From 2f7c21a337bd70eb3f19bd395738bbee06bf0d83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: gferg <> Date: Sun, 21 Jan 2001 22:21:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] updated --- LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml | 1434 +++++++++-------- .../docbook/Nvidia-OpenGL-Configuration.sgml | 107 +- 2 files changed, 801 insertions(+), 740 deletions(-) diff --git a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml index 5602f262..37ed86a2 100644 --- a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml +++ b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ $Id$ - Notes: + Notes: 1. Commented out all entries and substituted with which format better in the text version. 2. Indented all text between and to match @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ There are also Linux distributions specifically for mobile and handheld platforms. An API specification and developers kit for the Crusoe Smart Microprocessor developed by Transmeta Corporation are at -http://www.transmeta.com/. +http://www.transmeta.com/. Information on the Linux distribution for the Compaq iPAQ is at http://www.handhelds.org/ @@ -90,17 +90,17 @@ Information on the Linux distribution for the Compaq iPAQ is at Refer also to the Linux INFO-SHEET for more details as well as the answers to ``'', -``'', +``'', and ``'', below. -A list updated weekly is at: +A list updated weekly is at: http://lwn.net/ -An archive of many of the distributions is on line: +An archive of many of the distributions is on line: ftp://ftp.tux.org/. @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ There is a historical archive of all versions of the Linux kernel at There are a handful of major Linux distributions. For information about them, and how they are installed, see Matthew Welsh's -Installation and Getting Started, or +Installation and Getting Started, or IGS for short. It's located at the Linux Documentation Project Home Page, http://www.linuxdoc.org/ @@ -179,26 +179,26 @@ programs that people have compiled or ported to it. There is a DOS emulator, called DOSEMU. The latest stable release is -0.98.3. The FTP archives are at +0.98.3. The FTP archives are at ftp://ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu -The Web site is +The Web site is http://www.dosemu.org . The emulator can run DOS itself and some (but not all) DOS -applications. Be sure to look at the README -file to determine which version you should get. Also, see the +applications. Be sure to look at the README +file to determine which version you should get. Also, see the DOSEMU-HOWTO (slightly dated at this point—it doesn't cover the most recent version of the program), -at +at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO. Work has been progressing on an emulator for Microsoft Windows -binaries. (``'') @@ -229,16 +229,16 @@ endterm="are-the-newsgroups-archived-anywhere">'') Where Can I Find Application XXX? (Was: Has Anyone Ported/Compiled/Written XXX for Linux?) -First, look in the Linux Software Map. It's at: +First, look in the Linux Software Map. It's at: ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/linux-software-map/ , and on the other FTP sites. A search engine is available on -the World Wide Web at +the World Wide Web at http://www.boutell.com/lsm/. -Also check out the Freshmeat Web site: +Also check out the Freshmeat Web site: http://www.freshmeat.net, which is where many new announcements of free software first appear. Freshmeat is @@ -266,30 +266,30 @@ There's a search engine for Linux FTP archives at: Searching for ``Linux'' on the World Wide Web provides -copious references. -(``'') If you don't find anything, you could download the sources to the -program yourself and compile them. See -(See: ``'') If it's a large package that may require some porting, post a message to comp.os.linux.development.apps. If you compile a large-ish program, please upload it to one or more of -the FTP sites, and post a message to +the FTP sites, and post a message to comp.os.linux.announce (submit -your posting to +your posting to linux-announce@news.ornl.gov). If you're looking for an application program, the chances are that -someone has already written a free version. The +someone has already written a free version. The comp.sources.wanted FAQ has instructions for finding the source code. @@ -360,38 +360,38 @@ requires task-switching and memory management facilities found on Linux supports multiprocessing with Intel MP architecture. See the -file Documentation/smp.tex in the Linux kernel +file Documentation/smp.tex in the Linux kernel source code distribution. A project has been underway for a while to port Linux to suitable 68000-series based systems like Amigas and Ataris. The Linux/m68K FAQ -is located at +is located at http://www.clark.net/pub/lawrencc/linux/faq/faq.html -. The URL of the Linux/m68k home page is +. The URL of the Linux/m68k home page is http://www.linux-m68k.org. There is a m68k port for the Amiga by Jes Sorensen, which is located -at +at -ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/os/linux/680x0/redhat/. +ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/os/linux/680x0/redhat/. The installation FAQ for the package, by Ron Flory, is at http://www.feist.com/~rjflory/linux/rh/. -There is also a linux-680x0 mailing list. -(``'') There is (or was) a FTP site for the Linux-m68k project on -ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k, +ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k, but this address may no longer be current. @@ -405,13 +405,13 @@ One of the Linux-PPC project pages has moved recently. Its location is http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe. -http://www.linuxppc.org, +http://www.linuxppc.org, and the archive site is ftp://ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc. -There is a Linux-PPC support page at +There is a Linux-PPC support page at http://www.cs.nmt.edu/~linuxppc/. There you will find the kernel that is distributed with Linux. @@ -426,30 +426,30 @@ There are two sites for the Linux iMac port: A port to the 64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP is at -http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/. +http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/. There is a mailing list at vger.redhat.com: -(``'') Ralf Baechle is working on a port to the MIPS, initially for the R4600 -on Deskstation Tyne machines. The +on Deskstation Tyne machines. The Linux-MIPS FTP sites are ftp://ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips and -ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux. +ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux. Interested people may mail their questions and offers of assistance to linux@waldorf-gmbh.de. There is (or was) also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mail -server and a linux-mips mailing list. -(``'') @@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ physical and virtual memory. There is a distribution, ``Small Linux,'' that will run on machines with 2MB of RAM. Refer to the answer to: -``'' @@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ append="mem=XXM" The parameter ``XXM'' is the amount of memory, -specified as megabytes; for example, ``128M.'' +specified as megabytes; for example, ``128M.'' If an ``append='' directive with other @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ For further information about LILO, refer to the manual pages for lilo and lilo.conf, the documentation in /usr/doc/lilo, and the answer for: -``'', below. @@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright , for details. -Full details are in the file COPYING +Full details are in the file COPYING in the Linux kernel sources (probably in /usr/src/linux on your system). @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ be posted to the news group gnu.misc.discuss, and not to the For legal questions, refer to the answer: -(``'') @@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ endterm="where-are-linux-legal-issues-discussed">'') Not officially, until it passes the Open Group's certification tests, and supports the necessary API's. Even very few of the commercial operating systems have passed the Open Group tests. For more -information, see +information, see http://www.unix-systems.org/what_is_unix.html. @@ -666,14 +666,9 @@ Topics of Current Interest. Should I Upgrade to the 2.4.0 Kernel? Now? -``It's ready.'' - - -With those two resounding, immortal words, which rank with ``Nuts!'' -and ``Damn the torpedoes!'' in the domain of histrionics, Linus -Torvalds released brand-new kernel version 2.4.0, product of countless -hours of coding, testing, and re-coding, by dogged