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+ + + Linux Complete Backup and Recovery HOWTO + + 2002 January 20 + + + + + Charles + Curley + +
+ ccurley at trib dot com +
+ + + + + + + + + + 0.01 + 2001 10 25 + c^2 + Initial version for LDP release + + + + + Imagine your disk drive has just become a very expensive hockey puck. Imagine you have had a fire, and your computer case now looks like something Salvidor Dali would like to paint. Now what? + Total restore, sometimes called bare metal recovery, is the process of rebuilding a computer after a catastrophic failure. In order to make a total restoration, you must have complete backups, not only of your file system, but of partition information and other data. This HOWTO is a step-by-step tutorial on how to back up a Linux computer so as to be able to make a bare metal recovery, and how to make that bare metal recovery. It includes some related scripts. + + + + + + + Introduction + The normal bare metal restoration process is: install the operating system from the product disks. Install the backup software, so you can restore your data. Restore your data. Then you get to restore functionality by verifying your configuration files, permissions, etc. + + The process and scripts explained in this HOWTO will save re-installing the operating system. The process explained here will restore only files that were backed up from the production computer. Your configuration will be intact when you restore the system, which should save you hours of verifying configurations and data. + + Copyright Information + + Copyright © 2001, 2002 Charles Curley and distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) license, stated below. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + If you have any questions, please contact linux-howto at metalab.unc.edu. + + + + Disclaimer + + No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted by the author, the Linux Documentation Project or anyone else. Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. There may be errors and inaccuracies that may be damaging to your system. Proceed with caution, and although errors are unlikely, the author(s) take no responsibility for them. + + All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. + + + Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen + as endorsements. + + + + You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system + before major installation and backups at regular intervals. + + + In addition, you are strongly recommended to use a sacrificial experimental computer when mucking with the material, espcially the scripts, in this HOWTO. + + + + New Versions + + You can find this document at its home page or at the Linux Documentation Project homepage in many formats. Please comment to ccurley at trib dot com + + + + + bzip2 compressed chunky (lots of small pages. Faster reading.) HTML. + + + + + bzip2 compressed smooth (one monster page -- no chunks. Easier to search.) HTML. + + + + + + + + + + + + bzip2 compressed postscript (US letter format). + + + + + + bzip2 compressed PDF (US letter format). + + + + + Use the source, Luke. It will be available here until I get this checked into the LDP CVS. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Credits + + +This document is derived from two articles originally published in +Linux Journal. My thanks to +Linux Journal for reverting the rights to those articles, thereby helping make this HOWTO possible. + + Thanks to Joy Y Goodreau for excellent HOWTO editing. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Feedback + + + Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Without your corrections, suggestions and other input, this document wouldn't exist. Please send your additions, comments and criticisms to me at: ccurley at trib.com. + + + + Translations + + + Not everyone speaks English. Volunteers are welcome. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Overview + + The process shown below is not easy, and can be hazardous to your data. Practice it before you need it! Do as I did, and practice on a sacrificial computer! + + + The target computer for this HOWTO is a Pentium computer with a Red Hat 7.1 Linux server or workstation installation on one IDE hard drive. The target computer does not have vast amounts of data because the computer was set up as a sacrificial test bed. That is, I did not want to test this process with a production computer and production data. Also, I did a fresh installation before I started the testing so that I could always re-install if I needed to revert to a known configuration. + + + NOTEThe sample commands will show, in most cases, what I had to type to recover the target system. You may have to use similar commands, but with different parameters. It is up to you to be sure you duplicate your setup, and not the test computer's setup. + + + The basic procedure is set out in W. Curtis Preston, Unix Backup & Recovery, O'Reilly & Associates, 1999, which I have favorably reviewed in Linux Journal. However, the book is a bit thin on specific, real-time questions. For