mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
updated
This commit is contained in:
gferg
parent
af8ec1eeb2
commit
b20be133ec
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@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
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#!/bin/bash
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# Author: Sigurd Solaas, 20 Apr 2011
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# Used in ABS Guide with permission.
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# Requires version 4.2+ of Bash.
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key="no value yet"
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while true; do
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clear
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echo "Bash Extra Keys Demo. Keys to try:"
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echo
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echo "* Insert, Delete, Home, End, Page_Up and Page_Down"
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echo "* The four arrow keys"
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echo "* Tab, enter, escape, and space key"
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echo "* The letter and number keys, etc."
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echo
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echo " d = show date/time"
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echo " q = quit"
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echo "================================"
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echo
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# Convert the separate home-key to home-key_num_7:
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if [ "$key" = $'\x1b\x4f\x48' ]; then
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key=$'\x1b\x5b\x31\x7e'
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# Quoted string-expansion construct.
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fi
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# Convert the separate end-key to end-key_num_1.
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if [ "$key" = $'\x1b\x4f\x46' ]; then
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key=$'\x1b\x5b\x34\x7e'
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fi
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case "$key" in
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$'\x1b\x5b\x32\x7e') # Insert
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echo Insert Key
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x33\x7e') # Delete
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echo Delete Key
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x31\x7e') # Home_key_num_7
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echo Home Key
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x34\x7e') # End_key_num_1
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echo End Key
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x35\x7e') # Page_Up
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echo Page_Up
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x36\x7e') # Page_Down
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echo Page_Down
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x41') # Up_arrow
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echo Up arrow
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x42') # Down_arrow
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echo Down arrow
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x43') # Right_arrow
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echo Right arrow
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;;
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$'\x1b\x5b\x44') # Left_arrow
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echo Left arrow
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;;
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$'\x09') # Tab
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echo Tab Key
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;;
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$'\x0a') # Enter
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echo Enter Key
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;;
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$'\x1b') # Escape
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echo Escape Key
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;;
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$'\x20') # Space
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echo Space Key
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;;
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d)
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date
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;;
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q)
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echo Time to quit...
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echo
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exit 0
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;;
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*)
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echo You pressed: \'"$key"\'
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;;
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esac
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echo
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echo "================================"
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unset K1 K2 K3
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read -s -N1 -p "Press a key: "
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K1="$REPLY"
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read -s -N2 -t 0.001
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K2="$REPLY"
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read -s -N1 -t 0.001
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K3="$REPLY"
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key="$K1$K2$K3"
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done
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exit $?
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@ -7,15 +7,149 @@
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==================================================================
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Current version = 6.2
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Dated 03/17/10
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Current version = 6.3
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Dated 04/30/12
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http://bash.webofcrafts.net/abs-guide-latest.tar.bz2
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http://bash.webofcrafts.net/abs-guide.pdf
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
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News: Version 6.2 released!
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News: Version 6.3 released!
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====================================================================
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Version 6.3, Swozzleberry* release
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30 April, 2011
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1) Added brief coverage of Bash 4.1/4.2 releases.
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Read -N.
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Negative array indices.
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Negative parameter in string extraction.
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Bash now recognizes \u unicode escape.
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There is a new "lastpipe" shell option.
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etc.
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2) In "Shell Programming!" chapter,
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Fixed the URL on the Christensen quote.
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(Thanks, Ilario Fav.)
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3) In "Special Characters" chapter,
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Revised "?:" trinary-construct entry.
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Added $' ... ' entry.
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Added definition of ASCII.
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4) In the "Tests" chapter,
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At "-p" entry, added Carl Anderson's example.
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5) In "Introduction to Variables and Parameters" chapter:
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In "Variable Substitution" section:
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Corrected comment concerning when variables appear "naked."
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Removed comment about non-portable behavior of uninitialize
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variables in arithmetic expressions.
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(Thank you, Jeffery Haemer.)
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Added footnote that $0 does not always return the script name.
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(Thank you, Gregg Leichtman!)
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6) In "Internal Commands and Builtins" chapter,
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At "let" entry,
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added caution about misleading exit status returned in certain
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situations. (Thank you, Evgeniy Ivanov.)
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In "Job controls" subsection,
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added footnote that "wait" can only take PIDs of child processes
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as arguments.
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(Thank you, Simon Haller.)
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7) In "I/O Redirection" chapter:
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Fixed commentary on "ls -yz 2>&1 >> command.log" example.
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(Thank you, Teika Kazura.)
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8) In "max.sh" example script, fixed comment.
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(Thank you, Robert Bruntz.)
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9) In the "Bash, versions 2,3, and 4" chapter,
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removed the "{X..d..2}" example.
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(Thank you, Jeffrey Haemer, for the pointer.)
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10) In "Bash, versions 2, 3, and 4" chapter,
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In the Version 3.1 section,
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At the "+=" entry, added Jeffrey Haemer's $PATH append example.
