From 8de6f7bf9139318b186b7934f04620db65a7a8a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: binh <>
Date: Sun, 14 Sep 2003 11:47:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Everything works! :-)
---
.../Contributors.xml | 7 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.xml | 8 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Sources.xml | 4 +-
.../The-Root-Directory.xml | 4 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/boot.xml | 115 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/etc.xml | 1478 ++++++++++-------
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/initrd.xml | 1 -
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/lostfound.xml | 48 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/mnt.xml | 8 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/proc.xml | 164 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/sbin.xml | 13 +-
.../Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/usr.xml | 47 +-
12 files changed, 1175 insertions(+), 722 deletions(-)
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Contributors.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Contributors.xml
index a57f7a38..3672e042 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Contributors.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Contributors.xml
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@
Contributors
- The author would like to thank a group of members (who
- wish to remain anonymous) from MLUG www.mlug.org.au for having
- the time and patience to help proof read this document
- before going to publication.
+ The author would like to thank a group of members (who wish to remain anonymous) from MLUG
+ http://www.mlug.org.au for having the time
+ and patience to help proof read this document before going to publication.
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.xml
index 9607f98b..2c55024d 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy.xml
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
-Version 0.51
-2003-08-14
+Version 0.61
+2003-09-14
Binh
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
-This document outlines the set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under the Linux operating system according to those of the FSSTND v2.2 final (May 23, 2001) and also its actual implementation on an arbitrary system. It is meant to be accessible to all members of the Linux community, be distribution independent and is intended discuss the impact of the FSSTND and how it has managed to increase the efficiency of support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems.
+This document outlines the set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under the Linux operating system according to those of the FSSTND v2.2 final (May 23, 2001) and also its actual implementation on an arbitrary system. It is meant to be accessible to all members of the Linux community, be distribution independent and is intended discuss the impact of the FSSTND and how it has managed to increase the efficiency of support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems. The next revision of this document will occur when FSSTND 2.3 final is complete.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
The source code and other machine readable formats
of this book can be found on the Internet at the
Linux Documentation Project home page http://www.tldp.org/
+url="http://www.tldp.org">http://www.tldp.org
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Sources.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Sources.xml
index c40b1dd7..41f0ae4d 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Sources.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/Sources.xml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-
+
Sources
@@ -272,4 +272,4 @@
-
+
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/The-Root-Directory.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/The-Root-Directory.xml
index 6f73e475..18800e8c 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/The-Root-Directory.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/The-Root-Directory.xml
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
- Mandrake 9.0 on /dev/hda7
+ Mandrake 9.1 on /dev/hda7
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
bin/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ usr/ cdrom/ opt/ vmlinuz
- boot/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ tmp/ var/ cdrom1/ floppy/ initrd/ /tftpboot
+ boot/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ tmp/ var/ dvd/ floppy/ initrd/ /tftpboot
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/boot.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/boot.xml
index 404a1f0d..85ca4a9e 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/boot.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/boot.xml
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
linked at /).
/boot/boot.0300Backup
- master boot record./boot/boot.bThis
+ master boot record.
+
+ /boot/boot.bThis
is installed as the basic boot sector. In the case of most modern
distributions it is actually a symobolic link to one of four files
/boot/boot-bmp.b, /boot/boot-menu.b, /boot/boot-text.b, /boot/boot-compat.b
@@ -23,60 +25,83 @@
ensure compatibility respectively. In each case re-installation of lilo is
necessary in order to complete the changes. To change the actual
'boot-logo' you can either use utilites such as fblogo or the more
- refined bootsplash./boot/chain.bUsed
- to boot non-Linux operating systems./boot/config-kernel-versionInstalled
+ refined bootsplash.
+
+ /boot/chain.bUsed
+ to boot non-Linux operating systems.
+
+ /boot/config-kernel-versionInstalled
kernel configuration. This file is most useful when compiling kernels on
other systems or device modules. Below is a small sample of what the
- contents of the file looks like.
- CONFIG_X86=y
- CONFIG_MICROCODE=m
- CONFIG_X86_MSR=m
- CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION=y
- CONFIG_MTRR=y
- CONFIG_MODULES=y
- CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y
- CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG=m
- CONFIG_I2O=m
- CONFIG_ARCNET_ETH=y
- CONFIG_FMV18X=m
- CONFIG_HPLAN_PLUS=m
- CONFIG_ETH16I=m
- CONFIG_NE2000=m
- CONFIG_HISAX_HFC_PCI=y
- CONFIG_ISDN_DRV_AVMB1_C4=m
- CONFIG_USB_RIO500=m
- CONFIG_QUOTA=y
- CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS=m
- CONFIG_ADFS_FS=m
- CONFIG_AFFS_FS=m
- CONFIG_HFS_FS=m
- CONFIG_FAT_FS=y
- CONFIG_MSDOS_FS=y
- CONFIG_UMSDOS_FS=m
- CONFIG_FBCON_VGA=m
- CONFIG_FONT_8x8=y
- CONFIG_FONT_8x16=y
- CONFIG_SOUND=m
- CONFIG_SOUND_CMPCI=m
- CONFIG_AEDSP16=m
- As you can see, its rather
+ contents of the file looks like.
+
+
+ CONFIG_X86=y
+ CONFIG_MICROCODE=m
+ CONFIG_X86_MSR=m
+ CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION=y
+ CONFIG_MTRR=y
+ CONFIG_MODULES=y
+ CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y
+ CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG=m
+ CONFIG_I2O=m
+ CONFIG_ARCNET_ETH=y
+ CONFIG_FMV18X=m
+ CONFIG_HPLAN_PLUS=m
+ CONFIG_ETH16I=m
+ CONFIG_NE2000=m
+ CONFIG_HISAX_HFC_PCI=y
+ CONFIG_ISDN_DRV_AVMB1_C4=m
+ CONFIG_USB_RIO500=m
+ CONFIG_QUOTA=y
+ CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS=m
+ CONFIG_ADFS_FS=m
+ CONFIG_AFFS_FS=m
+ CONFIG_HFS_FS=m
+ CONFIG_FAT_FS=y
+ CONFIG_MSDOS_FS=y
+ CONFIG_UMSDOS_FS=m
+ CONFIG_FBCON_VGA=m
+ CONFIG_FONT_8x8=y
+ CONFIG_FONT_8x16=y
+ CONFIG_SOUND=m
+ CONFIG_SOUND_CMPCI=m
+ CONFIG_AEDSP16=m
+
+
+ As you can see, its rather
simplistic. The line begins with the configuration option and whether its
configured as part of the kernel, as a module or not at all. Lines beginning
- with a # symbol are comments and are not interpreted during processing./boot/os2_d.bUsed
- to boot to the 0S/2 operating system./boot/mapContains
- the location of the kernel./boot/vmlinuz,
- /boot/vmlinuz-kernel-versionNormally the kernel or
- symbolic link to the kernel./boot/grubThis
+ with a # symbol are comments and are not interpreted during processing.
+
+ /boot/os2_d.bUsed
+ to boot to the 0S/2 operating system.
+
+ /boot/mapContains
+ the location of the kernel.
+
+ /boot/vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz-kernel-versionNormally the kernel or
+ symbolic link to the kernel.
+
+ /boot/grubThis
subdirectory contains the GRUB configuration files including boot-up images
and sounds. GRUB is the GNU GRand Unified Bootloader, a project which
intends to solve all bootup problems once and for all. One of the most
interesting features, is that you don't have to install a new partition
or kernel, you can change all parameters at boot time via the GRUB Console,
- since it knows about the filesystems./boot/grub/device.mapMaps
+ since it knows about the filesystems.
+
+ /boot/grub/device.mapMaps
devices in /dev to those used by grub. For example, (/dev/fd0) is
- represented by /dev/fd0 and (hd0, 4) is referenced by /dev/hda5./boot/grub/grub.conf,
- /boot/grub/menu.lstGrub configuration file./boot/grub/messagesGrub
- boot-up welcome message./boot/grub/splash.xpm.gzGrub
+ represented by /dev/fd0 and (hd0, 4) is referenced by /dev/hda5.
+
+ /boot/grub/grub.conf,
+ /boot/grub/menu.lstGrub configuration file.
+
+ /boot/grub/messagesGrub
+ boot-up welcome message.
+
+ /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gzGrub
boot-up background image.
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/etc.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/etc.xml
index 54807b45..465236a9 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/etc.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/etc.xml
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
directory tree contains all the configuration files for the X Window System.
Users should note that many of the files located in this directory are
actually symbollic links to the /usr/X11R6 directory tree. Thus, the
- presence of these files in these locations can not be certain./etc/X11/XF86Config,
+ presence of these files in these locations can not be certain.
+
+ /etc/X11/XF86Config,
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4The 'X' configuration
file. Most modern distributions possess hardware autodetection systems that
enable automatic creation of a valid file. Should autodetection fail a
@@ -242,7 +244,9 @@ EndSection
the machines running X servers on a network do not require their own set of
fonts. xfs may also be invoked by users to, for instance, make available X
fonts in user accounts that are not available to the X server or to an
- already running system xfs./etc/X11/fs/configThis
+ already running system xfs.
+
+ /etc/X11/fs/configThis
is the 'xfs' initialisation file. It specifies the number of clients
that are allowed to connect to the 'xfs' server at any one time, the
location of log files, default resolution, the location of the fonts, etc.
@@ -260,7 +264,11 @@ use-syslog = on
# turn off TCP port listening (Unix domain connections are still permitted)
no-listen = tcp
# paths to search for fonts
-catalogue = /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/:unscaled,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/:unscaled,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/CID,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/
+catalogue = /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/,
+/usr/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/:unscaled,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/:unscaled,
+/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/CID,
+/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/,
+/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/
# in decipoints
default-point-size = 120
# x1,y1,x2,y2,...
@@ -270,7 +278,9 @@ default-resolutions = 100,100,75,75
cache-hi-mark = 2048
cache-low-mark = 1433
cache-balance = 70
-/etc/X11/twmHome
+
+
+/etc/X11/twmHome
of configuration files for twm. The original Tabbed Window Manager./etc/X11/xinit/xinit
configuration files. 'xinit' is a configuration method os starting
up an X session that is designed to used as part of a script. Normally, this
@@ -317,28 +327,35 @@ cache-balance = 70
symbolic link to the actual file referenced. This is done so that the system
administrator's changes can be confined within the /etc directory.
- /etc/apt
+ /etc/apt
+This is Debian's next generation front-end for the dpkg package manager. It provides the apt-get utility and APT dselect method that provides a simpler, safer way to install and upgrade packages. APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other unique features, see the Users Guide in /usr/share/doc/apt/guide.text.gz
+
/etc/apt/sources.list
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-7 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-6 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-5 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-4 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-3 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-2 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
-deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-1 (20020718)]/ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-7 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-6 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-5 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-4 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-3 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-2 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
+deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-1 (20020718)]/
+ unstable contrib main non-US/contrib non-US/main
# deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main
-
+
- /etc/apt/apt.conf.d
+
+ Contains a list of apt-sources from which packages may be installed via APT.
+
+
+
- /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/70debconf
- // Pre-configure all packages with debconf before they are
- installed. // If you don't like it, comment it out.
- DPkg::Pre-Install-Pkgs {"/usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure --apt ||
- true";};
-
/etc/asound.confALSA
(Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) configuration file. It is normally
created via alsactl or other third-party sound configuration utilities that
@@ -364,10 +381,18 @@ deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 r0 _Woody_ - Official i386 Binary-1 (20020718)]/
directory. Those files can contain your site's or the package's own
Autoconf macro definitions. If a macro is defined in more than one of the
files that autoconf reads, the last definition it reads overrides the
- earlier ones./etc/bash.bashrcSystem
- wide functions and aliases' file for interactive bash shells./etc/bash_completionProgrammable
- completion functions for bash 2.05a./etc/chatscripts/providerThis
- is the chat script used to dial out to your default service provider./etc/cron.d,
+ earlier ones.
+
+ /etc/bash.bashrcSystem
+ wide functions and aliases' file for interactive bash shells.
+
+ /etc/bash_completionProgrammable
+ completion functions for bash 2.05a.
+
+ /etc/chatscripts/providerThis
+ is the chat script used to dial out to your default service provider.
+
+ /etc/cron.d,
/etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly, /etc/cron.monthlyThese
directories contain scripts to be executed on a regular basis by the cron
daemon./etc/crontab'cron'
@@ -404,7 +429,15 @@ PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
remove users from a given group. Deluser can optionally remove and backup
the user's home directory and mail spool or all files on the system
owned by him. Optionally a custom script can also be executed after each of
- the commands./etc/devfs/etc/devfs/conf.d/'devfsd'
+ the commands.
+
+ /etc/devfs
+ This daemon sets up the /dev filesystem for use. It creates required
+ symbolic links in /dev and also creates (if so configured, as is the
+ default) symbolic links to the "old" names for devices.
+
+
+ /etc/devfs/conf.d/'devfsd'
configuration files. This daemon sets up the /dev filesystem for use. It
creates required symbolic links in /dev and also creates (if so configured,
as is the default) symbolic links to the "old" names for devices./etc/dhclient.conf,
@@ -428,14 +461,21 @@ PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
server localhost
server dict.org
-/etc/dosemu.confConfiguration
+
+
+dict is a client for the Dictionary Server Protocol (DICT), a TCP transaction based
+query/response protocol that provides access to dictionary definitions from a set of natural
+language dictionary databases.