example, exactly which files do you back up? What metadata do you need to preserve, and how? + + + Before beginning the process set forth in this HOWTO you will need to back up your system with a typical backup tool such as Amanda, BRU, tar, Arkeia or cpio. The question, then, is how to get from toasted hardware to the point where you can run the restoration tool that will restore your data. + + + Users of Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) based Linux distributions should also save RPM metadata as part of their normal backups. Something like: + + bash# rpm -Va > /etc/rpmVa.txt + + in your backup script will give you a basis for comparison after a bare metal restoration. + + + To get to this point, you need to have: + + + + + Your hardware up and running again, with replacement components as needed. The BIOS should be correctly configured, including time and date, and hard drive parameters. At the moment, there is no provision for using a different hard drive. + + + + + A parallel port Iomega ZIP drive or equivalent. You will need at least 30 MB of space. + + + + Your backup media. + + + + + A minimal Linux system that will allow you to run the restoration software. + + + + + To get there, you need at least two stages of backup, and possibly three. Exactly what you back up and in which stage you back it up is determined by your restoration process. For example, if you are restoring a tape server, you may not need networking during the restoration process. So only back up networking in your regular backups. + + + You will restore in stages as well. In stage one, we build partitions, file systems, etc. and restore a minimal file system from the ZIP disk. The goal of stage one is to be able to boot to a running computer with a network connection, tape drives, restoration software, or whatever we need for stage two. + + + The second stage, if it is necessary, consists of restoring backup software and any relevant databases. For example, suppose you use Arkeia and you are building a bare metal recovery ZIP disk for your backup server. Arkeia keeps a huge database on the server's hard drives. You can recover the database from the tapes, if you want. Instead, why not tar and gzip the whole arkeia directory (at /usr/knox), and save that to another computer over nfs or ssh? Stage one, as we have defined it below, does not include X, so you will have some experimenting to do if you wish to back up X as well as your backup program. Some restore programs require X. + + + Of course, if you are using some other backup program, you may have some work to do to. You will have to find out the directories and files it needs to run. If you use tar, gzip, cpio, mt or dd for your backup and recovery tools, they will be saved to and restored from our ZIP disk as part of the stage one process describe below. + + + The last stage is a total restoration from tape or other media. After you have done that last stage, you should be able to boot to a fully restored and operational system. + + + Limitations + This HOWTO is restricted to making a minimal backup such that, having then restored that backup to new hardware (bare metal), you can then use your regular backups to restore a completely working system. This HOWTO does not deal with your regular backups at all. + Even within that narrow brief, this HOWTO is not exhaustive. You still have some research, script editing, and testing to do. + The scripts here restore the partition data exactly as found on the source hard drive. This is nice if you are restoring on an identical computer or at least and identical hard drive, but that is often not the case. For now, there are two remedies (which will make more sense after you've read the rest of the HOWTO): + + + Edit the partition table input file. I've done that a few times. You can also do this to add new partitions or delete existing ones (but edit the script that uses the partition table input file as well). + + + Hand build a new partition table and go from there. That is one reason why restore.metadata does not call the hard drive rebuilding script. (Another being that I don't know what hard drives you have.) Make sure you remove the call to fdisk from the rebuilding script. + + + The scripts shown here only handle ext2fs, FAT12 and FAT16. Until some eager volunteer supplies code for doing so in these scripts, you will need other tools for backing up and restoring file systems we haven't covered. Partition Image looks like a useful candidate here. + + + + Preparation + + WARNING + + Do your normal backups on their regular schedule. This HOWTO is useless if you don't do that. + + + Build yourself a rescue disk. I use tomsrtbt. It is well documented and packs a lot of useful tools onto one floppy diskette. There is an active list for it, and the few questions I've had were quickly and accurately answered. I like that in a product my shop may depend on one day. + + + Next, figure out how to do the operating system backup you will need so that you can restore your normal backup. I followed Preston's advice and used an Iomega parallel port ZIP