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11) In "Local Variables" section of "Functions" chapter:
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Added note about return value of setting local variable.
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(Thank you, Evegniy Ivanov.)
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12) In "Complex Commands" section of "External Commands" Chapter:
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At "xargs" entry:
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Added tip about using the -P option to run processes in parallel.
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(Thank you, Roberto Polli.)
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13) In "Here Documents" chapter:
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Added footnote about using <<- to suppress tabs allowing closing limit
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string to deviate from the first column on a line.
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(Thank you, Dennis Benzinger.)
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14) In the "Miscellany" chapter:
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Fixed the URL on Moshe Jacobson's utility (changed it to point to
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the "ansi-color" script). Then, decided to rehost Jacobson's original
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source code on webofcrafts.net.
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(Thank you, qun-ying, for pointing out the broken URL.)
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15) In the "Variables Revisited" chapter:
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In "Parameter Substitution" section:
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Revised the "${parameter:?err_msg}" entry, per Kevin LeBlanc
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(thanks!).
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16) In "Process Substitution" chapter:
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Added "psub.bash" example of redirecting output of process
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substitution into a loop.
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(Thanks, Diego Molina!)
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17) Reference cards:
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Revisions, per Kevin LeBlanc (thanks!).
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18) Added a snippet from Andrzej Szelachowski's ~/.bash_profile file
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to the ".bashrc" Appendix.
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(Thanks!)
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19) In "/dev" section of "/dev and /proc" chapter:
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Expanded Mark's command-line time-fetch example into a short script.
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20) In "Network" subsection of "System and Administrative Commands,"
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Added "iptables" entry.
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Moved "nmap" and "netstat" entries here.
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21) Added "Network Programming" chapter.
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Moved "test-cgi.sh" script here from TODO section.
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22) In "Escaping" section of "Quoting" Chapter:
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Broke out $' ... ' string-expansion as a separate topic.
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(This was a long-overdue fixup.)
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23) New scripts:
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read-N.sh
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here-commsub.sh
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neg-array.sh
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neg-offset.sh
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base64.sh
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ip-addresses.sh
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lastpipe-option.sh
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BashExtraKeys.sh (with thanks to Sigurd Solaas).
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Long in-line example at "Unicode" entry,
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with tie-in to $' ... ' string-expansion.
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24) In "Writing Scripts" section of "Exercises" appendix:
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Added "Unicode Table" exercise to Intermediate section.
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25) Fixups on various typos.
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26) Fixups on scripts.
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* Swozzleberry? There really is such a thing?
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It's a variant spelling of "swazzle,"
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a sort of kazoo-like noisemaker used by puppeteers.
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Now, imagine a gourd-like berry that can be used
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to make funny sounds. . . .
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Version 6.2, Rowanberry release
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17 March, 2010
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|
|
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@ -535,6 +535,10 @@
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</itemizedlist></para>
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<!-- ********************** -->
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<para><command>$' ... '</command>
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<link linkend="strq">String expansion</link>,
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using <firstterm>escaped</firstterm> characters.</para>
|
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|
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<para><command>\ </command>
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<link linkend="escp">Escape</link> the character following
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<itemizedlist>
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|
@ -881,7 +885,14 @@
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<para><link linkend="readarrow">Arrow keys</link>, detecting</para>
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<para><link linkend="asciitable">ASCII table</link></para>
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<para>ASCII
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<itemizedlist>
|
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<listitem><para><link
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linkend="asciidef">Definition</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="asciitable">
|
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Script to generate ASCII table</link></para></listitem>
|
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</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- ********************** -->
|
||||
<para><link linkend="awk">awk</link> field-oriented text
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|
|
@ -930,8 +941,11 @@