+
+
+/etc/dosemu.confConfiguration
file for the Linux DOS Emulator. DOSEMU is a PC Emulator application that
allows Linux to run a DOS operating system in a virtual x86 machine. This
- allows you to run many DOS applications. - Includes the FreeDOS kernel. -
- Color text and full keyboard emulation (via hotkeys) via terminal. -
- Built-in X support, includes IBM character set font. - Graphics capability
- at the console with most compatible video cards. - DPMI support so you can
- run DOOM. - CDROM support. - Builtin IPX and pktdrvr support. Note -
+ allows you to run many DOS applications. It includes the FreeDOS kernel,
+ color text and full keyboard emulation (via hotkeys) via terminal,
+ built-in X support, IBM character set font, graphics capability
+ at the console with most compatible video cards, DPMI support so you can
+ run DOOM, CDROM support, builtin IPX and pktdrvr support. Note -
'dosemu' is simply a ported version of Corel's own PC-DOS.
/etc/email-addressesPart
@@ -466,55 +506,85 @@ server dict.org
remotely./etc/exportsThe
control list of systems who want to access the system via NFS, a the list of
directories that you would like to share and the permissions allocated on
- each share.# /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be # exported to NFS clients. See exports(5).
-## LTS-begin ##
+ each share.
+
+ # /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be
+ # exported to NFS clients. See exports(5).
+ ## LTS-begin ##
-#
-# The lines between the 'LTS-begin' and the 'LTS-end' were added
-# on: Sun Feb 23 05:54:17 EST 2003 by the ltsp installation script.
-# For more information, visit the ltsp homepage
-# at http://www.ltsp.org
-#
+ #
+ # The lines between the 'LTS-begin' and the 'LTS-end' were added
+ # on: Sun Feb 23 05:54:17 EST 2003 by the ltsp installation script.
+ # For more information, visit the ltsp homepage
+ # at http://www.ltsp.org
+ #
-/opt/ltsp/i386 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash)
-/var/opt/ltsp/swapfiles 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_root_squash)
+ /opt/ltsp/i386 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(ro,no_root_squash)
+ /var/opt/ltsp/swapfiles 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_root_squash)
-#
-# The following entries need to be uncommented if you want
-# Local App support in ltsp
-#
-#/home 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_root_squash)
+ #
+ # The following entries need to be uncommented if you want
+ # Local App support in ltsp
+ #
+ #/home 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,no_root_squash)
-## LTS-end ##
-/etc/fdprmFloppy
+ ## LTS-end ##
+
+
+/etc/fdprmFloppy
disk parameter table. Describes what different floppy disk formats look
- like. Used by setfdprm./etc/fstabThe
+ like. Used by setfdprm.
+
+ /etc/fstabThe
configuration file for 'mount' and now 'supermount'. It
lists the filesystems mounted automatically at startup by the mount -a
command (in /etc/rc or equivalent startup file). Under Linux, also contains
- information about swap areas used automatically by swapon -a. # /etc/fstab:
- static file system information. # # The following is an example. Please see
- fstab(5) for further details. # Please refer to mount(1) for a complete
- description of mount options. # # Format: # <file system> <mount
- point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> #
+ information about swap areas used automatically by swapon -a.
+
+
+
+
+ # /etc/fstab: static file system information.
+ #
+ # The following is an example. Please see fstab(5) for further details.
+ # Please refer to mount(1) for a complete description of mount options.
+ #
+ # Format:
+ # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
+ #
# dump(8) uses the <dump> field to determine which file systems need
- # to be dumped. fsck(8) uses the <pass> column to determine which
- file # systems need to be checked--the root file system should have a 1 in #
- this field, other file systems a 2, and any file systems that should # not
- be checked (such as MS-DOS or NFS file systems) a 0. # # The `sw' option
- indicates that the swap partition is to be activated # with `swapon -a'.
- /dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0 # The `bsdgroups' option indicates that the
- file system is to be mounted # with BSD semantics (files inherit the group
- ownership of the directory # in which they live). `ro' can be used to
- mount a file system read-only. /dev/hda3 / ext2 defaults 0 1 /dev/hda5 /home
- ext2 defaults 0 2 /dev/hda6 /var ext2 defaults 0 2 /dev/hda7 /usr ext2
- defaults,ro 0 2 /dev/hda8 /usr/local ext2 defaults,bsdgroups 0 2 # The
- `noauto' option indicates that the file system should not be mounted #
- with `mount -a'. `user' indicates that normal users are allowed to
- mount # the file system. /dev/cdrom /cdrom iso9660 defaults,noauto,ro,user 0
- 0 /dev/fd0 /floppy minix defaults,noauto,user 0 0 /dev/fd1 /floppy minix
- defaults,noauto,user 0 0 # NFS file systems: server:/export/usr /usr nfs
- defaults 0 0 # proc file system: proc /proc proc defaults 0 0/etc/ftpaccessDetermines
+ # to be dumped. fsck(8) uses the <pass> column to determine which file
+ # systems need to be checked--the root file system should have a 1 in
+ # this field, other file systems a 2, and any file systems that should
+ # not be checked (such as MS-DOS or NFS file systems) a 0.
+ #
+ # The `sw' option indicates that the swap partition is to be activated
+ # with `swapon -a'.
+ /dev/hda2 none swap sw 0 0
+ # The `bsdgroups' option indicates that the file system is to be mounted
+ # with BSD semantics (files inherit the group ownership of the directory
+ # in which they live). `ro' can be used to mount a file system read-only.
+ /dev/hda3 / ext2 defaults 0 1
+ /dev/hda5 /home ext2 defaults 0 2
+ /dev/hda6 /var ext2 defaults 0 2
+ /dev/hda7 /usr ext2 defaults,ro 0 2
+ /dev/hda8 /usr/local ext2 defaults,bsdgroups 0 2
+ # The `noauto' option indicates that the file system should not be mounted
+ # with `mount -a'. `user' indicates that normal users are allowed to mount
+ # the file system.
+ /dev/cdrom /cdrom iso9660 defaults,noauto,ro,user 0 0
+ /dev/fd0 /floppy minix defaults,noauto,user 0 0
+ /dev/fd1 /floppy minix defaults,noauto,user 0 0
+ # NFS file systems: server:
+ /export/usr /usr nfs defaults 0 0
+ # proc file system:
+ proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
+
+
+
+
+
+ /etc/ftpaccessDetermines
who might get ftp-access to your machine./etc/ftpchrootList
of ftp users that need to be chrooted./etc/ftpuserList
of dissallowed ftp users./etc/gatewaysLists
@@ -522,51 +592,82 @@ server dict.org
console-logins./etc/gnome-vfs-mime-magicMIME
magic patterns as used by the Gnome VFS library./etc/groupSimilar
to /etc/passwd. It lists the configured user groups and who belongs to them.
- root:x:0: daemon:x:1: bin:x:2: sys:x:3: adm:x:4: tty:x:5: disk:x:6:
- lp:x:7:lp mail:x:8: news:x:9: uucp:x:10: proxy:x:13: kmem:x:15:
- dialout:x:20: fax:x:21: voice:x:22: cdrom:x:24: floppy:x:25: tape:x:26:
- sudo:x:27: audio:x:29: dip:x:30: postgres:x:32: www-data:x:33: backup:x:34:
- operator:x:37: list:x:38: irc:x:39: src:x:40: gnats:x:41: shadow:x:42:
- utmp:x:43:telnetd video:x:44: staff:x:50: games:x:60: users:x:100:
- nogroup:x:65534: binh:x:1000: gdm:x:101: telnetd:x:103: dummy:x:1001:/etc/group-Old
+ /etc/group-Old
/etc/group file./etc/gshadowContains
encrypted forms of group passwords./etc/gshadow-Old
/etc/gshadow file./etc/hostnameContains
the hostname of your machine (can be fully qualified or not)./etc/host.confDetermines
the search order for look-ups (usually hosts bind, i.e. "check
- /etc/hosts first and then look for a DNS")./etc/hostsThis
+ /etc/hosts first and then look for a DNS").
+
+ /etc/hostsThis
file is used to define a system name and domain combination with a specific
IP address. This file needs to always contain an entry for an IP address, if
- the machine is connected to the network. ### etherconf DEBCONF AREA. DO NOT
- EDIT THIS AREA OR INSERT TEXT BEFORE IT. 127.0.0.1 localhost ::1 localhost
- ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
- ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
- 192.168.0.99 debian.localdomain.com debian ### END OF DEBCONF AREA. PLACE
- YOUR EDITS BELOW; THEY WILL BE PRESERVED. 192.168.0.1 ws001/etc/hosts.allowPart
+ the machine is connected to the network.
+
+
+ ### etherconf DEBCONF AREA. DO NOT EDIT THIS AREA OR INSERT TEXT BEFORE IT.
+ 127.0.0.1 localhost ::1 localhost
+ ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
+ fe00::0 ip6-localnet
+ ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
+ ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
+ ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
+ ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
+ 192.168.0.99 debian.localdomain.com debian
+ ### END OF DEBCONF AREA. PLACE YOUR EDITS BELOW; THEY WILL BE PRESERVED.
+ 192.168.0.1 ws001
+
+
+
+
+ /etc/hosts.allowPart
of the tcp-wrappers system to control access to your machine's services.
- It lists hosts that are allowed to access the system and specfic daemons. #
- /etc/hosts.allow: list of hosts that are allowed to access the # system. #
- See the manual pages hosts_access(5), hosts_options(5) # and
- /usr/doc/netbase/portmapper.txt.gz # # Example: ALL: LOCAL @some_netgroup #
- ALL: .foobar.edu EXCEPT terminalserver.foobar.edu # # If you're going to
- protect the portmapper use the name "portmap" # for the daemon name.
- Remember that you can only use the keyword # "ALL" and IP addresses
- (NOT host or domain names) for the # portmapper. See portmap(8) and
- /usr/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz # for further information. bootpd:
- 0.0.0.0 in.tftpd: 192.168.0. portmap: 192.168.0. rpc.mountd: 192.168.0.
- rpc.nfsd: 192.168.0. gdm: 192.168.0. nasd: 192.168.0./etc/hosts.denypart
+ It lists hosts that are allowed to access the system and specfic daemons.
+
+ # /etc/hosts.allow: list of hosts that are allowed to access the
+ # system.
+ # See the manual pages hosts_access(5), hosts_options(5)
+ # and /usr/doc/netbase/portmapper.txt.gz
+ #
+ # Example: ALL: LOCAL @some_netgroup
+ # ALL: .foobar.edu EXCEPT terminalserver.foobar.edu
+ #
+ # If you're going to protect the portmapper use the name "portmap"
+ # for the daemon name. Remember that you can only use the keyword
+ # "ALL" and IP addresses (NOT host or domain names) for the
+ # portmapper. See portmap(8) and /usr/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz
+ # for further information.
+ bootpd: 0.0.0.0 in.tftpd: 192.168.0.
+ portmap: 192.168.0.
+ rpc.mountd: 192.168.0.
+ rpc.nfsd: 192.168.0.
+ gdm: 192.168.0.
+ nasd: 192.168.0.
+
+
+
+ /etc/hosts.denypart
of the tcp-wrappers system to control access to your machine's services.
- It lists hosts that are not allowed to access the system. # Example: ALL:
- some.host.name, .some.domain # ALL EXCEPT in.fingerd: other.host.name,
- .other.domain # # If you're going to protect the portmapper use the name
- "portmap" # for the daemon name. Remember that you can only use the
- keyword # "ALL" and IP addresses (NOT host or domain names) for the
- # portmapper. See portmap(8) and /usr/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz # for
- further information. # # The PARANOID wildcard matches any host whose name
- does not match # its address. You may wish to enable this to ensure any
- programs # that don't validate looked up hostnames still leave
- understandable # logs. In past versions of Debian this has been the default.
- # ALL: PARANOID/etc/httpdApache
+ It lists hosts that are not allowed to access the system.
+
+ # Example: ALL: some.host.name, .some.domain
+ # ALL EXCEPT in.fingerd: other.host.name, .other.domain
+ #
+ # If you're going to protect the portmapper use the name "portmap"
+ # for the daemon name. Remember that you can only use the keyword
+ # "ALL" and IP addresses (NOT host or domain names) for the
+ # portmapper. See portmap(8) and /usr/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz
+ # for further information.
+ #
+ # The PARANOID wildcard matches any host whose name does not match
+ # its address. You may wish to enable this to ensure any programs
+ # that don't validate looked up hostnames still leave understandable
+ # logs. In past versions of Debian this has been the default.
+ # ALL: PARANOID
+
+
+ /etc/httpdApache
configuration files. Apache is a versatile, high-performance HTTP server.
The most popular server in the world, Apache features a modular design and
supports dynamic selection of extension modules at runtime. Its strong
@@ -574,70 +675,156 @@ server dict.org
number of server processes, and a whole range of available modules including
many authentication mechanisms, server-parsed HTML, server-side includes,
access control, CERN httpd metafiles emulation, proxy caching, etc. Apache
- also supports multiple virtual homing./etc/identd.confTCP/IP
+ also supports multiple virtual homing.
