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#! /bin/bash
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#
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# The Towers Of Hanoi
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# Bash script
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# Copyright (C) 2000 Amit Singh. All Rights Reserved.
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# http://hanoi.kernelthread.com
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#
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# Last tested under bash version 2.05b.0(13)-release
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#
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# Used in "Advanced Bash Scripting Guide"
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#+ with permission of script author.
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# Slightly modified and commented by ABS author.
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#=================================================================#
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# The Tower of Hanoi is an old mathematical puzzle.
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# There are three vertical posts set in a base.
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# The first post has a set of annular rings stacked on it.
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# These rings are flat disks with a hole drilled out of the center,
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#+ so they can slip over the posts.
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# The rings have different diameters, and they stack in descending
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#+ order, according to size.
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# The smallest ring is on top, and the largest on the bottom.
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#
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# The task is to transfer the stack of rings
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#+ to one of the other posts.
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# You can move only one ring at a time to another post.
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# You are permitted to move rings back to the original post.
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# You may place a smaller ring atop a larger one,
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#+ but *not* vice versa.
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# Again, it is forbidden to place a larger ring atop a smaller one.
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#
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# For a small number of rings, only a few moves are required.
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#+ For each additional ring,
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#+ the required number of moves approximately doubles,
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#+ and the "strategy" becomes increasingly complicated.
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#
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# For more information, see http://hanoi.kernelthread.com.
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#
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#
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# ... ... ...
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# | | | | | |
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# _|_|_ | | | |
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# |_____| | | | |
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# |_______| | | | |
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# |_________| | | | |
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# |___________| | | | |
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# | | | | | |
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# .--------------------------------------------------------------.
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# |**************************************************************|
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# #1 #2 #3
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#
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#=================================================================#
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E_NOPARAM=66 # No parameter passed to script.
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E_BADPARAM=67 # Illegal number of disks passed to script.
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Moves= # Global variable holding number of moves.
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# Modifications to original script.
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dohanoi() { # Recursive function.
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case $1 in
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0)
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;;
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*)
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dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $2 $4 $3
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echo move $2 "-->" $3
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let "Moves += 1" # Modification to original script.
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dohanoi "$(($1-1))" $4 $3 $2
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;;
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esac
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}
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case $# in
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1)
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case $(($1>0)) in # Must have at least one disk.
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1)
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dohanoi $1 1 3 2
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echo "Total moves = $Moves"
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exit 0;
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;;
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*)
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echo "$0: illegal value for number of disks";
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exit $E_BADPARAM;
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;;
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esac
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;;
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*)
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echo "usage: $0 N"
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echo " Where \"N\" is the number of disks."
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exit $E_NOPARAM;
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;;
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esac
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# Exercises:
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# ---------
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# 1) Would commands beyond this point ever be executed?
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# Why not? (Easy)
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# 2) Explain the workings of the workings of the "dohanoi" function.
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# (Difficult)
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#!/bin/bash
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# ==> usb.sh
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# ==> Script for mounting and installing pen/keychain USB storage devices.
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# ==> Runs as root at system startup (see below).
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# This code is free software covered by GNU GPL license version 2 or above.
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# Please refer to http://www.gnu.org/ for the full license text.
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#
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# Some code lifted from usb-mount by Michael Hamilton's usb-mount (LGPL)
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#+ see http://users.actrix.co.nz/michael/usbmount.html
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#
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# INSTALL
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# -------
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# Put this in /etc/hotplug/usb/diskonkey.
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# Then look in /etc/hotplug/usb.distmap, and copy all usb-storage entries
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#+ into /etc/hotplug/usb.usermap, substituting "usb-storage" for "diskonkey".
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# Otherwise this code is only run during the kernel module invocation/removal
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#+ (at least in my tests), which defeats the purpose.
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#
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# TODO
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# ----
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# Handle more than one diskonkey device at one time (e.g. /dev/diskonkey1
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#+ and /mnt/diskonkey1), etc. The biggest problem here is the handling in
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#+ devlabel, which I haven't yet tried.
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#
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# AUTHOR and SUPPORT
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# ------------------
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# Konstantin Riabitsev, <icon linux duke edu>.
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# Send any problem reports to my email address at the moment.
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#
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# ==> Comments added by ABS Guide author.
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SYMLINKDEV=/dev/diskonkey
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MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/diskonkey
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DEVLABEL=/sbin/devlabel
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DEVLABELCONFIG=/etc/sysconfig/devlabel
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IAM=$0
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##
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# Functions lifted near-verbatim from usb-mount code.