|
|||
Version 2</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="bash3ref">
|
||||
Version 3</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="bash4ref">
|
||||
Version 4</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bash4ref">Version 4</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bash41">Version 4.1</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bash42">Version 4.2</link></para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
<!-- ********************** -->
|
||||
|
|
@ -956,7 +970,13 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="biblio">Bibliography</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bisonref">Bison</link> utility</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bitwsops1">Bitwise operators</link></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="bitwsops1">Bitwise operators</link>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="base64">Example script</link>
|
||||
</para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="blockdevref">Block devices</link>
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1339,8 +1359,17 @@
|
|||
comparison</link> test</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="primes0">Eratosthenes,
|
||||
Sieve of</link>, algorithm for generating prime numbers</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="spm">Escaped characters</link>,
|
||||
special meanings of</para>
|
||||
special meanings of
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Within <link linkend="strq">$' ... '</link>
|
||||
string expansion</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="unicoderef2">Used with
|
||||
<firstterm>Unicode</firstterm> characters</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link
|
||||
linkend="fstabref"><filename>/etc/fstab</filename></link>
|
||||
(filesystem mount) file</para>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1390,6 +1419,9 @@
|
|||
<para><link linkend="exitcodesref"><command>Table</command></link>,
|
||||
<firstterm>Exit
|
||||
codes</firstterm> with special meanings</para>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
<link linkend="gotchaexitvalanamalies">Anomalous</link>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="excoor">Out of range</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="pipeex"><firstterm>Pipe</firstterm></link>
|
||||
exit status</para>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1800,6 +1832,17 @@
|
|||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
<!-- ********************** -->
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="iptablesref">iptables</link>,
|
||||
packet filtering and firewall utility
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="iptables01">Usage
|
||||
example</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="iptables02">Example
|
||||
script</link></para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="iterationref">Iteration</link></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>* * *</para>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1834,6 +1877,9 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<para>* * *</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="lastpiperef">lastpipe</link> shell
|
||||
option</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="le0ref"> -le </link>,
|
||||
<firstterm>less-than or equal</firstterm>
|
||||
<link linkend="icomparison1">integer comparison</link> test</para>
|
||||
|
|
@ -2047,6 +2093,7 @@
|
|||
linkend="ifthen">test</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="netstatref">netstat</link>, Network
|
||||
statistics</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="networkprogramming">Network programming</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="nlref">nl</link>, a filter to number lines of
|
||||
text</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="noclobberref"><firstterm>Noclobber</firstterm></link>,
|
||||
|
|
@ -2156,7 +2203,13 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="pathref"><varname>$PATH</varname></link>,
|
||||
the <firstterm>path</firstterm> (location of system
|
||||
binaries)</para>
|
||||
binaries)
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para>Appending directories to <varname>$PATH</varname>
|
||||
<link linkend="pathappend">using the <varname>+=</varname>
|
||||
operator</link>.</para></listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para><link linkend="perlref">Perl</link>, programming language
|
||||
<itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="bashandperl0">Combined</link> in the
|
||||
|
|
@ -2236,6 +2289,10 @@
|
|||
using</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="execperm">Execute permission
|
||||
lacking</link> for commands within a script</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para>
|
||||
<firstterm>Exit status</firstterm>,
|
||||
<link linkend="gotchaexitvalanamalies">anomalous</link>
|
||||
</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link
|
||||
linkend="parchildprobref"><firstterm>Export</firstterm>
|
||||
problem</link>, <firstterm>child</firstterm> process
|
||||
|
|
@ -3156,6 +3213,9 @@
|
|||
the return value</link> of a function, using
|
||||
<firstterm>echo</firstterm></para></listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem><para><link linkend="cgiscript"><firstterm>CGI</firstterm>
|
||||
programming</link>, using scripts for</para></listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para>Comment blocks</para>
|
||||
<para>Using <link linkend="cblock1"><firstterm>anonymous
|
||||
|
|
@ -3192,6 +3252,9 @@
|
|||
<listitem><para><link linkend="passarray">Passing
|
||||
an <firstterm>array</firstterm></link> to a
|
||||
function</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><varname>$PATH</varname>,
|
||||
appending to, <link linkend="pathappend">using the
|
||||
<varname>+=</varname> operator</link>.</para></listitem>
|
||||
<listitem><para><link
|
||||
linkend="prependref"><firstterm>Prepending</firstterm></link>
|
||||
lines at head of a file</para></listitem>
|
||||
|
|
@ -3297,6 +3360,8 @@
|
|||
to remove an <link linkend="aliasref">alias</link></para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="unameref">uname</link>,
|
||||
output system information</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="unicoderef">Unicode</link>, encoding standard
|
||||
for representing letters and symbols</para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="uninitvar">Uninitialized variables</link> </para>
|
||||
<para><link linkend="uniqref">uniq</link>,
|
||||
filter to remove duplicate lines from a sorted file</para>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -114,11 +114,15 @@ progress-bar.sh
|
|||
line 30
|
||||
nim.sh
|
||||
line 27
|
||||
|
||||
paragraph-spac3.sh
|
||||
line 6
|
||||
|
||||
sw.sh
|
||||
line 5 (comment)
|
||||
|
||||
here-commsub.sh
|
||||
line 5
|
||||
|
||||
UseGetOpt.sh: line 4 (comment)
|
||||
UseGetOpt-2.sh: line 11 (comment)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
|
|
@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
|
|||
# Attempting to use 'echo and 'read'
|
||||
#+ to assign variables non-interactively.
|
||||
|
||||
# shopt -s lastpipe
|
||||
|
||||
a=aaa
|
||||
b=bbb
|
||||
c=ccc
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,6 +18,12 @@ echo "b = $b" # b = bbb
|
|||
echo "c = $c" # c = ccc
|
||||
# Reassignment failed.
|
||||
|
||||
### However . . .
|
||||
## Uncommenting line 6:
|
||||
# shopt -s lastpipe
|
||||
##+ fixes the problem!