+
+ /etc/identd.confTCP/IP
IDENT protocol server. It implements the TCP/IP proposed standard IDENT user
identification protocol (RFC 1413). identd operates by looking up specific
TCP/IP connections and returning the username of the process owning the
- connection. It can also return other information besides the username. #
- /etc/identd.conf - an example configuration file #-- The syslog facility for
- error messages # syslog:facility = daemon #-- User and group (from passwd
- database) to run as server:user = nobody #-- Override the group id #
- server:group = kmem #-- What port to listen on when started as a daemon or
- from /etc/inittab # server:port = 113 #-- The socket backlog limit #
- server:backlog = 256 #-- Where to write the file containing our process id #
- server:pid-file = "/var/run/identd/identd.pid" #-- Maximum number of
- concurrent requests allowed (0 = unlimited) # server:max-requests = 0 #--
- Enable some protocol extensions like "VERSION" or "QUIT"
- protocol:extensions = enabled #-- Allow multiple queries per connection
- protocol:multiquery = enabled #-- Timeout in seconds since connection or
- last query. Zero = disable # protocol:timeout = 120 #-- Maximum number of
- threads doing kernel lookups # kernel:threads = 8 #-- Maximum number of
- queued kernel lookup requests # kernel:buffers = 32 #-- Maximum number of
- time to retry a kernel lookup in case of failure # kernel:attempts = 5 #--
- Disable username lookups (only return uid numbers) # result:uid-only = no
- #-- Enable the ".noident" file # result:noident = enabled #--
- Charset token to return in replies # result:charset = "US-ASCII" #--
- Opsys token to return in replies # result:opsys = "UNIX" #-- Log all
- request replies to syslog (none == don't) # result:syslog-level = none
- #-- Enable encryption (only available if linked with a DES library) #
- result:encrypt = no #-- Path to the DES key file (only available if linked
- with a DES library) # encrypt:key-file = "/usr/local/etc/identd.key"
- #-- Include a machine local configuration file # include = /etc/identd.conf/etc/inetd.confConfiguration
+ connection. It can also return other information besides the username.
+
+
+ # /etc/identd.conf - an example configuration file
+
+
+ #-- The syslog facility for error messages
+ # syslog:facility = daemon
+
+
+ #-- User and group (from passwd database) to run as
+ server:user = nobody
+
+ #-- Override the group id
+ # server:group = kmem
+
+ #-- What port to listen on when started as a daemon or from /etc/inittab
+ # server:port = 113
+
+ #-- The socket backlog limit
+ # server:backlog = 256
+
+ #-- Where to write the file containing our process id
+ # server:pid-file = "/var/run/identd/identd.pid"
+
+ #-- Maximum number of concurrent requests allowed (0 = unlimited)
+ # server:max-requests = 0
+
+ #-- Enable some protocol extensions like "VERSION" or "QUIT"
+ protocol:extensions = enabled
+
+ #-- Allow multiple queries per connection
+ protocol:multiquery = enabled
+
+ #-- Timeout in seconds since connection or last query. Zero = disable
+ # protocol:timeout = 120
+
+ #-- Maximum number of threads doing kernel lookups
+ # kernel:threads = 8
+
+ #-- Maximum number of queued kernel lookup requests
+ # kernel:buffers = 32
+
+ #-- Maximum number of time to retry a kernel lookup in case of failure
+ # kernel:attempts = 5
+
+
+
+ #-- Disable username lookups (only return uid numbers)
+ # result:uid-only = no
+
+ #-- Enable the ".noident" file
+ # result:noident = enabled
+
+ #-- Charset token to return in replies
+ # result:charset = "US-ASCII"
+
+ #-- Opsys token to return in replies
+ # result:opsys = "UNIX"
+
+ #-- Log all request replies to syslog (none == don't)
+ # result:syslog-level = none
+
+
+ #-- Enable encryption (only available if linked with a DES library)
+ # result:encrypt = no
+
+ #-- Path to the DES key file (only available if linked with a DES library)
+ # encrypt:key-file = "/usr/local/etc/identd.key"
+
+
+ #-- Include a machine local configuration file
+ # include = /etc/identd.conf
+
+
+
+ /etc/inetd.confConfiguration
of services that are started by the INETD TCP/IP super server.
'inetd' is now deprecated. 'xinetd' has taken its place. See
- /etc/xinet.conf for further details. # /etc/inetd.conf: see inetd(8) for
- further informations. # # Internet server configuration database # # # Lines
- starting with "#:LABEL:" or "#<off>#" should not #
- be changed unless you know what you are doing! # # If you want to disable an
- entry so it isn't touched during # package updates just comment it out
- with a single '#' character. # # Packages should modify this file by
- using update-inetd(8) # # <service_name> <sock_type>
- <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path>
- <args> # #:INTERNAL: Internal services #echo stream tcp nowait root
- internal #echo dgram udp wait root internal #chargen stream tcp nowait root
- internal #chargen dgram udp wait root internal discard stream tcp nowait
- root internal discard dgram udp wait root internal daytime stream tcp nowait
- root internal #daytime dgram udp wait root internal time stream tcp nowait
- root internal #time dgram udp wait root internal #:STANDARD: These are
- standard services. ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd
- /usr/sbin/in.ftpd telnet stream tcp nowait telnetd.telnetd /usr/sbin/tcpd
- /usr/sbin/in.telnetd #:BSD: Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
- talk dgram udp wait nobody.tty /usr/sbin/in.talkd in.talkd ntalk dgram udp
- wait nobody.tty /usr/sbin/in.ntalkd in.ntalkd #:MAIL: Mail, news and uucp
- services. smtp stream tcp nowait mail /usr/sbin/exim exim -bs pop-3 stream
- tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.qpopper -f /etc/qpopper.conf
- imap2 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/imapd imap3 stream tcp
- nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/imapd #:INFO: Info services ident
- stream tcp wait identd /usr/sbin/identd identd finger stream tcp nowait
- nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.fingerd #:BOOT: Tftp service is provided
- primarily for booting. Most sites # run this only on machines acting as
- "boot servers." tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd
- /usr/sbin/in.tftpd -s /tftpboot #:RPC: RPC based services #:HAM-RADIO:
- amateur-radio services #:OTHER: Other services #<off># netbios-ns
- dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/nmbd -a #<off>#
- netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/smbd
- #<off># swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/tcpd
- /usr/sbin/swat/etc/init.d
+ /etc/xinet.conf for further details.
+
+
+ # /etc/inetd.conf: see inetd(8) for further informations.
+ #
+ # Internet server configuration database
+ #
+ #
+ # Lines starting with "#:LABEL:" or "#<off>#" should not
+ # be changed unless you know what you are doing!
+ #
+ # If you want to disable an entry so it isn't touched during
+ # package updates just comment it out with a single '#' character.
+ #
+ # Packages should modify this file by using update-inetd(8)
+ #
+ # <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path>
+ # <args>
+ #
+ #:INTERNAL: Internal services
+ #echo stream tcp nowait root internal
+ #echo dgram udp wait root internal
+ #chargen stream tcp nowait root internal
+ #chargen dgram udp wait root internal
+ discard stream tcp nowait root internal
+ discard dgram udp wait root internal
+ daytime stream tcp nowait root internal
+ #daytime dgram udp wait root internal
+ time stream tcp nowait root internal
+ #time dgram udp wait root internal
+
+ #:STANDARD: These are standard services.
+ ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.ftpd
+ telnet stream tcp nowait telnetd.telnetd /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
+
+ #:BSD: Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
+ talk dgram udp wait nobody.tty /usr/sbin/in.talkd in.talkd
+ ntalk dgram udp wait nobody.tty /usr/sbin/in.ntalkd in.ntalkd
+
+ #:MAIL: Mail, news and uucp services.
+ smtp stream tcp nowait mail /usr/sbin/exim exim -bs
+ pop-3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.qpopper -f /etc/qpopper.conf
+ imap2 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/imapd
+ imap3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/imapd
+
+ #:INFO: Info services
+ ident stream tcp wait identd /usr/sbin/identd identd
+ finger stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.fingerd
+
+ #:BOOT: Tftp service is provided primarily for booting. Most sites
+ # run this only on machines acting as "boot servers."
+ tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd -s /tftpboot
+
+ #:RPC: RPC based services
+
+ #:HAM-RADIO: amateur-radio services
+
+ #:OTHER: Other services
+ #<off># netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/nmbd -a
+ #<off># netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/smbd
+ #<off># swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/swat
+ #support stream tcp nowait gnats /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/lib/gnats/gnatsd
+
+
+ /etc/init.d
Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
==================================
@@ -771,38 +958,63 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
they've been changed) replace the references to getty (or mingetty or
uugetty or whatever) in /etc/inittab with references to /sbin/mygetty.
#!/bin/sh setterm -fore yellow -bold on -back blue -store > $1 exec
- /sbin/mingetty $@ An example /etc/inittab is provided below. # /etc/inittab:
- init(8) configuration. # $Id$ #
- The default runlevel. id:2:initdefault: # Boot-time system
- configuration/initialization script. # This is run first except when booting
- in emergency (-b) mode. si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS # What to do in
- single-user mode. ~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin # /etc/init.d executes the S and K
- scripts upon change # of runlevel. # # Runlevel 0 is halt. # Runlevel 1 is
- single-user. # Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user. # Runlevel 6 is reboot.
+ /sbin/mingetty $@ An example /etc/inittab is provided below.
+
+
+ # /etc/inittab: init(8) configuration.
+ # $Id$
+ # The default runlevel. id:2:initdefault:
+ # Boot-time system configuration/initialization script.
+ # This is run first except when booting in emergency (-b) mode.
+ si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
+ # What to do in single-user mode.
+ ~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
+ # /etc/init.d executes the S and K scripts upon change
+ # of runlevel.
+ #
+ # Runlevel 0 is halt.
+ # Runlevel 1 is single-user.
+ # Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user.
+ # Runlevel 6 is reboot.
l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0 l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2 l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4 l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5
- l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6 # Normally not reached, but fallthrough in case
- of emergency. z6:6:respawn:/sbin/sulogin # What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is
- pressed. ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now # Action on
- special keypress (ALT-UpArrow). #kb::kbrequest:/bin/echo "Keyboard
- Request--edit /etc/inittab to let this work." # What to do when the
- power fails/returns. pf::powerwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail start
+ l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6
+ # Normally not reached, but fallthrough in case of emergency.
+ z6:6:respawn:/sbin/sulogin
+ # What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed.
+ ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
+ # Action on special keypress (ALT-UpArrow).
+ #kb::kbrequest:/bin/echo "Keyboard Request--edit /etc/inittab to let this work."
+ # What to do when the power fails/returns.
+ pf::powerwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail start
pn::powerfailnow:/etc/init.d/powerfail now
- po::powerokwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail stop # /sbin/getty invocations for the
- runlevels. # # The "id" field MUST be the same as the last #
- characters of the device (after "tty"). # # Format: #
- <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process> # # Note
- that on most Debian systems tty7 is used by the X Window System, # so if you
- want to add more getty's go ahead but skip tty7 if you run X. #
+ po::powerokwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail stop
+ # /sbin/getty invocations for the runlevels.
+ #
+ # The "id" field MUST be the same as the last
+ # characters of the device (after "tty").
+ #
+ # Format:
+ # <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
+ #
+ # Note that on most Debian systems tty7 is used by the X Window System,
+ # so if you want to add more getty's go ahead but skip tty7 if you run X.
+ #
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1 2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3 4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
- 5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6 #
- Example how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal) #
- #T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100 #T1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L
- ttyS1 9600 vt100 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line. #
- #T3:23:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS3 Undocumented features The
- letters A-C can be used to spawn a daemon listed in /etc/inittab. For
+ 5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
+ # Example how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
+ #
+ #T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
+ #T1:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
+ # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
+ #
+ #T3:23:respawn:/sbin/mgetty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS3
+
+ Undocumented features
+
+ The letters A-C can be used to spawn a daemon listed in /etc/inittab. For
example, assuming you want to start getty on a port to receive a call, but
only after receiving a voice call first (and not all the time). Furthermore,
you want to be able to receive a data or a fax call and that when you get
@@ -822,7 +1034,9 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
reread the /etc/inittab file. Even though it is called the System V runlevel
system runlevels 7-9 are legitimate runlevels that can be used if necessary.
The administrator must remember to alter the inittab file though and also to
- create the required rc?.d files./etc/inputrcGlobal
+ create the required rc?.d files.
+
+ /etc/inputrcGlobal
inputrc for libreadline. Readline is a function that gets a line from a user
and automatically edits it./etc/isapnp.confConfiguration
file for ISA based cards. This standard is virtually redundant in new
@@ -876,8 +1090,6 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
-
-
/etc/ld.so.conf, /etc/ld.so.cache
@@ -928,9 +1140,9 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
- /usr/X11R6/lib
+ /usr/X11R6/libX libraries.
- /usr/local/lib
+ /usr/local/libLocal libraries.
