mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
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@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ protocols use the services offered by lower-layer protocols to transmit
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and process data. The seven layers are outlined below:
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</para>
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1) Physical Layer
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<para><variablelist>
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>1) Physical Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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This layer deals with the network media and the hardware that supports it:
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repeaters, hubs, connectors, network interface cards, etc.... The
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transmission media, connectors, and topologies used by various network
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@ -33,11 +34,11 @@ high to low voltage levels can indicate the division between bits) or
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synchronous (a seperate clock signal is sent to indicate when each bit
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arrives in the data channel). Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols
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with physical layer components.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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2) Data Link Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>2) Data Link Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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Whereas the physical layer deals strictly with bits of data, the data
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link data organises data into groups called frames. Frames include a
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header that defines the hardware address of the node. This address is
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@ -56,11 +57,10 @@ sent only when the receiving device is ready to receive it.
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The data link layer is further subdivided by the IEEE 802 standards. A
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bridge is a device that works with the data link layer to filter
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information and send it between network segments.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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3) Network Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>3) Network Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The network layer adds additional headers to the frames from the data
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link layer, forming packets. The network layer headers define a logical
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address (such as an IP address of IPX address). This layer also
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@ -69,22 +69,20 @@ The other major responsibility of the network layer is routing. Routing
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consists of forwarding packets to the network segment of their destination,
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possibly through one or more intermediate nodes. Routers are hardware
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devices that work at the network layer.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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4) Transport Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>4) Transport Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The transport layer is responsible for assembling packets into their proper
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sequence, checking them for errors, and passing them on the session layer.
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Aacknowledgements are sent to indicate that the data has been received, and
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retransmissions are requested for objets that are bit received correctly.
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retransmissions are requested for objects that are bit received correctly.
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When transmitting, this layer breaks large messages into packets of the
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appropiate size for the network, and passes them on the network layer.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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5) Session Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>5) Session Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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This layer maintains a session, or connection, between two nodes on the
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network. This layer is responsible for requesting connections, sending
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periodic messages to maintain the connection, and tearing down the
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@ -92,21 +90,19 @@ connection when communication is finished. Protocols at the session layer
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also determine which nodes are currently allowed to send data. Services
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are required to establish connections, such as name resolution and
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security, are also handled by the session layer.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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6) Presentation Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>6) Presentation Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The presentation layer is responsible for tranlating data sent by the
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application layer into the proper format for network communication, and
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translating data received from the network into a format the application
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can understand. If used, compression and encryption are also handled at
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this level.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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7) Application Layer
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<para>
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<varlistentry><term>7) Application Layer</term>
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<listitem><para>
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The application layer is the interface network-aware applications use to
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access the network. This layer controls access by applications to the
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network, and is responsible for informing an application when a network
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@ -116,6 +112,8 @@ level. A user is most likely to recognise this layer through the programs
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that they use to interface to the network. For example, through a web
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browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or its open source alternative,
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Mozilla.
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</para>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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</variablelist></para>
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</sect1>
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