|
||||
### This is a new feature in Bash, version 4.2.
|
||||
|
||||
# ------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# Try the following alternative.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# base64.sh: Bash implementation of Base64 encoding and decoding.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Copyright (c) 2011 vladz [vladz@devzero.fr]
|
||||
# Used in ABSG with permission (thanks!).
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Encode or decode original Base64 (and also Base64url)
|
||||
#+ from STDIN to STDOUT.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Usage:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Encode
|
||||
# $ ./base64.sh < binary-file > binary-file.base64
|
||||
# Decode
|
||||
# $ ./base64.sh -d < binary-file.base64 > binary-file
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Reference:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# [1] RFC4648 - "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings"
|
||||
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-5
|
||||
|
||||
# The base64_charset[] array contains entire base64 charset,
|
||||
# and additionally the character "=" ...
|
||||
base64_charset=( {A..Z} {a..z} {0..9} + / = )
|
||||
# Nice illustration of brace expansion.
|
||||
|
||||
# Uncomment the ### line below to use base64url encoding instead of
|
||||
#+ original base64.
|
||||
### base64_charset=( {A..Z} {a..z} {0..9} - _ = )
|
||||
|
||||
# Output text width when encoding
|
||||
#+ (64 characters, just like openssl output).
|
||||
text_width=64
|
||||
|
||||
function display_base64_char {
|
||||
# Convert a 6-bit number (between 0 and 63) into its corresponding values
|
||||
#+ in Base64, then display the result with the specified text width.
|
||||
printf "${base64_charset[$1]}"; (( width++ ))
|
||||
(( width % text_width == 0 )) && printf "\n"
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function encode_base64 {
|
||||
# Encode three 8-bit hexadecimal codes into four 6-bit numbers.
|
||||
# We need two local int array variables:
|
||||
# c8[]: to store the codes of the 8-bit characters to encode
|
||||
# c6[]: to store the corresponding encoded values on 6-bit
|
||||
declare -a -i c8 c6
|
||||
|
||||
# Convert hexadecimal to decimal.
|
||||
c8=( $(printf "ibase=16; ${1:0:2}\n${1:2:2}\n${1:4:2}\n" | bc) )
|
||||
|
||||
# Let's play with bitwise operators
|
||||
#+ (3x8-bit into 4x6-bits conversion).
|
||||
(( c6[0] = c8[0] >> 2 ))
|
||||
(( c6[1] = ((c8[0] & 3) << 4) | (c8[1] >> 4) ))
|
||||
|
||||
# The following operations depend on the c8 element number.
|
||||
case ${#c8[*]} in
|
||||
3) (( c6[2] = ((c8[1] & 15) << 2) | (c8[2] >> 6) ))
|
||||
(( c6[3] = c8[2] & 63 )) ;;
|
||||
2) (( c6[2] = (c8[1] & 15) << 2 ))
|
||||
(( c6[3] = 64 )) ;;
|
||||
1) (( c6[2] = c6[3] = 64 )) ;;
|
||||
esac
|
||||
|
||||
for char in ${c6[@]}; do
|
||||
display_base64_char ${char}
|
||||
done
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function decode_base64 {
|
||||
# Decode four base64 characters into three hexadecimal ASCII characters.
|
||||
# c8[]: to store the codes of the 8-bit characters
|
||||
# c6[]: to store the corresponding Base64 values on 6-bit
|
||||
declare -a -i c8 c6
|
||||
|
||||
# Find decimal value corresponding to the current base64 character.
|
||||
for current_char in ${1:0:1} ${1:1:1} ${1:2:1} ${1:3:1}; do
|
||||
[ "${current_char}" = "=" ] && break
|
||||
|
||||
position=0
|
||||
while [ "${current_char}" != "${base64_charset[${position}]}" ]; do
|
||||
(( position++ ))
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
c6=( ${c6[*]} ${position} )
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
# Let's play with bitwise operators
|
||||
#+ (4x8-bit into 3x6-bits conversion).
|
||||
(( c8[0] = (c6[0] << 2) | (c6[1] >> 4) ))
|
||||
|
||||
# The next operations depends on the c6 elements number.
|
||||
case ${#c6[*]} in
|
||||
3) (( c8[1] = ( (c6[1] & 15) << 4) | (c6[2] >> 2) ))
|
||||
(( c8[2] = (c6[2] & 3) << 6 )); unset c8[2] ;;
|
||||
4) (( c8[1] = ( (c6[1] & 15) << 4) | (c6[2] >> 2) ))
|
||||
(( c8[2] = ( (c6[2] & 3) << 6) | c6[3] )) ;;
|
||||
esac
|
||||
|
||||
for char in ${c8[*]}; do
|
||||
printf "\x$(printf "%x" ${char})"
|
||||
done
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# main ()
|
||||
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then # encode
|
||||
|
||||
# Make a hexdump of stdin and reformat in 3-byte groups.
|
||||
content=$(cat - | xxd -ps -u | sed -r "s/(\w{6})/\1 /g" |
|
||||
tr -d "\n")
|
||||
|
||||
for chars in ${content}; do encode_base64 ${chars}; done
|
||||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
elif [ "$1" = "-d" ]; then # decode
|
||||
|
||||
# Reformat STDIN in pseudo 4x6-bit groups.
|
||||
content=$(cat - | tr -d "\n" | sed -r "s/(.{4})/\1 /g")
|
||||
|
||||
for chars in ${content}; do decode_base64 ${chars}; done
|
||||
|
||||
else # display usage
|
||||
echo
|
||||
printf "Usage: $0 < Infile > Outfile\n"
|
||||
printf " $0 -d < Infile > Outfile\n"
|
||||
printf " -d decode\n\n"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
|||
# From Andrzej Szelachowski's ~/.bash_profile:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Note that a variable may require special treatment
|
||||
#+ if it will be exported.