/etc/lilo.confConfiguration
file for the Linux boot loader 'lilo'. 'lilo' is the
@@ -943,24 +1155,57 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
- Prompt #Prompt user to select
- OS choice at boot timeout=300 #Amount of time to wait before default OS
- #started default=Windows #Default OS to be loaded vga=normal #VGA mode
- boot=/dev/had #location of MBR map=/boot/map #location of kernel
+
+ Prompt #Prompt user to select
+ OS choice at boot timeout=300 # Amount of time to wait before default OS
+ # started
+ default=Debian4 #Default OS to be loaded
+ vga=normal #VGA mode
+ boot=/dev/had #location of MBR
+ map=/boot/map #location of kernel
install=/boot/boot-bmp.b #File to be installed as boot sector
bitmap=/boot/debian.bmp #LILO boot image bmp-table=30p,100p,1,10 #Colours
- selectable bmp-colors=13,,0,1,,0 #Colours chosen lba32 #Required on most new
- systems to overcome #1024 cylinder problem image=/vmlinuz #name of kernel
- image label=Debian #a label read-only #file system to be mounted read only
- root=/dev/hda6 #location of root filesystem image=/boot/bzImage
- label=Debian4 read-only root=/dev/hda6 image=/mnt/redhat/boot/vmlinuz
- label=Redhat initrd=/mnt/redhat/boot/initrd-2.4.18-14.img read-only
- root=/dev/hda5 vga=788 append=" hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi"
- image=/mnt/mandrake/boot/vmlinuz label="Mandrake" root=/dev/hda7
- initrd=/mnt/mandrake/boot/initrd.img append="devfs=mount hdc=ide-scsi
- acpi=off quiet" vga=788 read-only other=/dev/hda2 table=/dev/hda
- loader=/boot/chain.b label=FBSD other=/dev/hda1 label=Windows table=/dev/hda
- other=/dev/fd0 label=floppy unsafe
+ selectable bmp-colors=13,,0,1,,0 #Colours chosen
+ lba32 #Required on most new systems to overcome
+ #1024 cylinder problem
+ image=/vmlinuz #name of kernel
+ image label=Debian #a label
+ read-only #file system to be mounted read only
+ root=/dev/hda6 #location of root filesystem
+
+ image=/boot/bzImage
+ label=Debian4
+ read-only
+ root=/dev/hda6
+
+ image=/mnt/redhat/boot/vmlinuz
+ label=Redhat
+ initrd=/mnt/redhat/boot/initrd-2.4.18-14.img
+ read-only
+ root=/dev/hda5
+ vga=788
+ append=" hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi"
+
+ image=/mnt/mandrake/boot/vmlinuz
+ label="Mandrake"
+ root=/dev/hda7
+ initrd=/mnt/mandrake/boot/initrd.img
+ append="devfs=mount hdc=ide-scsi
+ acpi=off quiet"
+ vga=788
+ read-only
+
+ other=/dev/hda2
+ table=/dev/hda
+ loader=/boot/chain.b
+ label=FBSD
+ other=/dev/hda1
+ label=Windows
+ table=/dev/hda
+
+ other=/dev/fd0
+ label=floppy unsafe
+
@@ -978,20 +1223,50 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
attributes can be altered via this single file such as the location of mail,
delay in seconds after a failed login, enabling display of fail log
information, display of unknown username login failures, shell environment
- variables, etc..../etc/logrotate.confThe
+ variables, etc....
+
+ /etc/logrotate.confThe
logrotate utility is designed to simplify the administration of log files on
a system which generates a lot of log files. Logrotate allows for the
automatic rotation compression, removal and mailing of log files. Logrotate
can be set to handle a log file daily, weekly, monthly or when the log file
- gets to a certain size. Normally, logrotate runs as a daily cron job. # see
- "man logrotate" for details # rotate log files weekly weekly # keep
- 4 weeks worth of backlogs rotate 4 # create new (empty) log files after
- rotating old ones create # uncomment this if you want your log files
- compressed #compress # packages drop log rotation information into this
- directory include /etc/logrotate.d # no packages own wtmp, or btmp --
- we'll rotate them here /var/log/wtmp { monthly create 0664 root utmp
- rotate 1 } /var/log/btmp { missingok monthly create 0664 root utmp rotate 1
- } # system-specific logs may be configured here/etc/ltrace.confConfiguration
+ gets to a certain size. Normally, logrotate runs as a daily cron job.
+
+
+ # see "man logrotate" for details
+ # rotate log files weekly
+ weekly
+
+ # keep 4 weeks worth of backlogs
+ rotate 4
+
+ # create new (empty) log files after rotating old ones
+ create
+
+ # uncomment this if you want your log files compressed
+ #compress
+
+ # packages drop log rotation information into this directory
+ include /etc/logrotate.d
+
+ # no packages own wtmp, or btmp -- we'll rotate them here
+ /var/log/wtmp {
+ monthly
+ create 0664 root utmp
+ rotate 1
+ }
+
+ /var/log/btmp {
+ missingok
+ monthly
+ create 0664 root utmp
+ rotate 1
+ }
+
+ # system-specific logs may be configured here
+
+
+ /etc/ltrace.confConfiguration
file for ltrace (Library Call Tracer). It tracks runtime library calls in
dynamically linked programs. 'ltrace' is a debugging program which
runs a specified command until it exits. While the command is executing,
@@ -1056,72 +1331,155 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
auto-redial, support for UUCP-style lock files on serial devices, a seperate
script language interpreter, capture to file, multiple users with individual
configurations, and more./etc/modulesList
- of modules to be loaded at startup. # /etc/modules: kernel modules to load
- at boot time. # # This file should contain the names of kernel modules that
- are # to be loaded at boot time, one per line. Comments begin with # a
- "#", and everything on the line after them are ignored. unix
- af_packet via-rhine cmpci ne2k-pci/etc/modules.conf###
- This file is automatically generated by update-modules" # # Please do
- not edit this file directly. If you want to change or add # anything please
- take a look at the files in /etc/modutils and read # the manpage for
- update-modules. # ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/0keep #
- DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! # This file is not marked as conffile to make sure
- if you upgrade modutils # it will be restored in case some modifications
- have been made. # # The keep command is necessary to prevent insmod and
- friends from ignoring # the builtin defaults of a path-statement is
- encountered. Until all other # packages use the new `add path'-statement
- this keep-statement is essential # to keep your system working keep ###
- update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/0keep ### update-modules: start
- processing /etc/modutils/actions # Special actions that are needed for some
- modules # The BTTV module does not load the tuner module automatically, # so
- do that in here post-install bttv insmod tuner post-remove bttv rmmod tuner
- ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/actions ### update-modules:
- start processing /etc/modutils/aliases # Aliases to tell insmod/modprobe
- which modules to use # Uncomment the network protocols you don't want
- loaded: # alias net-pf-1 off # Unix # alias net-pf-2 off # IPv4 # alias
- net-pf-3 off # Amateur Radio AX.25 # alias net-pf-4 off # IPX # alias
- net-pf-5 off # DDP / appletalk # alias net-pf-6 off # Amateur Radio NET/ROM
- # alias net-pf-9 off # X.25 # alias net-pf-10 off # IPv6 # alias net-pf-11
- off # ROSE / Amateur Radio X.25 PLP # alias net-pf-19 off # Acorn Econet
- alias char-major-10-175 agpgart alias char-major-10-200 tun alias
- char-major-81 bttv alias char-major-108 ppp_generic alias /dev/ppp
- ppp_generic alias tty-ldisc-3 ppp_async alias tty-ldisc-14 ppp_synctty alias
- ppp-compress-21 bsd_comp alias ppp-compress-24 ppp_deflate alias
- ppp-compress-26 ppp_deflate # Crypto modules (see http://www.kerneli.org/)
- alias loop-xfer-gen-0 loop_gen alias loop-xfer-3 loop_fish2 alias
- loop-xfer-gen-10 loop_gen alias cipher-2 des alias cipher-3 fish2 alias
- cipher-4 blowfish alias cipher-6 idea alias cipher-7 serp6f alias cipher-8
- mars6 alias cipher-11 rc62 alias cipher-15 dfc2 alias cipher-16 rijndael
- alias cipher-17 rc5 ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/aliases
- ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/ltmodem-2.4.18 #
- lt_drivers: autoloading and insertion parameter usage alias char-major-62
- lt_serial alias /dev/tts/LT0 lt_serial alias /dev/modem lt_serial # options
- lt_modem vendor_id=0x115d device_id=0x0420 Forced=3,0x130,0x2f8 # section
- for lt_drivers ends ### update-modules: end processing
- /etc/modutils/ltmodem-2.4.18 ### update-modules: start processing
- /etc/modutils/paths # This file contains a list of paths that modprobe
- should scan, # beside the once that are compiled into the modutils tools #
- themselves. ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/paths ###
- update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/ppp alias /dev/ppp
- ppp_generic alias char-major-108 ppp_generic alias tty-ldisc-3 ppp_async
- alias tty-ldisc-14 ppp_synctty alias ppp-compress-21 bsd_comp alias
- ppp-compress-24 ppp_deflate alias ppp-compress-26 ppp_deflate ###
- update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/ppp ### update-modules: start
- processing /etc/modutils/setserial # # This is what I wanted to do, but
- logger is in /usr/bin, which isn't loaded # when the module is first
- loaded into the kernel at boot time! # #post-install serial
- /etc/init.d/setserial start | logger -p daemon.info -t "setserial-module
- reload" #pre-remove serial /etc/init.d/setserial stop | logger -p
- daemon.info -t "setserial-module uload" # alias /dev/tts serial
- alias /dev/tts/0 serial alias /dev/tts/1 serial alias /dev/tts/2 serial
- alias /dev/tts/3 serial post-install serial /etc/init.d/setserial modload
- > /dev/null 2> /dev/null pre-remove serial /etc/init.d/setserial
- modsave > /dev/null 2> /dev/null ### update-modules: end processing
- /etc/modutils/setserial ### update-modules: start processing
- /etc/modutils/arch/i386 alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc alias
- char-major-10-144 nvram alias binfmt-0064 binfmt_aout alias
- char-major-10-135 rtc ### update-modules: end processing
- /etc/modutils/arch/i386/etc/modutilsThese
+ of modules to be loaded at startup.
+
+
+ # /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.
+ #
+ # This file should contain the names of kernel modules that are
+ # to be loaded at boot time, one per line. Comments begin with
+ # a "#", and everything on the line after them are ignored.
+ unix
+ af_packet
+ via-rhine
+ cmpci
+ ne2k-pci
+ nvidia
+
+
+ /etc/modules.conf
+ ### This file is automatically generated by update-modules"
+ #
+ # Please do not edit this file directly. If you want to change or add
+ # anything please take a look at the files in /etc/modutils and read
+ # the manpage for update-modules.
+ #
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/0keep
+ # DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE!
+ # This file is not marked as conffile to make sure if you upgrade modutils
+ # it will be restored in case some modifications have been made.
+ #
+ # The keep command is necessary to prevent insmod and friends from ignoring
+ # the builtin defaults of a path-statement is encountered. Until all other
+ # packages use the new `add path'-statement this keep-statement is essential
+ # to keep your system working
+ keep
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/0keep
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/actions
+ # Special actions that are needed for some modules
+
+ # The BTTV module does not load the tuner module automatically,
+ # so do that in here
+ post-install bttv insmod tuner
+ post-remove bttv rmmod tuner
+
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/actions
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/aliases
+ # Aliases to tell insmod/modprobe which modules to use
+
+ # Uncomment the network protocols you don't want loaded:
+ # alias net-pf-1 off # Unix
+ # alias net-pf-2 off # IPv4
+ # alias net-pf-3 off # Amateur Radio AX.25
+ # alias net-pf-4 off # IPX
+ # alias net-pf-5 off # DDP / appletalk
+ # alias net-pf-6 off # Amateur Radio NET/ROM
+ # alias net-pf-9 off # X.25
+ # alias net-pf-10 off # IPv6
+ # alias net-pf-11 off # ROSE / Amateur Radio X.25 PLP
+ # alias net-pf-19 off # Acorn Econet
+
+ alias char-major-10-175 agpgart
+ alias char-major-10-200 tun
+ alias char-major-81 bttv
+ alias char-major-108 ppp_generic
+ alias /dev/ppp ppp_generic
+ alias tty-ldisc-3 ppp_async
+ alias tty-ldisc-14 ppp_synctty
+ alias ppp-compress-21 bsd_comp
+ alias ppp-compress-24 ppp_deflate
+ alias ppp-compress-26 ppp_deflate
+
+ # Crypto modules (see http://www.kerneli.org/)
+ alias loop-xfer-gen-0 loop_gen
+ alias loop-xfer-3 loop_fish2
+ alias loop-xfer-gen-10 loop_gen
+ alias cipher-2 des
+ alias cipher-3 fish2
+ alias cipher-4 blowfish
+ alias cipher-6 idea
+ alias cipher-7 serp6f
+ alias cipher-8 mars6
+ alias cipher-11 rc62
+ alias cipher-15 dfc2
+ alias cipher-16 rijndael
+ alias cipher-17 rc5
+
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/aliases
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/ltmodem-2.4.18
+ # lt_drivers: autoloading and insertion parameter usage
+ alias char-major-62 lt_serial
+ alias /dev/tts/LT0 lt_serial
+ alias /dev/modem lt_serial
+ # options lt_modem vendor_id=0x115d device_id=0x0420 Forced=3,0x130,0x2f8
+ # section for lt_drivers ends
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/ltmodem-2.4.18
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/paths
+ # This file contains a list of paths that modprobe should scan,
+ # beside the once that are compiled into the modutils tools
+ # themselves.
+
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/paths
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/ppp
+ alias /dev/ppp ppp_generic
+ alias char-major-108 ppp_generic
+ alias tty-ldisc-3 ppp_async
+ alias tty-ldisc-14 ppp_synctty
+ alias ppp-compress-21 bsd_comp
+ alias ppp-compress-24 ppp_deflate
+ alias ppp-compress-26 ppp_deflate
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/ppp
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/setserial
+ #
+ # This is what I wanted to do, but logger is in /usr/bin, which isn't loaded
+ # when the module is first loaded into the kernel at boot time!