drive. The drives get approximately 90 MB of useful storage to a disk. I need about 85 MB to back up my desktop, so a 100MB ZIP drive may be pushing your luck. + + + Installing the <trademark class="registered">ZIP</trademark> Drive + + Installing the ZIP drive is covered in the ZIP Drive HOWTO, available at the Linux Documentation Project and at its home page, http://www.njtcom.com/dansie/zip-drive.html. + + + + + Creating the Stage 1 Back Up + + Having made your production backups, you need to preserve your partition information so that you can rebuild your partitions. + + + The script make.fdisk scans a hard drive for partition information, and saves it in two files. One is an executable script, called make.dev.x. The other, dev.x (where x is the name of the device file, e.g. hda), is the commands necessary for fdisk to build the partitions. You specify which hard drive you want to build scripts for (and thus the file names) by naming the associated device file as the argument to make.fdisk. For example, on a typical IDE system, + + bash# make.fdisk /dev/hda + + spits out the script make.dev.hda and the input file for fdisk, dev.hda. + In addition, if make.fdisk encounters a FAT partition other than FAT32, it preserves the partition's boot sector in a file named dev.xy, where x is the drive's device name (e.g. sdc, hda) and y is the partition number. The boot sector is the first sector, 512 bytes, of the partition. This sector is restored at the same time the partitions are rebuilt, in the script make.dev.hda + + Fortunately, the price of hard drives is plummeting almost as fast as the public's trust in politicians after an election. So it is good that the output files are text, and allow hand editing. Right now, that's the only way to rebuild on a larger replacement drive. (See the To Do list.) + + + Other metadata are preserved in the script save.metadata. The script saves the partition information in the file fdisk.hda in the root of the ZIP disk. It is a good idea to print this file and your /etc/fstab so that you have hard copy should you ever have to restore the partition data manually. You can save a tree by toggling between two virtual consoles, running fdisk in one and catting /etc/fstab or /fdisk.hda as needed. However, doing so is error prone. + + + You will also want to preserve files relevant to your restoration method. For example, if you use nfs to save your data, you will need to preserve hosts.allow, hosts.deny, exports, etc. Also, if you are using any network-backed restoration process, such as Amanda or Quick Restore, you will need to preserve networking files like HOSTNAME, hosts, etc. and the relevant software tree. + + + The simplest way to handle these and similar questions is to preserve the entire etc directory. + + + There is no way a 100 MB ZIP drive is going to hold a server installation of a modern distribution of Linux. We have to be much more selective than simply preserving the whole kazoo. What files do we need? + + + + + The boot directory. + + + + + The /etc directory and subdirectories. + + + + + Directories needed at boot time. + + + + + Device files in /dev. + + + + + To determine the directories needed at boot, we look at the boot initialization file /etc/rc.sysinit. It sets its own path like so: + + + + Trial and error indicated that we needed some other directories as well, such as /dev. In Linux, you can't do much without device files. + + + In reading the script save.metadata, note that we aren't necessarily saving files that are called with absolute paths. + + + We may require several iterations of back up, test the bare metal restore, re-install from CD and try again, before we have a working backup script. While I worked on this HOWTO, I made five such iterations before I had a successful restoration. That is one reason why it is essential to use scripts whenever possible. Test thoroughly! + + + + Booting tomsrtbt + + The first thing to do before starting the restoration process is to verify that the hardware time is set correctly. Use the BIOS setup for this. How close to exact you have to set the time depends on your applications. For restoration, within a few minutes of exact time should be accurate enough. This will allow time-critical events to pick up where they left off when you finally launch the restored system. + + + Before booting tomsrtbt, make sure your ZIP drive is placed on a parallel port, either /dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1. The start-up software will load the parallel port ZIP drive driver for you. + + + + + + + The next step is to set the video mode. I usually like to see as much on the screen as I can. When the option to select a video mode comes, I use mode 6, 80 columns by 60 lines. Your hardware may or may not be able to handle high resolutions like that, so experiment with it. + + + Once tomsrtbt has booted and you have a console, mount the ZIP drive. It is probably a good idea to mount it read only: + + + + Check to be sure it is there: + + + + Then change to the directory where the scripts are on the ZIP drive. + + + + Now run the