|
||||
|
||||
DARKGRAY='\e[1;30m'
|
||||
LIGHTRED='\e[1;31m'
|
||||
GREEN='\e[32m'
|
||||
YELLOW='\e[1;33m'
|
||||
LIGHTBLUE='\e[1;34m'
|
||||
NC='\e[m'
|
||||
|
||||
PCT="\`if [[ \$EUID -eq 0 ]]; then T='$LIGHTRED' ; else T='$LIGHTBLUE'; fi;
|
||||
echo \$T \`"
|
||||
|
||||
# For "literal" command substitution to be assigned to a variable,
|
||||
#+ use escapes and double quotes:
|
||||
#+ PCT="\` ... \`" . . .
|
||||
# Otherwise, the value of PCT variable is assigned only once,
|
||||
#+ when the variable is exported/read from .bash_profile,
|
||||
#+ and it will not change afterwards even if the user ID changes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
PS1="\n$GREEN[\w] \n$DARKGRAY($PCT\t$DARKGRAY)-($PCT\u$DARKGRAY)-($PCT\!
|
||||
$DARKGRAY)$YELLOW-> $NC"
|
||||
|
||||
# Escape a variables whose value changes:
|
||||
# if [[ \$EUID -eq 0 ]],
|
||||
# Otherwise the value of the EUID variable will be assigned only once,
|
||||
#+ as above.
|
||||
|
||||
# When a variable is assigned, it should be called escaped:
|
||||
#+ echo \$T,
|
||||
# Otherwise the value of the T variable is taken from the moment the PCT
|
||||
#+ variable is exported/read from .bash_profile.
|
||||
# So, in this example it would be null.
|
||||
|
||||
# When a variable's value contains a semicolon it should be strong quoted:
|
||||
# T='$LIGHTRED',
|
||||
# Otherwise, the semicolon will be interpreted as a command separator.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Variables PCT and PS1 can be merged into a new PS1 variable:
|
||||
|
||||
PS1="\`if [[ \$EUID -eq 0 ]]; then PCT='$LIGHTRED';
|
||||
else PCT='$LIGHTBLUE'; fi;
|
||||
echo '\n$GREEN[\w] \n$DARKGRAY('\$PCT'\t$DARKGRAY)-\
|
||||
('\$PCT'\u$DARKGRAY)-('\$PCT'\!$DARKGRAY)$YELLOW-> $NC'\`"
|
||||
|
||||
# The trick is to use strong quoting for parts of old PS1 variable.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# connect-stat.sh
|
||||
# Note that this script may need modification
|
||||
#+ to work with a wireless connection.
|
||||
|
||||
PROCNAME=pppd # ppp daemon
|
||||
PROCFILENAME=status # Where to look.
|
||||
NOTCONNECTED=65
|
||||
NOTCONNECTED=85
|
||||
INTERVAL=2 # Update every 2 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
pidno=$( ps ax | grep -v "ps ax" | grep -v grep | grep $PROCNAME |
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ awk '{ print $1 }' )
|
|||
if [ -z "$pidno" ] # If no pid, then process is not running.
|
||||
then
|
||||
echo "Not connected."
|
||||
exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
||||
# exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
||||
else
|
||||
echo "Connected."; echo
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ do
|
|||
# While process running, then "status" file exists.
|
||||
then
|
||||
echo "Disconnected."
|
||||
exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
||||
# exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
netstat -s | grep "packets received" # Get some connect statistics.
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,3 +57,4 @@ exit 0
|
|||
# ---------
|
||||
# Improve the script so it exits on a "q" keystroke.
|
||||
# Make the script more user-friendly in other ways.
|
||||
# Fix the script to work with wireless/DSL connections.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
echo; echo
|
||||
|
||||
#############################################################
|
||||
### First, let's show some basic escaped-character usage. ###
|
||||
#############################################################
|
||||
|
||||
# Escaping a newline.
|
||||
# ------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -33,28 +37,40 @@ echo "QUOTATION MARK"
|
|||
echo -e "\042" # Prints " (quote, octal ASCII character 42).
|
||||
echo "=============="
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The $'\X' construct makes the -e option unnecessary.
|
||||
|
||||
echo; echo "NEWLINE AND BEEP"
|
||||
echo $'\n' # Newline.
|
||||
echo $'\a' # Alert (beep).
|
||||
|
||||
echo "==============="
|
||||
echo "---------------"
|
||||
echo "QUOTATION MARKS"
|
||||
# Version 2 and later of Bash permits using the $'\nnn' construct.
|
||||
# Note that in this case, '\nnn' is an octal value.
|
||||
echo "---------------"
|
||||
echo; echo; echo
|
||||
# Here we have seen $'\nnn" string expansion.
|
||||
|
||||
# =================================================================== #
|
||||
# Version 2 of Bash introduced the $'\nnn' string expansion construct.
|
||||
# =================================================================== #
|
||||
|
||||
echo "Introducing the \$\' ... \' string-expansion construct!"