+ #
+ #post-install serial /etc/init.d/setserial start | logger -p daemon.info -t "setserial-module reload"
+ #pre-remove serial /etc/init.d/setserial stop | logger -p daemon.info -t "setserial-module uload"
+ #
+ alias /dev/tts serial
+ alias /dev/tts/0 serial
+ alias /dev/tts/1 serial
+ alias /dev/tts/2 serial
+ alias /dev/tts/3 serial
+ post-install serial /etc/init.d/setserial modload > /dev/null 2> /dev/null
+ pre-remove serial /etc/init.d/setserial modsave > /dev/null 2> /dev/null
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/setserial
+
+ ### update-modules: start processing /etc/modutils/arch/i386
+ alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc
+ alias char-major-10-144 nvram
+ alias binfmt-0064 binfmt_aout
+ alias char-major-10-135 rtc
+
+ ### update-modules: end processing /etc/modutils/arch/i386
+
+
+
+ /etc/modutilsThese
utilities are intended to make a Linux modular kernel manageable for all
users, administrators and distribution maintainers./etc/mtoolsDebian
default mtools configuration file. The mtools series of commands work with
@@ -1129,75 +1487,9 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
with MS-DOS formatted diskettes on DOS and Windows systems./etc/manpath.confThis
file is used by the man_db package to configure the man and cat paths. It is
also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining their PATH
- environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page. #
- manpath.config # # This file is used by the man_db package to configure the
- man and cat paths. # It is also used to provide a manpath for those without
- one by examining # their PATH environment variable. For details see the
- manpath(5) man page. # # Lines beginning with `#' are comments and are
- ignored. Any combination of # tabs or spaces may be used as `whitespace'
- separators. # # There are three mappings allowed in this file: #
- -------------------------------------------------------- # MANDATORY_MANPATH
- manpath_element # MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element # MANDB_MAP
- global_manpath [relative_catpath]
- #--------------------------------------------------------- # every
- automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields # #MANDATORY_MANPATH
- /usr/src/pvm3/man # MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man MANDATORY_MANPATH
- /usr/share/man MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/X11R6/man MANDATORY_MANPATH
- /usr/local/man #--------------------------------------------------------- #
- set up PATH to MANPATH mapping # ie. what man tree holds man pages for what
- binary directory. # # *PATH* -> *MANPATH* # MANPATH_MAP /bin
- /usr/share/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin /usr/share/man MANPATH_MAP /sbin
- /usr/share/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/sbin /usr/share/man MANPATH_MAP
- /usr/local/bin /usr/local/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin
- /usr/local/share/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/man MANPATH_MAP
- /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/X11R6/bin
- /usr/X11R6/man MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/man MANPATH_MAP
- /usr/games /usr/share/man MANPATH_MAP /opt/bin /opt/man MANPATH_MAP
- /opt/sbin /opt/man
- #--------------------------------------------------------- # For a manpath
- element to be treated as a system manpath (as most of those # above should
- normally be), it must be mentioned below. Each line may have # an optional
- extra string indicating the catpath associated with the # manpath. If no
- catpath string is used, the catpath will default to the # given manpath. # #
- You *must* provide all system manpaths, including manpaths for alternate #
- operating systems, locale specific manpaths, and combinations of both, if #
- they exist, otherwise the permissions of the user running man/mandb will #
- be used to manipulate the manual pages. Also, mandb will not initialise #
- the database cache for any manpaths not mentioned below unless explicitly #
- requested to do so. # # In a per-user configuration file, this directive
- only controls the # location of catpaths and the creation of database
- caches; it has no effect # on privileges. # # Any manpaths that are
- subdirectories of other manpaths must be mentioned # *before* the containing
- manpath. E.g. /usr/man/preformat must be listed # before /usr/man. # #
- *MANPATH* -> *CATPATH* # MANDB_MAP /usr/man /var/cache/man/fsstnd
- MANDB_MAP /usr/share/man /var/cache/man MANDB_MAP /usr/local/man
- /var/cache/man/oldlocal MANDB_MAP /usr/local/share/man /var/cache/man/local
- MANDB_MAP /usr/X11R6/man /var/cache/man/X11R6 MANDB_MAP /opt/man
- /var/cache/man/opt #
- #--------------------------------------------------------- # Program
- definitions. These are commented out by default as the value # of the
- definition is already the default. To change: uncomment a # definition and
- modify it. # #DEFINE pager exec /usr/bin/pager -s #DEFINE cat /bin/cat
- #DEFINE tr /usr/bin/tr '\255\267\264\327' '\055\157\047\170'
- #DEFINE grep /bin/grep #DEFINE troff /usr/bin/groff -mandoc #DEFINE nroff
- /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc #DEFINE eqn /usr/bin/eqn #DEFINE neqn /usr/bin/neqn
- #DEFINE tbl /usr/bin/tbl #DEFINE col /usr/bin/col #DEFINE vgrind
- /usr/bin/vgrind #DEFINE refer /usr/bin/refer #DEFINE grap /usr/bin/grap
- #DEFINE pic /usr/bin/pic -S # #DEFINE decompressor /bin/gzip -dc #DEFINE
- compressor /bin/gzip -c7
- #--------------------------------------------------------- # Misc
- definitions: same as program definitions above. # #DEFINE whatis_grep_flags
- -i #DEFINE apropos_grep_flags -iEw #DEFINE apropos_regex_grep_flags -iE
- #--------------------------------------------------------- # Section names.
- Manual sections will be searched in the order listed here; # the default is
- 1, n, l, 8, 3, 2, 5, 4, 9, 6, 7. Multiple SECTION # directives may be given
- for clarity, and will be concatenated together in # the expected way. # If a
- particular extension is not in this list (say, 1mh), it will be # displayed
- with the rest of the section it belongs to. The effect of this # is that you
- only need to explicitly list extensions if you want to force a # particular
- order. Sections with extensions should usually be adjacent to # their main
- section (e.g. "1 1mh 8 ..."). SECTION 1 n l 8 3 2 3pm 3perl 3tcl 3tk
- 5 4 9 6 7/etc/mediaprmWas
+ environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
+
+ /etc/mediaprmWas
formally named /etc/fdprm. See /etc/fdprm for further details./etc/motdThe
message of the day, automatically output after a successful login. Contents
are up to the system administrator. Often used for getting information to
@@ -1232,7 +1524,9 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
is the 'old' password file, It is kept for compatibility and
contains the user database, with fields giving the username, real name, home
directory, encrypted password, and other information about each user. The
- format is documented in the passwd man(ual) page.
+ format is documented in the passwd man(ual) page.
+
+
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
sync:x:4:100:sync:/bin:/bin/sync games:x:5:100:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
@@ -1251,7 +1545,10 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
sshd:x:101:65534::/var/run/sshd:/bin/false gdm:x:102:101:Gnome Display
Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/bin/false
telnetd:x:103:103::/usr/lib/telnetd:/bin/false
- dummy:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/dummy:/bin/bash/etc/passwd-Old
+ dummy:x:1001:1001:,,,:/home/dummy:/bin/bash
+
+
+ /etc/passwd-Old
/etc/passwd file./etc/printcapPrinter
configuration (capabilities) file. The definition of all system printers,
whether local or remote, is stored in this file. Its layout is similar to
@@ -1279,16 +1576,8 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
such as KDE.org. It is similar to bug but has far greater capabilities while
still maintaining simplicity./etc/rc.boot
or /etc/rc?.dThese directories contain all the files
- necessary to control system services and configure runlevels. /etc/rc.d/rc
- #! /bin/bash # # rc This file is responsible for starting/stopping #
- services when the runlevel changes. # # Original Author: # Miquel van
- Smoorenburg, <miquels@drinkel.nl.mugnet.org> # /etc/rc.local
- #!/bin/sh # # This script will be executed *after* all the other init
- scripts. # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you
- don't # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff. touch
- /var/lock/subsys/local /etc/rc.sysvinit #!/bin/bash # # /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
- - run once at boot time # # Taken in part from Miquel van Smoorenburg's
- bcheckrc. #/etc/rcS.dThe
+ necessary to control system services and configure runlevels. A skeleton file is provided in /etc/init.d/skeleton
+ /etc/rcS.dThe
scripts in this directory are executed once when booting the system, even
when booting directly into single user mode. The files are all symbolic
links, the real files are located in /etc/init.d/. For a more general
@@ -1305,129 +1594,69 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
is not a mistake. This shell script (/etc/rmt) has been provided for
compatibility with other Unix-like systems, some of which have utilities
that expect to find (and execute) rmt in the /etc directory on remote
- systems./etc/rpcThe
+ systems.
+
+ /etc/rpcThe
rpc file contains user readable names that can be used in place of rpc
program numbers. Each line has the following information: -name of server
for the rpc program -rpc program number -aliases Items are separated by any
number of blanks and/or tab characters. A ``#'' indicates the
beginning of a comment; characters up to the end of the line are not
- interpreted by routines which search the file. # /etc/rpc: # $Id: etc.xml,v
- 1.1 2003/09/05 10:47:54 binh Exp $ # # rpc 88/08/01 4.0 RPCSRC; from 1.12
- 88/02/07 SMI portmapper 100000 portmap sunrpc rstatd 100001 rstat rstat_svc
- rup perfmeter rusersd 100002 rusers nfs 100003 nfsprog ypserv 100004 ypprog
- mountd 100005 mount showmount ypbind 100007 walld 100008 rwall shutdown
- yppasswdd 100009 yppasswd etherstatd 100010 etherstat rquotad 100011
- rquotaprog quota rquota sprayd 100012 spray 3270_mapper 100013 rje_mapper
- 100014 selection_svc 100015 selnsvc database_svc 100016 rexd 100017 rex alis
- 100018 sched 100019 llockmgr 100020 nlockmgr 100021 x25.inr 100022 statmon
- 100023 status 100024 bootparam 100026 ypupdated 100028 ypupdate keyserv
- 100029 keyserver tfsd 100037 nsed 100038 nsemntd 100039 pcnfsd 150001 amd
- 300019 amq sgi_fam 391002 ugidd 545580417 bwnfsd 788585389/etc/sambaSamba
+ interpreted by routines which search the file.
+
+
+ # /etc/rpc:
+ # $Id$
+ #
+ # rpc 88/08/01 4.0 RPCSRC; from 1.12 88/02/07 SMI
+
+ portmapper 100000 portmap sunrpc
+ rstatd 100001 rstat rstat_svc rup perfmeter
+ rusersd 100002 rusers
+ nfs 100003 nfsprog
+ ypserv 100004 ypprog
+ mountd 100005 mount showmount
+ ypbind 100007
+ walld 100008 rwall shutdown
+ yppasswdd 100009 yppasswd
+ etherstatd 100010 etherstat
+ rquotad 100011 rquotaprog quota rquota
+ sprayd 100012 spray
+ 3270_mapper 100013
+ rje_mapper 100014
+ selection_svc 100015 selnsvc
+ database_svc 100016
+ rexd 100017 rex
+ alis 100018
+ sched 100019
+ llockmgr 100020
+ nlockmgr 100021
+ x25.inr 100022
+ statmon 100023
+ status 100024
+ bootparam 100026
+ ypupdated 100028 ypupdate
+ keyserv 100029 keyserver
+ tfsd 100037
+ nsed 100038
+ nsemntd 100039
+ pcnfsd 150001
+ amd 300019 amq
+ sgi_fam 391002
+ ugidd 545580417
+ bwnfsd 788585389
+
+
+
+
+ /etc/sambaSamba
configuration files. A 'LanManager' like file and printer server for
Unix. The Samba software suite is a collection of programs that implements
the SMB protocol for unix systems, allowing you to serve files and printers
to Windows, NT, OS/2 and DOS clients. This protocol is sometimes also
- referred to as the LanManager or NetBIOS protocol. # # Sample configuration
- file for the Samba suite for Debian GNU/Linux. # # $Id: etc.xml,v 1.1
- 2003/09/05 10:47:54 binh Exp $ # # This is the main Samba configuration
- file. You should read the # smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand
- the options listed # here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options
- most of which # are not shown in this example # # Any line which starts with
- a ; (semi-colon) or a # (hash) # is a comment and is ignored. In this
- example we will use a # # for commentary and a ; for parts of the config
- file that you # may wish to enable # # NOTE: Whenever you modify this file
- you should run the command # "testparm" to check that you have not
- many any basic syntactic # errors. # #======================= Global
- Settings ======================= [global] # Change this for the
- workgroup/NT-domain name your Samba server will part of workgroup =
- DEBIAN_FANS # server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
- server string = %h server (Samba %v) # If you want to automatically load
- your printer list rather # than setting them up individually then you'll
- need this ; load printers = yes # You may wish to override the location of
- the printcap file ; printcap name = /etc/printcap # 'printing =
- cups' works nicely ; printing = bsd ; guest account = nobody invalid
- users = root # This tells Samba to use a separate log file for each machine
- # that connects log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m # Put a capping on the size
- of the log files (in Kb). max log size = 1000 # If you want Samba to log
- though syslog only then set the following # parameter to 'yes'.
