Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-10">
<title>Future revisions of this license</title>
<para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.
Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present
version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or
concerns. See <ulink
url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.</para>
<para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to
it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that specified version or of any later version that has
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-11">
<title>How to use this License for your documents</title>
<para>To use this License in a document you have written, include
a copy of the License in the document and put the following
copyright and license notices just after the title page:</para>
<blockquote><para>
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
</para></blockquote>
<para>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant
Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have
no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover
Texts.</para>
<para>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your
choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public
License, to permit their use in free software.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-0">
<title>Preamble</title>
<para>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document
"free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and
redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.</para>
<para>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the
document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General
Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.</para>
<para>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-1">
<title>Applicability and definitions</title>
<para>This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the
copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you".</para>
<para>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a
portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
another language.</para>
<para>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the
Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing
that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is
in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with
related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.</para>
<para>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
released under this License.</para>
<para>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License.</para>
<para>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a
format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be
viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for
images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for
automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A
copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to
thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that
is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".</para>
<para>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats
include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors
for output purposes only.</para>
<para>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in
the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding
the beginning of the body of the text.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-2">
<title>Verbatim copying</title>
<para>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If
you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
section 3.</para>
<para>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
display copies.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-3">
<title>Copying in quantity</title>
<para>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers
that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly
identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full
title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other
material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long
as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.</para>
<para>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should
put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue
the rest onto adjacent pages.</para>
<para>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location
containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which
the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using
public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to
ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.</para>
<para>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you
with an updated version of the Document.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-4">
<title>Modifications</title>
<para>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of
sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
<listitem>
<para>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that
of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there
were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its
principal authors, if it has less than five).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as
the publisher.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the
other copyright notices.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the
public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License,
in the form shown in the Addendum below.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Include an unaltered copy of this License.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified
Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access
to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given
in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was
published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the
section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each
of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text
and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part
of the section titles.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included
in the Modified Version.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title
with any Invariant Section.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify
as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These
titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</para>
<para>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of
peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.</para>
<para>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by
(or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a
cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the
same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace
the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.</para>
<para>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission
to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-5">
<title>Combining documents</title>
<para>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under
the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in
the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.</para>
<para>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to
the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.</para>
<para>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various
original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any
sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must
delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-6">
<title>Collections of documents</title>
<para>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you
follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.</para>
<para>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the
extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
copying of that document.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-7">
<title>Aggregation with independent works</title>
<para>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a
whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is
claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the
Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative
works of the Document.</para>
<para>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the
Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the
Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within
the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-8">
<title>Translation</title>
<para>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original
versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of
a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License,
the original English version will prevail.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-9">
<title>Termination</title>
<para>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-10">
<title>Future revisions of this license</title>
<para>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to
the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.</para>
<para>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that
specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this
License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="gfdl-11">
<title>How to use this License for your documents</title>
<para>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in
the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:</para>
<blockquote>
<para> Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST,
and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".</para>
</blockquote>
<para>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of
saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover
Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.</para>
<para>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing
these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU
General Public License, to permit their use in free software.</para>
</sect1>
</appendix>