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
echo $'\t \042 \t' # Quote (") framed by tabs.
|
||||
# Note that '\nnn' is an octal value.
|
||||
|
||||
# It also works with hexadecimal values, in an $'\xhhh' construct.
|
||||
echo $'\t \x22 \t' # Quote (") framed by tabs.
|
||||
# Thank you, Greg Keraunen, for pointing this out.
|
||||
# Earlier Bash versions allowed '\x022'.
|
||||
|
||||
echo "==============="
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Assigning ASCII characters to a variable.
|
||||
# ----------------------------------------
|
||||
quote=$'\042' # " assigned to a variable.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
|
|||
cd /var/log
|
||||
cat /dev/null > messages
|
||||
cat /dev/null > wtmp
|
||||
echo "Logs cleaned up."
|
||||
echo "Log files cleaned up."
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,4 +16,6 @@ cat /dev/null > wtmp
|
|||
|
||||
echo "Logs cleaned up."
|
||||
|
||||
exit # The right and proper method of "exiting" from a script.
|
||||
exit # The right and proper method of "exiting" from a script.
|
||||
# A bare "exit" (no parameter) returns the exit status
|
||||
#+ of the preceding command.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ mv mesg.temp messages # Becomes new log directory.
|
|||
#* No longer needed, as the above method is safer.
|
||||
|
||||
cat /dev/null > wtmp # ': > wtmp' and '> wtmp' have the same effect.
|
||||
echo "Logs cleaned up."
|
||||
echo "Log files cleaned up."
|
||||
# Note that there are other log files in /var/log not affected
|
||||
#+ by this script.
|
||||
|
||||
exit 0
|
||||
# A zero return value from the script upon exit indicates success
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,21 +29,21 @@ fetch_address ()
|
|||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
store_address "Charles Jones" "414 W. 10th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236"
|
||||
store_address "John Smith" "202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009"
|
||||
store_address "Wilma Wilson" "1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023"
|
||||
store_address "Lucas Fayne" "414 W. 13th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236"
|
||||
store_address "Arvid Boyce" "202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009"
|
||||
store_address "Velma Winston" "1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023"
|
||||
# Exercise:
|
||||
# Rewrite the above store_address calls to read data from a file,
|
||||
#+ then assign field 1 to name, field 2 to address in the array.
|
||||
# Each line in the file would have a format corresponding to the above.
|
||||
# Use a while-read loop to read from file, sed or awk to parse the fields.
|
||||
|
||||
fetch_address "Charles Jones"
|
||||
# Charles Jones's address is 414 W. 10th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236.
|
||||
fetch_address "Wilma Wilson"
|
||||
# Wilma Wilson's address is 1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023.
|
||||
fetch_address "John Smith"
|
||||
# John Smith's address is 202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009.
|
||||
fetch_address "Lucas Fayne"
|
||||
# Lucas Fayne's address is 414 W. 13th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236.
|
||||
fetch_address "Velma Winston"
|
||||
# Velma Winston's address is 1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023.
|
||||
fetch_address "Arvid Boyce"
|
||||
# Arvid Boyce's address is 202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009.
|
||||
fetch_address "Bozo Bozeman"
|
||||
# Bozo Bozeman's address is not in database.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,3 +15,8 @@ echo "Wilma's address is ${address[Wilma]}."
|
|||
# Wilma's address is 1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023.
|
||||
echo "John's address is ${address[John]}."
|
||||
# John's address is 202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009.
|
||||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
echo "${!address[*]}" # The array indices ...
|
||||
# Charles John Wilma
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
|
|||
### Variables && sanity check ###
|
||||
|
||||
E_NOPARAM=86
|
||||
E_BADPARAM=87 # Illegal no. of disks passed to script.
|
||||
E_BADPARAM=87 # Illegal no. of disks passed to script.
|
||||
E_NOEXIT=88
|
||||
|
||||
DISKS=${1:-E_NOPARAM} # Must specify how many disks.
|
||||
DISKS=${1:-$E_NOPARAM} # Must specify how many disks.
|
||||
Moves=0
|
||||
|
||||
MWIDTH=7
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# here-commsub.sh
|
||||
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...