- Please note that logging through syslog in # Samba is still experimental. ;
- syslog only = no # We want Samba to log a minimum amount of information to
- syslog. Everything # should go to /var/log/samba/log.{smb,nmb} instead. If
- you want to log # through syslog you should set the following parameter to
- something higher. syslog = 0 # "security = user" is always a good
- idea. This will require a Unix account # in this server for every user
- accessing the server. See # security_level.txt for details. ; security =
- user # You may wish to use password encryption. Please read ENCRYPTION.txt,
- # Win95.txt and WinNT.txt in the Samba documentation. Do not enable this #
- option unless you have read those documents encrypt passwords = no # Using
- the following line enables you to customise your configuration # on a per
- machine basis. The %m gets replaced with the netbios name # of the machine
- that is connecting ; include = /home/samba/etc/smb.conf.%m # Most people
- will find that this option gives better performance. # See speed.txt and the
- manual pages for details # You may want to add the following on a Linux
- system: # SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192 socket options = TCP_NODELAY # ---
- Browser Control Options --- # Please _read_ BROWSING.txt and set the next
- four parameters according # to your network setup. The defaults are
- specified below (commented # out.) It's important that you read
- BROWSING.txt so you don't break # browsing in your network! # set local
- master to no if you don't want Samba to become a master # browser on
- your network. Otherwise the normal election rules apply ; local master = yes
- # OS Level determines the precedence of this server in master browser #
- elections. The default value should be reasonable ; os level = 20 # Domain
- Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. This # allows Samba
- to collate browse lists between subnets. Don't use this # if you already
- have a Windows NT domain controller doing this job ; domain master = auto #
- Preferred Master causes Samba to force a local browser election on startup #
- and gives it a slightly higher chance of winning the election ; preferred
- master = auto # --- End of Browser Control Options --- # Windows Internet
- Name Serving Support Section: # WINS Support - Tells the NMBD component of
- Samba to enable it's WINS Server ; wins support = no # WINS Server -
- Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client # Note: Samba can be
- either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both ; wins server = w.x.y.z
- # This will prevent nmbd to search for NetBIOS names through DNS. dns proxy
- = no # What naming service and in what order should we use to resolve host
- names # to IP addresses ; name resolve order = lmhosts host wins bcast #
- Name mangling options ; preserve case = yes ; short preserve case = yes #
- This boolean parameter controlls whether Samba attempts to sync. the Unix #
- password with the SMB password when the encrypted SMB password in the #
- /etc/samba/smbpasswd file is changed. ; unix password sync = false # For
- Unix password sync. to work on a Debian GNU/Linux system, the following #
- parameters must be set (thanks to Augustin Luton
- <aluton@hybrigenics.fr> for # sending the correct chat script for
- the passwd program in Debian Potato). passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
- passwd chat = *Enter\snew\sUNIX\spassword:* %n\n
- *Retype\snew\sUNIX\spassword:* %n\n . # This boolean controls whether PAM
- will be used for password changes # when requested by an SMB client instead
- of the program listed in # 'passwd program'. The default is
- 'no'. ; pam password change = no # The following parameter is useful
- only if you have the linpopup package # installed. The samba maintainer and
- the linpopup maintainer are # working to ease installation and configuration
- of linpopup and samba. ; message command = /bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/linpopup
- "%f" "%m" %s; rm %s' & obey pam restrictions = yes #
- Some defaults for winbind (make sure you're not using the ranges # for
- something else.) ; winbind uid = 10000-20000 ; winbind gid = 10000-20000 ;
- template shell = /bin/bash #======================= Share Definitions
- ======================= [homes] comment = Home Directories browseable = no #
- By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next #
- parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them. writable
- = no # File creation mask is set to 0700 for security reasons. If you want
- to # create files with group=rw permissions, set next parameter to 0775.
- create mask = 0700 # Directory creation mask is set to 0700 for security
- reasons. If you want to # create dirs. with group=rw permissions, set next
- parameter to 0775. directory mask = 0700 # Un-comment the following and
- create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons # (you need to configure
- Samba to act as a domain controller too.) ;[netlogon] ; comment = Network
- Logon Service ; path = /home/samba/netlogon ; guest ok = yes ; writable = no
- ; share modes = no [printers] comment = All Printers browseable = no path =
- /tmp printable = yes public = no writable = no create mode = 0700 # A sample
- share for sharing your CD-ROM with others. ;[cdrom] ; comment = Samba
- server's CD-ROM ; writable = no ; locking = no ; path = /cdrom ; public
- = yes # The next two parameters show how to auto-mount a CD-ROM when the #
- cdrom share is accesed. For this to work /etc/fstab must contain # an entry
- like this: # # /dev/scd0 /cdrom iso9660 defaults,noauto,ro,user 0 0 # # The
- CD-ROM gets unmounted automatically after the connection to the # # If you
- don't want to use auto-mounting/unmounting make sure the CD # is mounted
- on /cdrom # ; preexec = /bin/mount /cdrom ; postexec = /bin/umount /cdrom/etc/sane.dSane
+ referred to as the LanManager or NetBIOS protocol.
+
+ /etc/sane.dSane
configuration files. SANE stands for "Scanner Access Now Easy" and
is an application programming interface (API) that provides standardized
access to any raster image scanner hardware (flatbed scanner, hand-held
@@ -1480,11 +1709,38 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
- # /etc/securetty:
- list of terminals on which root is allowed to login. # See securetty(5) and
- login(1). console # Standard consoles tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 tty5 tty6 tty7
- tty8 tty9 tty10 tty11 tty12 # Same as above, but these only occur with devfs
- devices vc/1 vc/2 vc/3 vc/4 vc/5 vc/6 vc/7 vc/8 vc/9 vc/10 vc/11 vc/12
+
+ # /etc/securetty: list of terminals on which root is allowed to login.
+ # See securetty(5) and login(1).
+ console
+
+ # Standard consoles
+ tty1
+ tty2
+ tty3
+ tty4
+ tty5
+ tty6
+ tty7
+ tty8
+ tty9
+ tty10
+ tty11
+ tty12
+
+ # Same as above, but these only occur with devfs devices
+ vc/1
+ vc/2
+ vc/3
+ vc/4
+ vc/5
+ vc/6
+ vc/7
+ vc/8
+ vc/9
+ vc/10
+ vc/11
+ vc/12
@@ -1498,48 +1754,91 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
voltages, CPU temperature can be determined through third party utilities
that make user of these libraries such as 'gkrellm'. If you do not
wish to install these packages you may also utliise the /proc filesystem
- real-time nature./etc/sudoersSudoers
+ real-time nature.
+
+ /etc/sudoersSudoers
file. This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
The sudo command allows an authenticated user to execute an authorized
command as root. Both the effective UID and GID are set to 0 (you are
basically root). It determines which users are authorized and which commands
- they are authorized to use. Configuration of this command is via this file./etc/shadowShadow
+ they are authorized to use. Configuration of this command is via this file.
+
+ /etc/shadowShadow
password file on systems with shadow password software installed (PAMs).
Shadow passwords move the encrypted password from /etc/passwd into
/etc/shadow; the latter is not readable by anyone except root. This makes it
- more difficult to crack passwords./etc/shadow-Old
- /etc/shadow file./etc/sysctl.confConfiguration
+ more difficult to crack passwords.
+
+ /etc/shadow-Old
+ /etc/shadow file.
+
+ /etc/sysctl.confConfiguration
file for setting system variables, most notably kernel parameters.
'sysctl' is a means of configuring certain aspects of the kernel at
run-time, and the /proc/sys/ directory is there so that you don't even
- need special tools to do it!/etc/securityEssential
+ need special tools to do it!
+
+ /etc/securityEssential
to security. This subdirectory allows administrators to impose quota limits,
- access limits and also to configure PAM environments./etc/serial.confSerial
+ access limits and also to configure PAM environments.
+
+ /etc/serial.confSerial
port configuration. Changeable parameters include speed, baud rate, port,
- irq and type./etc/servicesA
+ irq and type.
+
+ /etc/servicesA
definition of the networks, services and the associated port for each
protocol that are available on this system. For example, web services (http)
- are assigned to port 80 by default. # /etc/services: # $Id: etc.xml,v 1.1
- 2003/09/05 10:47:54 binh Exp $ # # Network services, Internet style # # Note
- that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single # well-known port
- number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries # here have two entries
- even if the protocol doesn't support UDP # operations. Updated from RFC
- 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October # 1994). Not all ports are
- included, only the more common ones. echo 7/tcp echo 7/udp discard 9/tcp
- sink null discard 9/udp sink null systat 11/tcp users daytime 13/tcp daytime
- 13/udp netstat 15/tcp qotd 17/tcp quote msp 18/tcp # message send protocol
- msp 18/udp # message send protocol chargen 19/tcp ttytst source chargen
- 19/udp ttytst source ftp-data 20/tcp ftp 21/tcp fsp 21/udp fspd ssh 22/tcp #
- SSH Remote Login Protocol ssh 22/udp # SSH Remote Login Protocol telnet
- 23/tcp # 24 - private smtp 25/tcp mail # 26 - unassigned time 37/tcp
- timserver time 37/udp timserver rlp 39/udp resource # resource location
- nameserver 42/tcp name # IEN 116 whois 43/tcp nicname re-mail-ck 50/tcp #
- Remote Mail Checking Protocol re-mail-ck 50/udp # Remote Mail Checking
- Protocol domain 53/tcp nameserver # name-domain server domain 53/udp
+ are assigned to port 80 by default.
+
+ # /etc/services:
+ # $Id$
+ #
+ # Network services, Internet style
+ #
+ # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single
+ # well-known port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries
+ # here have two entries even if the protocol doesn't support UDP
+ # operations. Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October
+ # 1994). Not all ports are included, only the more common ones.
+ echo 7/tcp
+ echo 7/udp
+ discard 9/tcp sink null
+ discard 9/udp sink null
+ systat 11/tcp users
+ daytime 13/tcp daytime
+ 13/udp netstat
+ 15/tcp qotd
+ 17/tcp quote msp
+ 18/tcp # message send protocol
+ msp 18/udp # message send protocol
+ chargen 19/tcp ttytst source
+ chargen 19/udp ttytst source
+ ftp-data 20/tcp
+ ftp 21/tcp
+ fsp 21/udp fspd
+ ssh 22/tcp # SSH Remote Login Protocol
+ ssh 22/udp # SSH Remote Login Protocol
+ telnet 23/tcp
+ # 24 - private smtp
+ 25/tcp mail
+ # 26 - unassigned
+ time 37/tcp timserver
+ time 37/udp timserver
+ rlp 39/udp resource # resource location
+ nameserver 42/tcp name # IEN 116
+ whois 43/tcp nicname
+ re-mail-ck 50/tcp # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
+ re-mail-ck 50/udp # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
+ domain 53/tcp nameserver # name-domain server domain 53/udp
nameserver netbios-ns 137/tcp # NETBIOS Name Service netbios-ns 137/udp
- netbios-dgm 138/tcp # NETBIOS Datagram Service netbios-dgm 138/udp
- netbios-ssn 139/tcp # NETBIOS session service netbios-ssn 139/udp x11
- 6000/tcp x11-0 # X windows system x11 6000/udp x11-0 # X windows system
+ netbios-dgm 138/tcp # NETBIOS Datagram Service
+ netbios-dgm 138/udp
+ netbios-ssn 139/tcp # NETBIOS session service
+ netbios-ssn 139/udp
+ x11 6000/tcp x11-0 # X windows system
+ x11 6000/udp x11-0 # X windows system
+
/etc/shellsLists
trusted shells. The chsh command allows users to change their login shell
@@ -1577,7 +1876,9 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
default files for each new user are stored in this directory. Each time a
new user is added, these skeleton files are copied into their home
directory. An average system would have: .alias, .bash_profile, .bashrc and
- .cshrc files. Other files are left up to the system administrator./etc/sysconfig/This
+ .cshrc files. Other files are left up to the system administrator.
+
+ /etc/sysconfig/This
directory contains configuration files and subdirectories for the setup of
system configuration specifics and for the boot process, like
'clock', which sets the timezone, or 'keyboard' which
@@ -1587,24 +1888,32 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
attributes from the default desktop to whether DMA should be enabled for
your IDE devices. On our Debian reference system though this folder is
almost expedient containing only two files hwconf and soundcard which are
- both configured by the Redhat utilities hwconf and sndconfig respectively./etc/slipConfiguration
+ both configured by the Redhat utilities hwconf and sndconfig respectively.
+
+ /etc/slipConfiguration
files for the setup and operation of SLIP (serial line IP) interface.
Generally unused nowadays. This protocol has been superceded by the faster
- and more efficient PPP protocol./etc/screenrcThis
+ and more efficient PPP protocol.
+
+ /etc/screenrcThis
is the system wide screenrc. You can use this file to change the default
behavior of screen system wide or copy it to ~/.screenrc and use it as a
starting point for your own settings. Commands in this file are used to set
options, bind screen functions to keys, redefine terminal capabilities, and
to automatically establish one or more windows at the beginning of your
screen session. This is not a comprehensive list of options, look at the
- screen manual for details on everything that you can put in this file./etc/scrollkeeper.confA
+ screen manual for details on everything that you can put in this file.
+
+ /etc/scrollkeeper.confA
free electronic cataloging system for documentation. It stores metadata
specified by the http://www.ibiblio.org/osrt/omf/ (Open Source Metadata
Framework) as well as certain metadata extracted directly from documents
(such as the table of contents). It provides various functionality
pertaining to this metadata to help browsers, such as sorting the registered
documents or searching the metadata for documents which satisfy a set of
- criteria./etc/ssh'ssh'
+ criteria.