script that will restore the partition information, e.g.: + + + + This script will: + + + + + Clean out the first 1024 bytes of the hard drive, killing off any existing partition table and master boot record (MBR). + + + + + Recreate the partitions from the information gathered when you ran make.fdisk. + + + + + Make ext2 file system partitions and Linux swap partitions as appropriate. + + + + + Make some types of FAT partitions. + + + + + Make mount points and mount the ext2 partitions for you. + + + + + NOTEIf you have other operating systems to restore, now is a good time to do so. First, reboot to tomsrtbt to finish restoring Linux. You will have to remount the partitions you just built. Make a new, separate, script to mount the partitions from the tail end of the make.dev.x script. + + + Once you have created all your directories and mounted partitions to them, you can run the script restore.metadata. This will restore the contents of the ZIP drive to the hard drive. + + + You should see a directory of the ZIP disk's root directory, then a list of the archive files as they are restored. Tar on tomsrtbt will tell you that tar's block size is 20, and that's fine. You can ignore it. Be sure that lilo prints out its results: + + + + That will be followed by the output from a df -m command. + + + If you normally boot directly to X, you could have some problems. To be safe, change your boot run level temporarily. In /target/etc/inittab, find the line that looks like this: + + + + and change it to this: + + + + Now, you can gracefully reboot. Remove the tomsrtbt floppy from your floppy drive if you haven't already done so, and give the computer the three fingered salute, or its equivalent: +shutdown -r now + The computer will shut down and reboot. + + + + Second Stage Restoration + + As the computer reboots, go back to the BIOS and verify that the clock is more or less correct. + + + Once you have verified the clock is correct, exit the BIOS and reboot to the hard drive. You can simply let the computer boot in its normal sequence. You will see a lot of error messages, mostly along the lines of I can't find blah! Waahhh! If you have done your homework correctly up until now, those error messages won't matter. You don't need linuxconf or apache to do what you need to do. + + NOTEAs an alternative, you can boot to single user mode (at the lilo prompt, enter linux single), but you will have to configure your network manually and fire up sshd or whatever daemons you need to restore your system. How you do those things is very system specific. + + + You should be able to log into a root console (no X -- no users, sorry). You should now be able to use the network, for example to nfs mount the backup of your system. + + + If you did the two stage backup I suggested for Arkeia, you can now restore Arkeia's database and executables. You should be able to run + /etc/rc.d/init.d/arkeia start + and start the server. If you have the GUI installed on another computer with X installed, you should now be able to log in to Arkeia on your tape server, and prepare your restoration. + + NOTE + When you restore, read the documentation for your restoration programs carefully. For example, tar does not normally restore certain characteristics of files, like suid bits. File permissions are set by the user's umask. To restore your files exactly as you saved them, use tar's p option. Similarly, make sure your restoration software will restore everything exactly as you saved it. + + To restore the test computer: + + bash# restore.all + + If you used tar for your backup and restoration, and used the -k (keep old files, don't overwrite) option, you will see a lot of this: + + + + This is normal, as tar is refusing to overwrite files you restored during the first stage of restoration. + + + Then reboot. On the way down, you will see a lot of error messages, such as no such pid. This is a normal part of the process. The shutdown code is using the pid files from daemons that were running when the backup was made to shut down daemons that were not started on the last boot. Of course there's no such pid. + + + Your system should come up normally, with a lot fewer errors than it had before, ideally no errors. The acid test of how well your restore works on an RPM based system is to verify all packages: + + bash# rpm -Va + + Some files, such as configuration and log files, will have changed in the normal course of things, and you should be able to mentally filter those out of the report. You can redirect the output to a file, and diff it against the one that was made at backup time (/etc/rpmVa.txt), thereby speeding up this step considerably. Emacs users should check out its diff facilities. + + + Now you should be up and running. It is time to test your applications, especially those that run as daemons. The more sophisticated the application, the more testing you may need to do. If you have remote users, disable them from using the system, or make it read only while you test it. This is especially important for databases, to prevent making any corruption or data loss