|
||||
|
||||
multi_line_var=$( cat <<ENDxxx
|
||||
------------------------------
|
||||
This is line 1 of the variable
|
||||
This is line 2 of the variable
|
||||
This is line 3 of the variable
|
||||
------------------------------
|
||||
ENDxxx)
|
||||
|
||||
# Rather than what Bash 4.0 requires:
|
||||
#+ that the terminating limit string and
|
||||
#+ the terminating close-parenthesis be on separate lines.
|
||||
|
||||
# ENDxxx
|
||||
# )
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
echo "$multi_line_var"
|
||||
|
||||
# Bash still emits a warning, though.
|
||||
# warning: here-document at line 10 delimited
|
||||
#+ by end-of-file (wanted `ENDxxx')
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# ip-addresses.sh
|
||||
# List the IP addresses your computer is connected to.
|
||||
|
||||
# Inspired by Greg Bledsoe's ddos.sh script,
|
||||
# Linux Journal, 09 March 2011.
|
||||
# URL:
|
||||
# http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/back-dead-simple-bash-complex-ddos
|
||||
# Greg licensed his script under the GPL2,
|
||||
#+ and as a derivative, this script is likewise GPL2.
|
||||
|
||||
connection_type=TCP # Also try UDP.
|
||||
field=2 # Which field of the output we're interested in.
|
||||
no_match=LISTEN # Filter out records containing this. Why?
|
||||
lsof_args=-ni # -i lists Internet-associated files.
|
||||
# -n preserves numerical IP addresses.
|
||||
# What happens without the -n option? Try it.
|
||||
router="[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]->"
|
||||
# Delete the router info.
|
||||
|
||||
lsof "$lsof_args" | grep $connection_type | grep -v "$no_match" |
|
||||
awk '{print $9}' | cut -d : -f $field | sort | uniq |
|
||||
sed s/"^$router"//
|
||||
|
||||
# Bledsoe's script assigns the output of a filtered IP list,
|
||||
# (similar to lines 19-22, above) to a variable.
|
||||
# He checks for multiple connections to a single IP address,
|
||||
# then uses:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# iptables -I INPUT -s $ip -p tcp -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
|
||||
#
|
||||
# ... within a 60-second delay loop to bounce packets from DDOS attacks.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Exercise:
|
||||
# --------
|
||||
# Use the 'iptables' command to extend this script
|
||||
#+ to reject connection attempts from well-known spammer IP domains.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# lastpipe-option.sh
|
||||
|
||||
line='' # Null value.
|
||||
echo "\$line = "$line"" # $line =
|
||||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -s lastpipe # Error on Bash version -lt 4.2.
|
||||
echo "Exit status of attempting to set \"lastpipe\" option is $?"
|
||||
# 1 if Bash version -lt 4.2, 0 otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
head -1 $0 | read line # Pipe the first line of the script to read.
|
||||
# ^^^^^^^^^ Not in a subshell!!!
|
||||
|
||||
echo "\$line = "$line""
|
||||
# Older Bash releases $line =
|
||||
# Bash version 4.2 $line = #!/bin/bash
|
||||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ EQUAL=251 # Return value if both params equal.
|
|||
#+ params that might be fed to the function.
|
||||
|
||||
max2 () # Returns larger of two numbers.
|
||||
{ # Note: numbers compared must be less than 257.
|
||||
{ # Note: numbers compared must be less than 250.
|
||||
if [ -z "$2" ]
|
||||
then
|
||||
return $E_PARAM_ERR
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# neg-array.sh
|
||||
# Requires Bash, version -ge 4.2.
|
||||
|
||||
array=( zero one two three four five ) # Six-element array.
|
||||
|
||||
# Negative array indices now permitted.
|
||||
echo ${array[-1]} # five
|
||||
echo ${array[-2]} # four
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
echo ${array[-6]} # zero
|
||||
# Negative array indices count backward from the last element+1.
|
||||
|
||||
# But, you cannot index past the beginning of the array.
|
||||
echo ${array[-7]} # array: bad array subscript
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# So, what is this new feature good for?
|
||||
|
||||
echo "The last element in the array is "${array[-1]}""
|
||||
# Which is quite a bit more straightforward than:
|
||||
echo "The last element in the array is "${array[${#array[*]}-1]}""
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
||||
# And ...
|
||||
|
||||
index=0
|
||||
let "neg_element_count = 0 - ${#array[*]}"
|
||||
# Number of elements, converted to a negative number.
|
||||
|
||||
while [ $index -gt $neg_element_count ]; do
|
||||
((index--)); echo -n "${array[index]} "
|
||||
done # Lists the elements in the array, backwards.
|
||||
# We have just simulated the "tac" command on this array.
|
||||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# Bash, version -ge 4.2
|
||||
# Negative length-index in substring extraction.
|
||||
# Important: This changes the interpretation of this construct!
|
||||
|
||||
stringZ=abcABC123ABCabc
|
||||
|
||||
echo ${stringZ} # abcABC123ABCabc
|
||||
echo ${stringZ:2:3} # cAB
|
||||
# Count 2 chars forward from string beginning, and extract 3 chars.
|
||||
# ${string:position:length}
|
||||
|
||||
# So far, nothing new, but now ...
|
||||
|
||||
echo ${stringZ:3:-6} # ABC123
|
||||
# ^
|
||||
# Index 3 chars forward from beginning and 6 chars backward from end,
|
||||
#+ and extract everything in between.
|
||||
# ${string:offset-from-front:offset-from-end}
|
||||
# When the "length" parameter is negative,
|
||||
#+ it serves as an "offset-from-end" parameter.