kernel hackers, to -the public. +The kernel 2.4 source code, the product of countless hours of +coding, testing, and re-coding, by dogged kernel hackers, is +being upgraded with patches and bug fixes. Among the new kernel's features are: support for the IBM S/390, the @@ -681,7 +676,8 @@ Logical Volume Manager, NFS Version 3 servers, PCMCIA CardBus devices, USB peripherals, the Device File System, 64 GB of RAM (yes, that's memory, not disk space), Itanium and MMX processors, drivers for many additional hardware devices, greater maximum file sizes, and vastly -improved Symmetric Multiprocessing capabilities. +improved Symmetric Multiprocessing capabilities, at least for +certain processors. The changes are more significant for non-i386 platforms, although @@ -691,8 +687,8 @@ and stumble over the incompatibilities—of the new kernel as well. If there's a compelling reason to upgrade, the source code is available, in the tar archive: -linux-2.4.0.tar.gz, in all of the usual -places. (Refer to: ``linux-2.4.x.tar.gz, in all +of the usual places. (Refer to: ``,'' below.) It will likely be several months at least before the commercial vendors @@ -727,7 +723,7 @@ Any recent, officially released GNU C compiler from versions 2.7.2 onward should compile the generic kernel source code, unless it's the Version 2.4 kernel, in which case you'll need GCC 2.91.66 (EGCS 1.1.2). Don't expect any support from the kernel developers if you're -using an earlier compiler. +using an earlier compiler. Does that clarify everything? @@ -752,7 +748,7 @@ There is a DeCSS Resource Site at http://www.pzcommunications.com/main.htm. For information about the legal action to bar distributing DeCSS, -refer also to 2600's Web site: +refer also to 2600's Web site: http://www.2600.com, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, @@ -762,16 +758,16 @@ Frontier Foundation, -Where Is Information About Electronic Privacy Laws that +Where Is Information About Electronic Privacy Laws that Affect ISP's? -The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has issued a report to Congress +The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has issued a report to Congress that recommends regulations to guarantee privacy for customers of -Internet Service Providers. The text of the report is at +Internet Service Providers. The text of the report is at http://www.ftc.gov/acoas/papers/finalreport.htm -. The FTC E-commerce site is at +. The FTC E-commerce site is at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-internet.htm/ @@ -784,10 +780,10 @@ http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/reference/index-privacy.html Access is free but requires registration. -The Electronic Privacy Information Center maintains a Web page at +The Electronic Privacy Information Center maintains a Web page at http://www.epic.org/. The site also has pointers -to information about international laws that affect cryptographic +to information about international laws that affect cryptographic software. @@ -822,11 +818,11 @@ Where Can I Get the Latest Kernel Version? Make that versions. The 2.0 series kernels are still available for older machines. The latest production kernel series is 2.2.x. The -updates to this kernel are bug fixes. The prerelease versions -of the 2.4 kernel are also on-line there. +updates to this kernel are bug fixes. The new 2.4 kernel sources are +also on-line. -The Web page at +The Web page at http://www.kernel.org/ lists the current versions of the development and production kernels. @@ -845,7 +841,7 @@ file. Follow the instructions in any of the standard references to compile -the 2.2 kernel, as you would with any other custom kernel. The +the kernel, as you would with any other custom kernel. The Documentation subdirectory contains information by the authors of various subsystems and drivers, and much of that information is not documented elsewhere. @@ -897,16 +893,16 @@ Look in the following places, and the sites that mirror them. - + For a list of Linux FTP sites, refer to the answer for: -``'' If you don't have access to FTP, try the FTP-by-mail servers: -ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com, +ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com, ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk, or: @@ -918,16 +914,16 @@ A complete list of HOWTO's is available in the