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#
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function allAttachedScsiUsb {
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find /proc/scsi/ -path '/proc/scsi/usb-storage*' -type f | xargs grep -l 'Attached: Yes'
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}
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function scsiDevFromScsiUsb {
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echo $1 | awk -F"[-/]" '{ n=$(NF-1); print "/dev/sd" substr("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", n+1,
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1) }'
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}
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if [ "${ACTION}" = "add" ] && [ -f "${DEVICE}" ]; then
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##
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# lifted from usbcam code.
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#
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if [ -f /var/run/console.lock ]; then
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CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/run/console.lock`
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elif [ -f /var/lock/console.lock ]; then
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CONSOLEOWNER=`cat /var/lock/console.lock`
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else
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CONSOLEOWNER=
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fi
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for procEntry in $(allAttachedScsiUsb); do
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scsiDev=$(scsiDevFromScsiUsb $procEntry)
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# Some bug with usb-storage?
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# Partitions are not in /proc/partitions until they are accessed
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#+ somehow.
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/sbin/fdisk -l $scsiDev >/dev/null
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##
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# Most devices have partitioning info, so the data would be on
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#+ /dev/sd?1. However, some stupider ones don't have any partitioning
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#+ and use the entire device for data storage. This tries to
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#+ guess semi-intelligently if we have a /dev/sd?1 and if not, then
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#+ it uses the entire device and hopes for the better.
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#
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if grep -q `basename $scsiDev`1 /proc/partitions; then
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part="$scsiDev""1"
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else
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part=$scsiDev
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fi
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##
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# Change ownership of the partition to the console user so they can
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#+ mount it.
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#
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if [ ! -z "$CONSOLEOWNER" ]; then
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chown $CONSOLEOWNER:disk $part
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fi
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##
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# This checks if we already have this UUID defined with devlabel.
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# If not, it then adds the device to the list.
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#
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prodid=`$DEVLABEL printid -d $part`
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if ! grep -q $prodid $DEVLABELCONFIG; then
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# cross our fingers and hope it works
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$DEVLABEL add -d $part -s $SYMLINKDEV 2>/dev/null
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fi
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##
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# Check if the mount point exists and create if it doesn't.
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#
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if [ ! -e $MOUNTPOINT ]; then
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mkdir -p $MOUNTPOINT
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fi
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##
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# Take care of /etc/fstab so mounting is easy.
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#
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if ! grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then
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# Add an fstab entry
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echo -e \
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"$SYMLINKDEV\t\t$MOUNTPOINT\t\tauto\tnoauto,owner,kudzu 0 0" \
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>> /etc/fstab
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fi
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done
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if [ ! -z "$REMOVER" ]; then
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##
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# Make sure this script is triggered on device removal.
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#
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mkdir -p `dirname $REMOVER`
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ln -s $IAM $REMOVER
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fi
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elif [ "${ACTION}" = "remove" ]; then
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##
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# If the device is mounted, unmount it cleanly.
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#
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if grep -q "$MOUNTPOINT" /etc/mtab; then
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# unmount cleanly
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umount -l $MOUNTPOINT
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fi
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##
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# Remove it from /etc/fstab if it's there.
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#
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if grep -q "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab; then
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grep -v "^$SYMLINKDEV" /etc/fstab > /etc/.fstab.new
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mv -f /etc/.fstab.new /etc/fstab
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fi
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fi
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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
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#!/bin/bash
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# wf2.sh: Crude word frequency analysis on a text file.
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# Uses 'xargs' to decompose lines of text into single words.
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# Compare this example to the "wf.sh" script that follows.
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# Check for input file on command line.
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ARGS=1
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E_BADARGS=65
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E_NOFILE=66
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if [ $# -ne "$ARGS" ]
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# Correct number of arguments passed to script?
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then
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echo "Usage: `basename $0` filename"
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exit $E_BADARGS
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fi
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if [ ! -f "$1" ] # Check if file exists.
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then
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echo "File \"$1\" does not exist."
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exit $E_NOFILE
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fi
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#######################################################
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cat "$1" | xargs -n1 | \
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# List the file, one word per line.
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tr A-Z a-z | \
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# Shift characters to lowercase.
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sed -e 's/\.//g' -e 's/\,//g' -e 's/ /\
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/g' | \
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# Filter out periods and commas, and
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#+ change space between words to linefeed,
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sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
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# Finally prefix occurrence count and sort numerically.
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#######################################################
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# This does the same job as the "wf.sh" example that follows,
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#+ but a bit more ponderously, and it runs more slowly.
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exit 0
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