worse than it already might be. + + + If you normally boot to X, and disabled it above, test X before you re-enable it. Re-enable it by changing that one line in /etc/inittab back to: + + + + You should now be ready for rock and roll -- and some aspirin and a couch. + + + + Distribution Specific Notes + + Below are distribution notes from past experiences. If you have additional notes that you would like to add for other distributions, please forward them to me. + + + Red Hat 7.1 + + This distribution is the one I use on my test computer. I have had no problems with it. + + + + Red Hat 7.0 + + This version seems to require libcrack (in /usr/lib) and its attendant files in order to authenticate users. So in save.metadata, add to the line that saves /usr/lib the following: /usr/lib/*crack* and enable that line. + + + + + Application Specific Notes + + I have listed below notes about backing up particular applications. + + + Squid + Squid is a http proxy and cache. As such it keeps a lot of temporary data on the hard drive. There is no point in backing that up. Insert --exclude /var/spool/squid into the appropriate tar command in your second stage backup script. Then, get squid to rebuild its directory structure for you. Tack onto the tail end of the second stage restore script a command for squid to initialize itself. Here is how I did it over ssh in restore.tester: + + The last command creates a file of length 0 called .OPB_NOBACKUP. This is for the benefit of Arkeia, and tells Arkeia not to back up below this directory + + + Arkeia + Arkeia is a backup and restore program that runs on a wide variety of platforms. You can use Arkeia as part of a bare metal restoration scheme, but there are two caveats. + The first is probably the most problematic, as absent any more elegant solution you have to hand select the directories to restore in the navigator at restoration time. The reason is that, apparently, Arkeia has no mechanism for not restoring files already present on the disk, nothing anlogous to tar's -p option. If you simply allow a full restore, the restore will crash as Arkeia over-writes a library which is in use at restore time, e.g. lib/libc-2.1.1.so. Hand selection of directories to restore is at best dicy, so I recommend against it. + + The second caveat is that you have to back up the Arkeia data dictionary and/or programs. To do that, modify the save.metatdata script by adding Arkeia to the list of directories to save: + $zip/arkeia.tar.gz]]> + You must back up the data dictionary this way because Arkeia does not back up the data dictionary. This is one of my complaints about Arkeia, and I solve it on my own computer by saving the data dictionary to tape with The TOLIS Group's BRU. + The data dictionary will be restored in the script restore.metadata automatically. + + + + Some Advice for Disaster Recovery + + You should take your ZIP disk for each computer and the printouts you made, and place them in a secure location in your shop. You should store copies of these in your off-site backup storage location. The major purpose of off-site backup storage is to enable disaster recovery, and restoring each host onto replacement hardware is a part of disaster recovery. + + + You should also have several tomsrtbt floppies and possibly some ZIP drives in your off-site storage as well. Also, have copies of the tomsrtbt distribution on several of your computers so that they back each other up. + + + You should probably have copies of this HOWTO, with your site-specific annotations on it, with your backups and in your off-site backup storage. + + + + What Now? + + This HOWTO results from experiments on one computer. No doubt you will find some directories or files you need to back up in your first stage backup. I have not dealt with saving and restoring X on the first stage, nor have I touched at all on processors other than Intel. + + + I would appreciate your feedback as you test and improve these scripts on your own computers. I also encourage vendors of backup software to document how to do a minimal backup of their products. I'd like to see the whole Linux community sleep just a little better at night. + + + To Do + + Volunteers are most welcome. Check with me before you start on one of these in case someone else is working on it already. + + + + + A partition editor to adjust partition boundaries for a different hard drive, or the same one with different geometry, or to adjust partition sizes within the same hard drive. A GUI would probably be a good idea here. On the other tentacle, the FSF's parted looks like it will fill part of the bill. It does re-size existing partitions, but with restrictions. + + + + make.fdisk currently spits out one script. Separate out the mount commands to another script, so you can run make.dev.hda, then reboot to do some other mischief, like build a partition for some exotic OS I've never heard of, or run parted, then reboot to tomsrtbt, mount all the Linux partitions, and continue. + + + + Since tomsrtbt supports bzip2, convert the scripts to use bzip2, and see if there is a noticeable reduction in the first stage data saved. + + + + + make.fdisk currently only recognizes some FAT partitions, not all. Add code to make.fdisk to recognize others and make appropriate instructions to rebuild them in the output files. + + + + For FAT12 or FAT16 partitions we do not format, write zeros into the partition so that Mess-DOS 6.x does not get confused. See the notes on fdisk for an explanation of the problem. + + + + Make a script for putting ext2 file systems on ZIP disks. + + + + + Translations into other (human) languages. + + + + Find out how loadlin or similar programs affect this process. + + + Changes for GRUB + + + Change the scripts to use a CD-ROM. A CD-ROM that would boot to tomsrtbt, with the first stage restore data on the rest of it, would be just the ticket. + + + + + + The Scripts + + See the notes in the beginning of each script for a summary of what it does. + + + First Stage + + <filename>make.fdisk</filename> + + This script, run at backup time, creates a script similar to make.dev.hda, below, for you to run at restore time. It also produces data files similar to dev.hda, below. The name of the script and data file produced depends on the device given this script as a a parameter. That script, run at restore time, builds the partitions on the hard drive. make.fdisk is called from save.metadata, below. + + + &make.fdisk; + + + <filename>make.dev.hda</filename> + This script is a sample of the sort produced by make.fdisk, above. It uses data files like dev.hda, below. It builds partitions and puts file systems on some of them. This is the first script run at restore time. + If you are brave enough to edit dev.hda (q.v.), say, to add a new partition, you may need to edit this script as well. + &make.dev.hda; + + + <filename>dev.hda</filename> + This data file is used at restore time. It is fed to fdisk by the script make.dev.hda. It is produced at backup time by make.fdisk. Those familiar with fdisk will recognize that each line is an fdisk command or value, such as a cylinder number. Thus, it is possible to change the partition sizes and add new partitions by editing this file. That's why the penultimate command is v, to verify the partition table before it is written. + &dev.hda; + + + <filename>save.metadata</filename> + + This is the first script to run as part of the backup process. It calls make.fdisk, above. If you have a SCSI hard drive or multiple hard drives to back up, edit the call to make.fdisk appropriately. + + &save.metadata; + + + <filename>restore.metadata</filename> + + This script restores metadata from the ZIP disk as a first stage restore. + + &restore.metadata; + + + + Second Stage + + These scripts run on the computer being backed up or restored. + + + <filename>back.up.all</filename> + + This script saves to another computer via an NFS mount. You can adapt it to save to tape drives or other media. + + &back.up.all; + + + <filename>back.up.all.ssh</filename> + + This script does exactly what back.up.all does, but it uses SSH instead of nfs. + + &back.up.all.ssh; + + + <filename>restore.all</filename> + + This is the restore script to use if you backed up using back.up.all. + + &restore.all; + + + <filename>restore.all.ssh</filename> + + This is the restoration script to use if you used back.up.all.ssh to back up. + + &restore.all.ssh; + + + + Backup Server Scripts + The SSH scripts above have a possible security problem. If you run them on a firewall, the firewall has to have access via SSH to the backup server. In that case, a clever cracker might also be able to crack the backup server. It would be more secure to run backup and restore scripts on the backup server, and let the backup server have access to the firewall. That is what these scripts are for. Rename them to get.x and restore.x where x is the name of the target computer. Edit them (the variable $target's initialization) to use the target computer's host name, or rewrite them to use a command line argument. + These scripts backup and restore the target completely, not just the stage one backup and restore. Also, note that get.tester backs up the ZIP disk as well, in case you need to replace a faulty ZIP disk. + I use these scripts routinely. + + <filename>get.tester</filename> + &get.tester; + + + <filename>restore.tester</filename> + &restore.tester; + + + + + Resources + + + W. Curtis Preston's excellent Unix Backup & Recovery. This is the book that got me started on this bare metal recovery stuff. I highly recommend it; read my review. + + + A list of small Linux disties. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +tomsrtbt, The most Linux on 1 floppy disk. Tom also has links to other small disties. + + + + The Linux Documentation Project. See particularly the LILO, Linux Crash Rescue HOW-TO + + + The Free Software Foundation's parted for editing (enlarging, shrinking, moving) partitions. + + + Partition Image for backing up partitions. + + + + + GNU Free Documentation License + + Version 1.1, March 2000 + +
+ Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +
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