+
+ /etc/ssh'ssh'
configuration files. 'ssh' is a secure rlogin/rsh/rcp replacement
(OpenSSH). This is the portable version of OpenSSH, a free implementation of
the Secure Shell protocol as specified by the IETF secsh working group.
@@ -1615,35 +1924,57 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
channel. It is intended as a replacement for rlogin, rsh and rcp, and can be
used to provide applications with a secure communication channel. It should
be noted that in some countries, particularly Iraq, and Pakistan, it may be
- illegal to use any encryption at all without a special permit./etc/syslog.confLists
+ illegal to use any encryption at all without a special permit.
+
+ /etc/syslog.confLists
where log files should go, what messages are written to them and the level
of verbosity. It is also now possible to filter based on message content,
message integrity, message encryption (near future), portability and better
- network forwarding./etc/termcapThe
+ network forwarding.
+
+ /etc/termcapThe
terminal capability database. Describes the "escape sequences" by
which various terminals can be controlled. Programs are written so that
instead of directly outputting an escape sequence that only works on a
particular brand of terminal, they look up the correct sequence to do
whatever it is they want to do in /etc/termcap. As a result most programs
- work with most kinds of terminals./etc/timezonelocal
+ work with most kinds of terminals.
+
+ /etc/timezonelocal
timezone./etc/updatedb.confSets
environment variables that are used by updatedb which therefore configures
the database for 'locate', a utility that locates a pattern in a
- database of filenames and returns the filenames that match. # This file sets
- environment variables which are used by updatedb # filesystems which are
- pruned from updatedb database PRUNEFS="NFS nfs afs proc smbfs autofs
- auto iso9660 ncpfs coda devpts ftpfs" export PRUNEFS # paths which are
- pruned from updatedb database PRUNEPATHS="/tmp /usr/tmp /var/tmp /afs
- /amd /alex /var/spool" export PRUNEPATHS # netpaths which are added
- NETPATHS="" export NETPATHS/etc/vgaThe
+ database of filenames and returns the filenames that match.
+
+
+ # This file sets environment variables which are used by updatedb
+
+ # filesystems which are pruned from updatedb database
+ PRUNEFS="NFS nfs afs proc smbfs autofs auto iso9660 ncpfs coda devpts ftpfs"
+ export PRUNEFS
+ # paths which are pruned from updatedb database
+ PRUNEPATHS="/tmp /usr/tmp /var/tmp /afs /amd /alex /var/spool"
+ export PRUNEPATHS
+ # netpaths which are added
+ NETPATHS=""
+ export NETPATHS
+
+
+
+
+ /etc/vgaThe
configuration file for the svgalib is stored in this directory. svgalib
provides graphics capabilities to programs running on the system console,
without going through the X Window System. It uses direct access to the
video hardware to provide low-level access to the standard VGA and SVGA
- graphics modes. It only works with some video hardware; so use with caution./etc/vimContains
+ graphics modes. It only works with some video hardware; so use with caution.
+
+ /etc/vimContains
configuration files for both vim and its X based counterpart gvim. A wide
range of options can be accessed though these two files such as automatic
- indentation, syntax highlighting, etc..../etc/xinetd.d/The
+ indentation, syntax highlighting, etc....
+
+ /etc/xinetd.d/The
original 'inetd' daemon has now been superceded by the much improved
'xinetd'. 'inetd' should be run at boot time by
/etc/init.d/inetd (or /etc/rc.local on some systems). It then listens for
@@ -1652,22 +1983,32 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
invokes a program to service the request. After the program is finished, it
continues to listen on the socket (except in some cases). Essentially, inetd
allows running one daemon to invoke several others, reducing load on the
- system. Services controlled via xinetd put their configuration files here./etc/zloginSystem-wide
+ system. Services controlled via xinetd put their configuration files here.
+
+ /etc/zloginSystem-wide
.zlogin file for zsh(1). This file is sourced only for login shells. It
should contain commands that should be executed only in login shells. It
should be used to set the terminal type and run a series of external
- commands (fortune, msgs, from, etc.)/etc/zlogoutCommands
+ commands (fortune, msgs, from, etc.)
+
+ /etc/zlogoutCommands
to be executed upon user exit from the zsh. It's control is system-wide
- but the .zlogout file for zsh(1) does override it in terms of importance./etc/zprofileSystem-wide
+ but the .zlogout file for zsh(1) does override it in terms of importance.
+
+ /etc/zprofileSystem-wide
.zprofile file for zsh(1). This file is sourced only for login shells (i.e.
Shells invoked with "-" as the first character of argv[0], and
- shells invoked with the -l flag.)/etc/zshenvSystem-wide
+ shells invoked with the -l flag.)
+
+ /etc/zshenvSystem-wide
.zshenv file for zsh(1). This file is sourced on all invocations of the
shell. If the -f flag is present or if the NO_RCS option is set within this
file, all other initialization files are skipped. This file should contain
commands to set the command search path, plus other important environment
variables. This file should not contain commands that produce output or
- assume the shell is attached to a tty./etc/zshrcSystem-wide
+ assume the shell is attached to a tty.
+
+ /etc/zshrcSystem-wide
.zshrc file for zsh(1). This file is sourced only for interactive shells. It
should contain commands to set up aliases, functions, options, key bindings,
etc.
@@ -1692,36 +2033,47 @@ Order of scripts run in /etc/rc?.d
/usr/sbin (useradd, usermod, and others).
csh.login Systemwide initialization file for C shell logins
- (optional) exports NFS filesystem access control list (optional) fstab
- Static information about filesystems (optional) ftpusers FTP daemon user
- access control list (optional) gateways File which lists gateways for routed
- (optional) gettydefs Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional)
- group User group file (optional) host.conf Resolver configuration file
- (optional) hosts Static information about host names (optional) hosts.allow
- Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional) hosts.deny Host access file for
- TCP wrappers (optional) hosts.equiv List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh,
- rcp (optional) hosts.lpd List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional) inetd.conf
- Configuration file for inetd (optional) inittab Configuration file for init
- (optional) issue Pre-login message and identification file (optional)
- ld.so.conf List of extra directories to search for shared libraries
- (optional) motd Post-login message of the day file (optional) mtab Dynamic
- information about filesystems (optional)
+ (optional)
+ exports NFS filesystem access control list (optional)
+ fstab Static information about filesystems (optional)
+ ftpusers FTP daemon user access control list (optional)
+ gateways File which lists gateways for routed (optional)
+ gettydefs Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional)
+ group User group file (optional)
+ host.conf Resolver configuration file (optional)
+ hosts Static information about host names (optional)
+ hosts.allow Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
+ hosts.deny Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)
+ hosts.equiv List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh, rcp (optional)
+ hosts.lpd List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional)
+ inetd.conf Configuration file for inetd (optional)
+ inittab Configuration file for init (optional)
+ issue Pre-login message and identification file (optional)
+ ld.so.conf List of extra directories to search for shared libraries (optional)
+ motd Post-login message of the day file (optional)
+ mtab Dynamic information about filesystems (optional)
mtab does not fit the static nature of /etc: it is excepted
for historical reasons. On some Linux systems, this may be a
symbolic link to /proc/mounts, in which case this exception is not required.
- mtools.conf Configuration file for mtools
- (optional) networks Static information about network names (optional) passwd
- The password file (optional) printcap The lpd printer capability database
- (optional) profile Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins
- (optional) protocols IP protocol listing (optional) resolv.conf Resolver
- configuration file (optional) rpc RPC protocol listing (optional) securetty
- TTY access control for root login (optional) services Port names for network
- services (optional) shells Pathnames of valid login shells (optional)
- syslog.conf Configuration file for syslogd (optional) /etc/opt :
- Configuration files for /opt Host-specific configuration files for add-on
- application software packages must be installed within the directory
+ mtools.conf Configuration file for mtools (optional)
+ networks Static information about network names (optional)
+ passwd The password file (optional)
+ printcap The lpd printer capability database (optional)
+ profile Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins (optional)
+ protocols IP protocol listing (optional)
+ resolv.conf Resolver configuration file (optional)
+ rpc RPC protocol listing (optional)
+ securetty TTY access control for root login (optional)
+ services Port names for network services (optional)
+ shells Pathnames of valid login shells (optional)
+ syslog.conf Configuration file for syslogd (optional)
+
+ /etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt
+
+ Host-specific configuration files for add-on application software packages
+ must be installed within the directory
/etc/opt/<package>, where <package> is the name of the
subtree in /opt where the static data from that package is stored. No
structure is imposed on the internal arrangement of
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/initrd.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/initrd.xml
index d21a81fc..65a0e764 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/initrd.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/initrd.xml
@@ -104,5 +104,4 @@ from the CD-ROM, and loading the RAM disk from CD without need of floppies.
-
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/lostfound.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/lostfound.xml
index 316c640e..6f96538d 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/lostfound.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/lostfound.xml
@@ -24,29 +24,29 @@
These files were not able to be recovered.
-
-
- total 368
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110891 Oct 5 14:14 #388200
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 215 Oct 5 14:14 #388201
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110303 Oct 6 23:09 #388813
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 141 Oct 6 23:09 #388814
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110604 Oct 6 23:09 #388815a
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Oct 6 23:09 #388816
- srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51430
- srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51433
- -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 00:23 #51434
- srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51436
- srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51437
- srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51438
- -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 13:00 #51439
- srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51440
- srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51442
- -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 23:09 #51443
- srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 10:40 #51445
- srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 23:09 #51446
- srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 23:09 #51448
-
-
+
+
+ total 368
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110891 Oct 5 14:14 #388200
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 215 Oct 5 14:14 #388201
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110303 Oct 6 23:09 #388813
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 141 Oct 6 23:09 #388814
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110604 Oct 6 23:09 #388815a
+ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Oct 6 23:09 #388816
+ srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51430
+ srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51433
+ -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 00:23 #51434
+ srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51436
+ srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51437
+ srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 00:23 #51438
+ -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 13:00 #51439
+ srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51440
+ srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 13:00 #51442
+ -rw------- 1 root root 63 Oct 6 23:09 #51443
+ srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 10:40 #51445
+ srwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Oct 6 23:09 #51446
+ srwx------ 1 root root 0 Oct 6 23:09 #51448
+
+
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/mnt.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/mnt.xml
index f01bdb0d..f2bd3f7f 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/mnt.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/mnt.xml
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
the mount operation will make it look like the contents of the new
filesystem are the contents of an existing subdirectory in some already
mounted filesystem. The mounts could be done as in the
- following example: $ mount /dev/hda2
- /home $ mount /dev/hda3 /usr
+ following example: $ mount /dev/hda2 /home
+ $ mount /dev/hda3 /usr
$ The mount command takes two
arguments. The first one is the device file corresponding to the disk or
partition containing the filesystem. The second one is the directory below
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@
either the device file or the mount point. For example, to unmount the
directories of the previous example, one could use the commands
$ umount /dev/hda2
- $ umount /usr $
+ $ umount /usr
+ $
See the man page for further instructions on how to use the command.
It is imperative that you always unmount a mounted floppy.
Don't just pop the floppy out of the drive! Because
@@ -153,4 +154,5 @@
mount manual page. If you aren't careful, mounting an
MS-DOS filesystem gives everyone at least read access to the files in it,
which is not a good idea.
+
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/proc.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/proc.xml
index c3fee266..f4a2221e 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/proc.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/proc.xml
@@ -358,7 +358,8 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
- 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv NMI: 2457961 2457959 LOC: 2457882 2457881 ERR: 2155
+ 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv NMI: 2457961 2457959
+ LOC: 2457882 2457881 ERR: 2155
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
/proc/net Status information
about network protocols.
- IPv6 information
+ IPv6 information
@@ -513,7 +514,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- General Network information
+ General Network information
@@ -714,9 +715,12 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- # cat
- /proc/sys/fs/file-max 4096 # echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max # cat
- /proc/sys/fs/file-max 8192
+ # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ 4096
+ # echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
+ 8192
+
This method of revision is useful for all customizable parameters
@@ -1121,7 +1125,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
1 1 Can read MCN: 1 1 Reports media changed: 1 1 Can play audio: 1 1 You see
two drives, sr0 and hdb, along with a list of their features.
- SUNRPC
+ SUNRPC
@@ -1148,7 +1152,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- GENERAL PARAMETERS
+ GENERAL PARAMETERS
@@ -1187,7 +1191,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- UNIX DOMAIN SOCKETS
+ UNIX DOMAIN SOCKETS
@@ -1201,7 +1205,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- IPv4
+ IPv4
@@ -1219,7 +1223,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- ICMP settings
+ ICMP settings
@@ -1242,7 +1246,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- IP settings
+ IP settings
@@ -1280,7 +1284,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- IP fragmentation settings
+ IP fragmentation settings
@@ -1294,7 +1298,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- TCP settings
+ TCP settings
@@ -1380,65 +1384,83 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
interfaces, whereas changes in the other subdirectories affect only one
interface. All directories have the same entries:
- accept_redirects This switch
+ accept_redirectsThis switch
decides if the kernel accepts ICMP redirect messages or not. The default is
'yes' if the kernel is configured for a regular host and
'no' for a router configuration.
- accept_source_route Should source
+
+ accept_source_routeShould source
routed packages be accepted or declined. The default is dependent on the
kernel configuration. It's 'yes' for routers and 'no'
- for hosts. bootp_relay
+ for hosts.