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,8 +57,6 @@ let "bad_oct = 081"
|
|||
# bad_oct = 081: value too great for base (error token is "081")
|
||||
# Octal numbers use only digits in the range 0 - 7.
|
||||
|
||||
exit $? # Thanks, Rich Bartell and Stephane Chazelas, for clarification.
|
||||
exit $? # Exit value = 1 (error)
|
||||
|
||||
$ sh numbers.sh
|
||||
$ echo $?
|
||||
$ 1
|
||||
# Thanks, Rich Bartell and Stephane Chazelas, for clarification.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# psub.bash
|
||||
|
||||
# As inspired by Diego Molina (thanks!).
|
||||
|
||||
declare -a array0
|
||||
while read
|
||||
do
|
||||
array0[${#array0[@]}]="$REPLY"
|
||||
done < <( sed -e 's/bash/CRASH-BANG!/' $0 | grep bin | awk '{print $1}' )
|
||||
|
||||
echo "${array0[@]}"
|
||||
|
||||
exit $?
|
||||
|
||||
# ====================================== #
|
||||
|
||||
bash psub.bash
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/CRASH-BANG! done #!/bin/CRASH-BANG!
|
||||
|
|
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
|
|||
# random-between.sh
|
||||
# Random number between two specified values.
|
||||
# Script by Bill Gradwohl, with minor modifications by the document author.
|
||||
# Corrections in lines 187 and 189 by Anthony Le Clezio.
|
||||
# Used with permission.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,9 +185,9 @@ done
|
|||
# Let's check the results
|
||||
|
||||
for ((i=${minimum}; i<=${maximum}; i+=divisibleBy)); do
|
||||
[ ${answer[i+displacement]} -eq 0 ] \
|
||||
[ ${answer[i+disp]} -eq 0 ] \
|
||||
&& echo "We never got an answer of $i." \
|
||||
|| echo "${i} occurred ${answer[i+displacement]} times."
|
||||
|| echo "${i} occurred ${answer[i+disp]} times."
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...
|
||||
|
||||
num_chars=61
|
||||
|
||||
read -N $num_chars var < $0 # Read first 61 characters of script!
|
||||
echo "$var"
|
||||
exit
|
||||
|
||||
####### Output of Script #######
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...
|
||||
|
||||
num_chars=61
|
||||
|
|
@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
|
|||
# readpipe.sh
|
||||
# This example contributed by Bjon Eriksson.
|
||||
|
||||
### shopt -s lastpipe
|
||||
|
||||
last="(null)"
|
||||
cat $0 |
|
||||
while read line
|
||||
|
|
@ -12,7 +14,9 @@ done
|
|||
|
||||
echo
|
||||
echo "++++++++++++++++++++++"
|
||||
printf "\nAll done, last: $last\n"
|
||||
printf "\nAll done, last: $last\n" # The output of this line
|
||||
#+ changes if you uncomment line 5.
|
||||
# (Bash, version -ge 4.2 required.)
|
||||
|
||||
exit 0 # End of code.
|
||||
# (Partial) output of script follows.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
ARGCOUNT=1 # Expect one arg.
|
||||
E_WRONGARGS=65
|
||||
E_WRONGARGS=85
|
||||
|
||||
file=/etc/passwd
|
||||
pattern=$1
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ do
|
|||
# Now, retrieve value, using indirect referencing.
|
||||
echo "There are ${!Inv} of [${!Val} ohm / ${!Pdissip} watt]\
|
||||
resistors in stock." # ^ ^
|
||||
# As of Bash 4.2, you can replace "ohm" with \u2126 (using echo -e).
|
||||
echo "These are located in bin # ${!Loc}."
|
||||
echo "Their color code is \"${!Ccode}\"."
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
# May have to change the location for your site.
|
||||
# (At the ISP's servers, Bash may not be in the usual place.)
|
||||
# Other places: /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin
|
||||
# Might even try it without any path in sha-bang.
|
||||
|
||||
# test-cgi.sh
|
||||
# by Michael Zick
|
||||
# Used with permission
|
||||
|
||||
# May have to change the location for your site.
|
||||
# (At the ISP's servers, Bash may not be in the usual place.)
|
||||
# Other places: /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin
|
||||
# Might even try it without any path in sha-bang.
|
||||
|
||||
# Disable filename globbing.
|
||||
set -f
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue