Fixed markup.

Binh.
This commit is contained in:
binh 2005-02-19 14:57:03 +00:00
parent 26e9cba67f
commit 60fb27ace8
1 changed files with 25 additions and 27 deletions

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@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ protocols use the services offered by lower-layer protocols to transmit
and process data. The seven layers are outlined below:
</para>
1) Physical Layer
<para><variablelist>
<para>
<varlistentry><term>1) Physical Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
This layer deals with the network media and the hardware that supports it:
repeaters, hubs, connectors, network interface cards, etc.... The
transmission media, connectors, and topologies used by various network
@ -33,11 +34,11 @@ high to low voltage levels can indicate the division between bits) or
synchronous (a seperate clock signal is sent to indicate when each bit
arrives in the data channel). Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols
with physical layer components.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
2) Data Link Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>2) Data Link Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
Whereas the physical layer deals strictly with bits of data, the data
link data organises data into groups called frames. Frames include a
header that defines the hardware address of the node. This address is
@ -56,11 +57,10 @@ sent only when the receiving device is ready to receive it.
The data link layer is further subdivided by the IEEE 802 standards. A
bridge is a device that works with the data link layer to filter
information and send it between network segments.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
3) Network Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>3) Network Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
The network layer adds additional headers to the frames from the data
link layer, forming packets. The network layer headers define a logical
address (such as an IP address of IPX address). This layer also
@ -69,22 +69,20 @@ The other major responsibility of the network layer is routing. Routing
consists of forwarding packets to the network segment of their destination,
possibly through one or more intermediate nodes. Routers are hardware
devices that work at the network layer.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
4) Transport Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>4) Transport Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
The transport layer is responsible for assembling packets into their proper
sequence, checking them for errors, and passing them on the session layer.
Aacknowledgements are sent to indicate that the data has been received, and
retransmissions are requested for objets that are bit received correctly.
retransmissions are requested for objects that are bit received correctly.
When transmitting, this layer breaks large messages into packets of the
appropiate size for the network, and passes them on the network layer.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
5) Session Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>5) Session Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
This layer maintains a session, or connection, between two nodes on the
network. This layer is responsible for requesting connections, sending
periodic messages to maintain the connection, and tearing down the
@ -92,21 +90,19 @@ connection when communication is finished. Protocols at the session layer
also determine which nodes are currently allowed to send data. Services
are required to establish connections, such as name resolution and
security, are also handled by the session layer.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
6) Presentation Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>6) Presentation Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
The presentation layer is responsible for tranlating data sent by the
application layer into the proper format for network communication, and
translating data received from the network into a format the application
can understand. If used, compression and encryption are also handled at
this level.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
7) Application Layer
<para>
<varlistentry><term>7) Application Layer</term>
<listitem><para>
The application layer is the interface network-aware applications use to
access the network. This layer controls access by applications to the
network, and is responsible for informing an application when a network
@ -116,6 +112,8 @@ level. A user is most likely to recognise this layer through the programs
that they use to interface to the network. For example, through a web
browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or its open source alternative,
Mozilla.
</para>
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
</variablelist></para>
</sect1>