+
+ bootp_relay
Accept packets with source address 0.b.c.d with destinations not to this
host as local ones. It is supposed that a BOOTP relay daemon will catch and
forward such packets. The default is 0.
- forwarding Enable or disable IP
+
+ forwardingEnable or disable IP
forwarding on this interface.
- log_martians Log packets with
+
+ log_martiansLog packets with
source addresses with no known route to kernel log.
- mc_forwarding Do multicast
+
+ mc_forwardingDo multicast
routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE and a multicast
routing daemon is required.
- proxy_arp Does (1) or does not
+
+ proxy_arpDoes (1) or does not
(0) perform proxy ARP.
- rp_filter Integer value
+
+ rp_filterInteger value
determines if a source validation should be made. 1 means yes, 0 means no.
Disabled by default, but local/broadcast address spoofing is always on. If
you set this to 1 on a router that is the only connection for a network to
the net, it will prevent spoofing attacks against your internal networks
(external addresses can still be spoofed), without the need for additional
firewall rules.
- secure_redirects Accept ICMP
+
+ secure_redirectsAccept ICMP
redirect messages only for gateways, listed in default gateway list. Enabled
- by default. shared_media
+ by default.
+
+ shared_media
If it is not set the kernel does not assume that different subnets on this
device can communicate directly. Default setting is 'yes'.
- send_redirects Determines whether
+
+ send_redirectsDetermines whether
to send ICMP redirects to other hosts.
- Routing settings The directory
+
+ Routing settingsThe directory
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/route contains several file to control routing issues.
- error_burst and error_cost These
+
+ error_burst and error_costThese
parameters are used to limit the warning messages written to the kernel log
from the routing code. The higher the error_cost factor is, the fewer
messages will be written. Error_burst controls when messages will be
dropped. The default settings limit warning messages to one every five
seconds. flush
Writing to this file results in a flush of the routing cache.
+
gc_elastic, gc_interval, gc_min_interval, gc_tresh,
gc_timeout Values to control the frequency and
behavior of the garbage collection algorithm for the routing cache.
+
max_size Maximum size of the
routing cache. Old entries will be purged once the cache reached has this
size. max_delay,
min_delay Delays for flushing the routing cache.
+
redirect_load, redirect_number
Factors which determine if more ICPM redirects should be sent to a specific
host. No redirects will be sent once the load limit or the maximum number of
redirects has been reached.
- redirect_silence Timeout for
+
+ redirect_silenceTimeout for
redirects. After this period redirects will be sent again, even if this has
been stopped, because the load or number limit has been reached.
- /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh Network
+ /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neighNetwork
Neighbor handling. It contains settings about how to handle connections with
direct neighbors (nodes attached to the same link). As we saw it in the conf
directory, there is a default subdirectory which holds the default values,
@@ -1448,33 +1470,46 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
In the interface directories you'll find the following entries:
- base_reachable_time A base value
+ base_reachable_timeA base value
used for computing the random reachable time value as specified in RFC2461.
- retrans_time The time, expressed
+
+ retrans_timeThe time, expressed
in jiffies (1/100 sec), between retransmitted Neighbor Solicitation
messages. Used for address resolution and to determine if a neighbor is
- unreachable. unres_qlen
+ unreachable.
+
+ unres_qlen
Maximum queue length for a pending arp request - the number of packets which
are accepted from other layers while the ARP address is still resolved.
- anycast_delay Maximum for random
+
+ anycast_delayMaximum for random
delay of answers to neighbor solicitation messages in jiffies (1/100 sec).
Not yet implemented (Linux does not have anycast support yet).
- ucast_solicit Maximum number of
+
+ ucast_solicitMaximum number of
retries for unicast solicitation.
- mcast_solicit Maximum number of
+
+ mcast_solicitMaximum number of
retries for multicast solicitation.
- delay_first_probe_time Delay for
+
+ delay_first_probe_timeDelay for
the first time probe if the neighbor is reachable. (see gc_stale_time)
- locktime An ARP/neighbor entry is
+
+ locktimeAn ARP/neighbor entry is
only replaced with a new one if the old is at least locktime old. This
prevents ARP cache thrashing.
- proxy_delay Maximum time (real
+
+ proxy_delayMaximum time (real
time is random [0..proxytime]) before answering to an ARP request for which
we have an proxy ARP entry. In some cases, this is used to prevent network
- flooding. proxy_qlen
+ flooding.
+
+ proxy_qlen
Maximum queue length of the delayed proxy arp timer. (see proxy_delay).
+
app_solcit Determines the number
of requests to send to the user level ARP daemon. Use 0 to turn off.
+
gc_stale_time Determines how
often to check for stale ARP entries. After an ARP entry is stale it will be
resolved again (which is useful when an IP address migrates to another
@@ -1486,7 +1521,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- APPLETALK
+ APPLETALK
@@ -1507,16 +1542,18 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
aarp-tick-time
Controls the rate at which expires are checked.
- /proc/net/appletalk Holds the
+ /proc/net/appletalkHolds the
list of active Appletalk sockets on a machine. The fields indicate the DDP
type, the local address (in network:node format) the remote address, the
size of the transmit pending queue, the size of the received queue (bytes
waiting for applications to read) the state and the uid owning the socket.
- /proc/net/atalk_iface lists all
+
+ /proc/net/atalk_ifacelists all
the interfaces configured for appletalk.It shows the name of the interface,
its Appletalk address, the network range on that address (or network number
for phase 1 networks), and the status of the interface.
- /proc/net/atalk_route lists each
+
+ /proc/net/atalk_routelists each
known network route. It lists the target (network) that the route leads to,
the router (may be directly connected), the route flags, and the device the
route is using.
@@ -1525,7 +1562,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- IPX
+ IPX
@@ -1562,7 +1599,7 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
/proc/tty/drivers
list of drivers and their usage.
- /proc/tty/ldiscs registered line
+ /proc/tty/ldiscsregistered line
disciplines.
/proc/tty/driver/serial
@@ -1576,13 +1613,32 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- # cat /proc/tty/drivers pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255
- pty:slave pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3
- 0-255 pty:slave pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master serial /dev/cua 5
- 64-67 serial:callout serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0
- system:vtmaster /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system /dev/console /dev/console 5 1
- system:console /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63
- console
+ # cat /proc/tty/drivers
+ serial /dev/cua 5 64-127 serial:callout
+ serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-127 serial
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 143 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 135 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 142 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 134 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 141 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 133 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 140 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 132 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 139 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 131 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 138 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 130 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 137 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 129 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
+ pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
+ pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
+ /dev/vc/0 /dev/vc/0 4 0 system:vtmaster
+ /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
+ /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
+ /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
+ unknown /dev/vc/%d 4 1-63 console
Note that while the above files tend to be
@@ -1596,13 +1652,13 @@ irq 8: 3 rtc irq 15: 83 ide1
- /proc/uptime The time the system
+ /proc/uptimeThe time the system
has been up.
/proc/version
The kernel version.
- /proc/video BTTV info of video
+ /proc/videoBTTV info of video
resources.
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/sbin.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/sbin.xml
index baeb4dcc..afd36c99 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/sbin.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/sbin.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
/sbin
- Linux discriminates between 'normal' executables and those used for system maintenance or administrative tasks. The latter reside either here or - the less important ones - in /usr/sbin. Locally installed system administration programs should be placed into /usr/local/sbin. Programs executed after /usr is known to be mounted (when there are no problems) are generally placed into /usr/sbin. This directory contains all the binaries that are essential to the working of the system. These include system administration as well as maintenance and hardware configuration programs. You may find lilo, fdisk, init, ifconfig, etc here. These are the essential programs that are required by all the users. Another directory that contains system binaries is /usr/sbin. This directory contains other binaries of use to the system administrator. This is where you will find the network daemons for your system along with other binaries that only the system administrator has access to, but which are not required for system maintenance and repair. For obvious security reasons, these directories are never part of normal user's $PATHs, only of roots (PATH is an environment variable that controls the sequence of locations that the sytem will attempt to look in for commands).
-
+
+Linux discriminates between 'normal' executables and those used for system maintenance or administrative tasks. The latter reside either here or - the less important ones - in /usr/sbin. Locally installed system administration programs should be placed into /usr/local/sbin. Programs executed after /usr is known to be mounted (when there are no problems) are generally placed into /usr/sbin. This directory contains all the binaries that are essential to the working of the system. These include system administration as well as maintenance and hardware configuration programs. You may find lilo, fdisk, init, ifconfig, etc here. These are the essential programs that are required by all the users. Another directory that contains system binaries is /usr/sbin. This directory contains other binaries of use to the system administrator. This is where you will find the network daemons for your system along with other binaries that only the system administrator has access to, but which are not required for system maintenance and repair. For obvious security reasons, these directories are never part of normal user's $PATHs, only of roots (PATH is an environment variable that controls the sequence of locations that the sytem will attempt to look in for commands).
FSSTND compliance requires that the following commands, or symbolic links to commands,
are required in /sbin.
- shutdown Command to bring the system down.
+
+
+ shutdown Command to bring the system down.
+
+
- The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /sbin if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
-
+The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /sbin if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
diff --git a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/usr.xml b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/usr.xml
index ee7d479c..10db88ec 100644
--- a/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/usr.xml
+++ b/LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/usr.xml
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ Another large subdirectory structure begins here, containing libraries, executab
This hierarchy is reserved for the X Window System, version 11 release 6, and related files. To simplify matters and make XFree86 more compatible with the X Window System on other systems, the following symbolic links must be present if /usr/X11R6 exists:
-/usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/bin
-/usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
-/usr/include/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/include/X11
+ /usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/bin
+ /usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
+ /usr/include/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/include/X11
@@ -94,26 +94,40 @@ Manual pages. They are organised into 8 sections, which are explained below.
man1: User programs
-Manual pages that describe publicly accessible commands are contained in this chapter. Most program documentation that a user will need to use is located here.
+Manual pages that describe publicly accessible commands are contained
+in this chapter. Most program documentation that a user will need to
+use is located here.
man2: System calls
-This section describes all of the system calls (requests for the kernel to perform operations).
+This section describes all of the system calls (requests for the kernel
+to perform operations).
man3: Library functions and subroutines
-Section 3 describes program library routines that are not direct calls to kernel services. This and chapter 2 are only really of interest to programmers.
+Section 3 describes program library routines that are not direct calls
+to kernel services. This and chapter 2 are only really of interest to
+programmers.
man4: Special files
-Section 4 describes the special files, related driver functions, and networking support available in the system. Typically, this includes the device files found in /dev and the kernel interface to networking protocol support.
+Section 4 describes the special files, related driver functions, and
+networking support available in the system. Typically, this includes
+the device files found in /dev and the kernel interface to networking
+protocol support.
man5: File formats
-The formats for many data files are documented in the section 5. This includes various include files, program output files, and system files.
+The formats for many data files are documented in the section 5. This
+includes various include files, program output files, and system files.
man6: Games
-This chapter documents games, demos, and generally trivial programs. Different people have various notions about how essential this is.
+This chapter documents games, demos, and generally trivial programs.
+Different people have various notions about how essential this is.
-man7: Miscellaneous Manual pages that are difficult to classify are designated as being section 7. The troff and other text processing macro packages are found here.
+man7: Miscellaneous Manual pages that are difficult to classify are
+designated as being section 7. The troff and other text processing
+macro packages are found here.
-man8: System administration Programs used by system administrators for system operation and maintenance are documented here. Some of these programs are also occasionally useful for normal users.
+man8: System administration Programs used by system administrators
+for system operation and maintenance are documented here. Some of
+these programs are also occasionally useful for normal users.
@@ -130,7 +144,9 @@ RPM/ provides a substructure for building RPMs from SRPMs. Organiztion of this b
/usr/src/RPM/BUILD
Houses RPM binary files that have een built from RPM source files.
-/usr/src/RPM/RPMS/athlon, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i386, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i486, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i586, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i686, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/noarch
+/usr/src/RPM/RPMS/athlon, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i386, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i486, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i586, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/i686, /usr/src/RPM/RPMS/noarch
+These directories contain architecture dependant RPM source files.
+
/usr/src/RPM/SOURCES
RPM source files.
@@ -168,15 +184,16 @@ These are the release notes for Linux version 2.4. Read them carefully, as they
/usr/src/linux/REPORTING-BUGS
A suggested procedure for reporting Linux bugs. You aren't obliged to use the bug reporting format, it is provided as a guide to the kind of information that can be useful to developers - no more.
-/usr/src/linux/Rules.make
+/usr/src/linux/Rules.make
+This file contains rules which are shared between multiple Makefiles.
+
/usr/src/linux/Documentation
-Contains documentation that may be necessary in order to re-compile a kernel. However, it also provides quite a lot of information about your Linux system in general as well. For those who wish to seek further information on the contents of this directory you may consult the /usr/src/linux/Documentation/00-INDEX file.
+Contains documentation that may be necessary in order to re-compile a kernel. However, it also provides quite a lot of information about your Linux system in general as well. For those who wish to seek further information on the contents of this directory you may consult the /usr/src/linux/Documentation/00-INDEX file. Further, more detailed documentation may be found in /usr/src/linux/Documentation/Docbook. Of course, the contents of this directory is written in Docbook but may be converted to pdf, ps or html using the make targets of 'pdfdocs', 'psdocs' and 'htmldocs' respectively.
/usr/tmp
User space temporary files. This directory is not found on modern distributions at all and was most likely created as a consequence of Linux's UNIX heritage.
-