file http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/howtos.html. -The mini-HOWTO's are indexed at +The mini-HOWTO's are indexed at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/mini.html. -A search engine at the Linux FAQ Home Page, +A search engine at the Linux FAQ Home Page, -http://www.mainmatter.com/, +http://www.mainmatter.com/, allows you to search the HOWTO's, Linux FAQ, and man pages. @@ -981,19 +977,19 @@ translated into the following languages: Additional documents are always in preparation. Please get in touch -with the coordinators if you are interested in writing one. -Contact and submission information is at +with the coordinators if you are interested in writing one. +Contact and submission information is at http://www.linuxdoc.org/mailinfo.html. -There is also a LDP HOWTO page at +There is also a LDP HOWTO page at http://howto.tucows.org/. The Guide Series produced by the Linux Documentation Project is -available from +available from http://www.linuxdoc.org/. Please read them if you are new to Unix and Linux. @@ -1010,19 +1006,19 @@ independently of the LDP: -Linux Administrators Security Guide, -by Kurt Seifried. +Linux Administrators Security Guide, +by Kurt Seifried. http://www.freek.com/lasg/. -Newbie's Linux Manual. +Newbie's Linux Manual. http://www.linuxdot.org/nlm/ . -One-Page Linux Manual. +One-Page Linux Manual. http://www.powerup.com.au/~squadron/. @@ -1032,14 +1028,14 @@ by Kurt Seifried. http://www.rute.sourceforge.net/. -Short beginners' manual for Linux. +Short beginners' manual for Linux. Also available in Dutch. http://www.stuwww.kub.nl/people/b.vannunen/linux-man.php3 . -Virtual Frame buffer HOWTO, +Virtual Frame buffer HOWTO, by Alex Buell. http://www.tahallah.demon.co.uk/programming/prog.html @@ -1073,7 +1069,7 @@ Gary's Encyclopedia lists over 4,000 Linux related links. Its URL is There is also a FAQ specifically for the Red Hat Linux distribution, -at +at http://www.best.com/~aturner/RedHat-FAQ/faq_index.html . @@ -1090,7 +1086,7 @@ Where Should I Look on the World Wide Web for Linux Stuff? In addition to the Linux Documentation Project Home Page: -http://www.linuxdoc.org/, +http://www.linuxdoc.org/, there are many pages that provide beginning and advanced information about Linux. @@ -1098,7 +1094,7 @@ beginning and advanced information about Linux. These two pages provide a good starting point for general Linux information: Linux International's Home Page, at -http://www.li.org/, +http://www.li.org/, and the Linux Online's Linux Home Page at http://www.linux.org/. @@ -1114,7 +1110,7 @@ Documentation for kernel developers is on-line: http://kernelbook.sourceforge.net/. -The tutorial, Unix is a Four Letter Word..., +The tutorial, Unix is a Four Letter Word..., is located at http://www.linuxbox.com/~taylor/4ltrwrd/. @@ -1127,17 +1123,17 @@ to Linux: -AboutLinux.com: +AboutLinux.com: http://www.aboutlinux.com/. -Adventures in Linux Programming: +Adventures in Linux Programming: http://members.xoom.com/rpragana/. -Dave Central Linux Software Archive: +Dave Central Linux Software Archive: http://linux.davecentral.com/. @@ -1146,147 +1142,147 @@ to Linux: http://www.debianhelp.org/. -Erlug Webzine (Italian): +Erlug Webzine (Italian): http://www.erlug.linux.it/. -Free Unix Giveaway List: +Free Unix Giveaway List: -http://visar.csustan.edu/giveaway.html. -Lists offers of free Linux CDs. Also available via -E-mail: +http://visar.csustan.edu/giveaway.html. +Lists offers of free Linux CDs. Also available via +E-mail: axel@visar.csustan.edu, with the Subject: send giveaway_list. -Information on Linux in corporate environments: +Information on Linux in corporate environments: http://www.smartstocks.com/linux.html. -Jeanette Russo's Linux Newbie Information: +Jeanette Russo's Linux Newbie Information: http://www.stormloader.com/jrusso2/index.html. -JustLinux.com: +JustLinux.com: http://www.justlinux.com/. -LinuxArtist.org: +LinuxArtist.org: http://www.linuxartist.org/. -Linux Cartoons: +Linux Cartoons: http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~conradp/linux/cartoons/ . -linuXChiX.org: +linuXChiX.org: http://www.linuxchix.org/. -LinuxDevices.com: The Embedded Linux Portal: +LinuxDevices.com: The Embedded Linux Portal: http://www.linuxdevices.com. -Linux Educational Needs Posting Page: +Linux Educational Needs Posting Page: http://www.slip.net/~brk/linuxedpp.htm. -Linux in Business: Case Studies: +Linux in Business: Case Studies: www.bynari.com/collateral/case_studies.html. -Linux Inside: +Linux Inside: http://linuxinside.org/. -Linux Links: +Linux Links: http://www.linuxlinks.com/. -Linux Memory Management Home Page: +Linux Memory Management Home Page: http://humbolt.geo.uu.nl/Linux-MM/. -Linux Newbie Project: +Linux Newbie Project: http://kusma.hypermart.net/. -Linux on the Thinkpad 760ED: +Linux on the Thinkpad 760ED: http://www.e-oasis.com/linux-tp.html. -LinuxOrbit: +LinuxOrbit: http://www.linuxorbit.com/ -Linux Parallel Port Home Page: +Linux Parallel Port Home Page: http://www.torque.net/linux-pp.html. -Linux MIDI & Sound Applications: +Linux MIDI & Sound Applications: http://sound.condorow.net/. -Linux Start: +Linux Start: http://www.linuxstart.com/. -Linux Tips and Tricks Page: +Linux Tips and Tricks Page: http://www.patoche.org/LTT/. -Linux Today PR: +Linux Today PR: http://www.linuxpr.com/. -Mandrakeuser.Org: +Mandrakeuser.Org: http://mandrakeuser.org/ -My Linux Contributions by Richard Gooch: +My Linux Contributions by Richard Gooch: http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/. -Micro Channel Linux Web Page: +Micro Channel Linux Web Page: http://www.dgmicro.com/mca/. -Parallel port scanners and SANE: +Parallel port scanners and SANE: http://www2.prestel.co.uk/hex/scanners.html. @@ -1295,36 +1291,36 @@ the Subject: send giveaway_list. http://www.pascal-central.com/ -PegaSoft Portal: +PegaSoft Portal: http://www.vaxxine.com/pegasoft/portal/ -PocketLinux. +PocketLinux. http://www.pocketlinux.com/. -Red Hat and ISDN4Linux: +Red Hat and ISDN4Linux: http://www.webideal.de/. -SearchLinux: +SearchLinux: http://www.searchlinux.com/. -USB Linux Home Page: +USB Linux Home Page: http://peloncho.fis.ucm.es/~inaky/uusbd-www/. -VLUG: The Virtual Linux Users Group: +VLUG: The Virtual Linux Users Group: http://www.vlug.com/. @@ -1343,7 +1339,7 @@ url="http://www.infobasic.com/pagefaq.html"> http://www.infobasic.com/pagefaq.html. -Refer also to the answer for: +Refer also to the answer for: ``'' @@ -1364,16 +1360,16 @@ group should be e-mailed to Comp.os.linux.announce is archived at: -http://www.iki.fi/mjr/linux/cola.html, -and +http://www.iki.fi/mjr/linux/cola.html, +and ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/comp.os.linux.announce/ . Also worth reading are the following other groups in the -comp.os.linux.* and -alt.uu.comp.os.linux.* hierarchies—you may +comp.os.linux.* and +alt.uu.comp.os.linux.* hierarchies—you may find many common problems too recent for the documentation but are answered in the newsgroups. @@ -1462,7 +1458,7 @@ recent for the documentation but are answered in the newsgroups. Remember that Linux is POSIX compatible, and most all of the material -in the comp.unix.* and +in the comp.unix.* and comp.windows.x.* groups will be relevant. Apart from hardware considerations, and some obscure or very technical low-level issues, you'll find that these groups are good places to @@ -1489,10 +1485,10 @@ Questions and information about News reading software are in: news.software.readers. -Please read -``'' -before posting. Cross posting between different +before posting. Cross posting between different comp.os.linux.* groups is rarely a good idea. @@ -1500,8 +1496,8 @@ There may well be Linux groups local to your institution or area—check there first. -See also -``'' @@ -1509,12 +1505,12 @@ Other regional and local newsgroups also exist—you may find the traffic more manageable there. The French Linux newsgroup is fr.comp.os.linux. In Germany there is de.comp.os.linux.*. In Australia, -try aus.computers.linux. +try aus.computers.linux. In Croatia there is hr.comp.linux. In Italy, there is it.comp.linux. -A search of +A search of http://www.deja.com/ can provide an up-to-date list of News groups. @@ -1535,7 +1531,7 @@ sysadmins. The official Usenet FAQ archives are at -ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/. +ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/. The Internet FAQ Consortium, a private Web @@ -1544,69 +1540,69 @@ url="http://www.faqs.org/"> http://www.faqs.org/. -Here are some FAQ's and documents that might be especially useful, and their +Here are some FAQ's and documents that might be especially useful, and their network addresses: -A FAQ for new users: +A FAQ for new users: http://homes.arealcity.com/swietanowski/LinuxFAQ/. -BASH Frequently Asked Questions: +BASH Frequently Asked Questions: ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pug/bash/FAQ/. -Frequently Asked Questions about Open Source: +Frequently Asked Questions about Open Source: http://www.opensource.org/faq.html. -GNU Emacs: +GNU Emacs: http://www.lerner.co.il/emacs/faq-body.shtml. -GNU Linux in Science and Engineering: +GNU Linux in Science and Engineering: http://members.home.net/scieng/. -GNU Troff (groff) Info: +GNU Troff (groff) Info: http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/groff/. -Gnus 5.x: +Gnus 5.x: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/software/contrib/gnus/. -List of Periodic Information Postings: +List of Periodic Information Postings: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/periodic-postings/. -Sendmail: +Sendmail: http://www.sendmail.org/faq/. -Web Internet Search Engine: +Web Internet Search Engine: http://www.infobasic.com/pagefaq.html -Wu-ftpd: +Wu-ftpd: http://www.wu-ftpd.org/man/ (really a collection of man pages), with HOWTO's at: -XTERM—Frequently Asked Questions. +XTERM—Frequently Asked Questions. http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html . @@ -1641,9 +1637,9 @@ There are three main archive sites for Linux: ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/. Recently -renamed to +renamed to -http://ibiblio.org/pub/linux/ with a nice +http://ibiblio.org/pub/linux/ with a nice WWW interface. (US). @@ -1654,25 +1650,25 @@ WWW interface. (US). - + The best place to get the Linux kernel is -ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/. +ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/. Linus Torvalds uploads the most recent kernel versions to this site. Of the U.S. distributions, Debian GNU/Linux is available at -ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/. +ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/. Red Hat Linux's home site is ftp://ftp.redhat.com/ -, and Linux Slackware's is +, and Linux Slackware's is ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/. The Small Linux distribution, which can run in 2 MB of RAM, is located -at +at http://smalllinux.netpedia.net/. @@ -1923,12 +1919,12 @@ will be faster for you and easier on the network. ftp://farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/ (Brazil). - + Please send updates and corrections to this list to the Linux -FAQ maintainer, +FAQ maintainer, -rkiesling@mainmatter.com. +rkiesling@mainmatter.com. Not all of these mirror all of the other ``source'' sites, and some have material not available on the ``source'' sites. @@ -1943,10 +1939,10 @@ there is a Linux user's group near you, they may be able to help. If you have a reasonably good email connection, you could try the -FTP-by-mail servers at +FTP-by-mail servers at ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se, -or +or ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de. @@ -1971,7 +1967,7 @@ A digest of comp.os.linux.announce is available by mailing the word "subscribe" (without the quotes) as the body of a message to linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu. -Subscribing to this list is a good idea, as it carries important +Subscribing to this list is a good idea, as it carries important information and documentation about Linux. @@ -1986,17 +1982,17 @@ What Mailing Lists Are There? The Linux developers now mainly use the Majordomo server at -majordomo@vger.redhat.com. -Send a message with the word "lists" (without the quotes) in the body -to get a list of lists there. Add a line with the word, "help," to get +majordomo@vger.redhat.com. +Send a message with the word "lists" (without the quotes) in the body +to get a list of lists there. Add a line with the word, "help," to get the standard Majordomo help file that lists instructions for subscribing and unsubscribing to the lists. -Currently, the kernel list is archived at: +Currently, the kernel list is archived at: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/ -, and +, and http://www.lib.uaa.alaska.edu/linux-kernel/archive/ @@ -2029,7 +2025,7 @@ subscription links at: The Mailing Lists Available in Usenet page is: http://paml.net/. The list information -is also on: +is also on: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/, and is posted to the groups: news.announce.newgroups, @@ -2054,11 +2050,11 @@ with the word "help" in the body of the message to Where Can I Find Out About Unmaintained Free Software? -There are Web pages at: +There are Web pages at: -http://unmaintained.sourceforge.net, and: +http://unmaintained.sourceforge.net, and: -http://www.orphansource.org/. +http://www.orphansource.org/. Please try to contact the original author(s) via e-mail, or the person @@ -2073,7 +2069,7 @@ Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere? The Usenet Linux news groups are archived at -http://www.deja.com/, and +http://www.deja.com/, and http://altavista.digital.com/. @@ -2084,7 +2080,7 @@ The Usenet Linux news groups are archived at comp.os.linux.announce. These are mirrored from ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/, which also -archives comp.os.linux, +archives comp.os.linux, comp.os.linux.development.apps, and comp.os.linux.development.system. @@ -2099,7 +2095,7 @@ There's a page of Linux related security information at: http://www.linuxsecurity.com/. -Another site is: +Another site is: http://www.rootshell.com/, which has information about Internet security and privacy issues. @@ -2129,12 +2125,12 @@ system organization, and shared library naming conventions. Can Linux Share My Disk with DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95? Yes. Linux uses the standard MS-DOS partitioning scheme, so it can -share your disk with other operating systems. +share your disk with other operating systems. Linux has loadable kernel modules for (presumably) all versions of -Microsoft FAT and VFAT file systems, including Windows 2000 and -WindowsMe. In a correctly configured system, they should load +Microsoft FAT and VFAT file systems, including Windows 2000 and +WindowsMe. In a correctly configured system, they should load automatically when the partitions are mounted. @@ -2214,8 +2210,8 @@ record the options (comma-separated) there, instead of defaults. Alternatively, you can use mtools, available in both binary and source -form on the FTP sites. -(``'') @@ -2229,7 +2225,7 @@ this patch is included in the 1.1 alpha testing kernel series. Does Linux Support Compressed Ext2 File Systems? -The ext2compr project provides a +The ext2compr project provides a kernel patch Information about them is located at http://e2ompr.memalpha.cx/e2compr/. @@ -2248,7 +2244,7 @@ the address of the mailing list, look up the URL at zlibc is a program that allows existing applications to read compressed (GNU gzip'ed) files as if they were -not compressed. Look at +not compressed. Look at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/. The author is Alain Knaff. @@ -2256,7 +2252,7 @@ author is Alain Knaff. There is also a compressing block device driver, "DouBle," by Jean-Marc Verbavatz, which can provide on-the-fly disk compression in -the kernel. The source-only distribution is located at +the kernel. The source-only distribution is located at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/patches/diskdrives/ . This driver compresses inodes and directory information as @@ -2267,7 +2263,7 @@ serious. There is also a package called tcx (Transparently Compressed Executables), which allows you to keep infrequently compressed executables compressed and only uncompress them temporarily when in -use. It is located at +use. It is located at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/compress/. @@ -2322,8 +2318,8 @@ The file Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt in the Linux kernel source distribution has more information. -See -(``'') @@ -2344,8 +2340,8 @@ NetBSD, and NeXTStep. UFS support is available as a kernel compile-time option and a module. -See, -(``'') @@ -2356,8 +2352,8 @@ Can Linux Access SMB File Systems? Linux supports read/write access of Windows for Workgroups and Windows NT SMB volumes. See the file Documentation/filesystems/smbfs.txt of -the Linux kernel source distribution, and -(``'') @@ -2368,7 +2364,7 @@ Information is available in the README file at metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/samba/. -The SMB Web site is +The SMB Web site is http://www.samba.org/, and there is also a Web site at @@ -2396,7 +2392,7 @@ Can I Run Microsoft Windows Programs under Linux? WINE, a MS Windows emulator for Linux, is still not ready for general distribution. If you want to contribute to its development, look for -the status reports in the +the status reports in the comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine newsgroup. @@ -2450,7 +2446,7 @@ This information is partly taken from Nicolai Langfeldt's excellent NFS HOWTO, and is current as of 10/1/1999. -Most version 2.2.x kernels need a set of patches to install the +Most version 2.2.x kernels need a set of patches to install the knfsd subsystem, maintained by H.J. Lu, to communicate efficiently (if at all) with Sparc, IBM RS, and Alpha machines, and probably others. This @@ -2467,11 +2463,11 @@ distributions, there is a list of URL's for both the There is a CVS server available for the kernel-space NFS subsystem, as -well as a NFS WWW page at +well as a NFS WWW page at http://www.linuxnfs.sourceforge.org/, although the URL requires a password for access. The relevant URL's -are listed in the README.nfs file at +are listed in the README.nfs file at ftp://ftp.us.kernel.org/, and other kernel archive sites, along with login information. Patches are at @@ -2592,7 +2588,7 @@ ext2 or mke2fs. At this point you may, if you like, use Linux's fdisk to change the code of the new partition to type 83 (Linux Native)—this may help some automated installation scripts find the right partition to use. - + Install Linux on the partition. @@ -2609,9 +2605,9 @@ put -(where /dev/hda2 is the partition you +(where /dev/hda2 is the partition you want to boot from) in your -/etc/lilo/config or +/etc/lilo/config or /etc/lilo.config file. @@ -2621,9 +2617,9 @@ active, so that you can use Boot Manager to choose what to boot. - + There is a set of HOWTO's on the subject of multi-boot systems at the -LDP Home Page, +LDP Home Page, http://www.linuxdoc.org/. @@ -2631,15 +2627,15 @@ LDP Home Page, -File Systems, Disks, and Drives +File Systems, Disks, and Drives How Can I Get Linux to Work with My Disk? If your disk is an IDE or EIDE drive, you should read the file -/usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide +/usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (part of the Linux kernel -source code). This README contains many +source code). This README contains many helpful hints about IDE drives. Many modern IDE controllers do translation between `physical' cylinders/heads/sectors, and `logical' ones. @@ -2678,7 +2674,7 @@ get 8 to 12 Gig drives for $200 to $300 it's no wonder. How Can I Undelete Files? In general, this is very hard to do on unices because of their -multitasking nature. Undelete functionality for the +multitasking nature. Undelete functionality for the ext2fs file system is being worked on, but don't hold your breath. @@ -2691,7 +2687,7 @@ automatically by background processing. Alternatively, you can search the raw disk device which holds the file system in question. This is hard work, and you will need to be logged -in as root to do this. But it can be done. Run grep +in as root to do this. But it can be done. Run grep on the raw device; e.g.: @@ -2710,18 +2706,18 @@ with a text editor. How Do I Make Backups? You can back up a directory hierarchy or complete file system to any -media using GNU tar or +media using GNU tar or cpio, the standard *nix tools for this purpose. -tar seems to be the more commonly +tar seems to be the more commonly used program currently, and includes command line options to make compressed, incremental, and multi-volume backups. Complete information is contained in the documentation, which is in GNU Texinfo format. -The free program, Amanda, +The free program, Amanda, receives a lot of mentions on Usenet. Its -home page is +home page is http://www.amanda.org/. @@ -2735,7 +2731,7 @@ included in commercial distributions. How Do I Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively)? -Use the FIPS.EXE program, included with +Use the FIPS.EXE program, included with most Linux distributions,under MS-DOS. @@ -2747,7 +2743,7 @@ url="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/parted/"> also a boot disk image for resizing root partitions and for running parted on non-Linux machines. The disk image may be easier for beginners. Building from source could require some -extra configuration. +extra configuration. Parted also has tutorial-style, plain-text documentation for Linux and @@ -2763,18 +2759,18 @@ software, like Partition Magic. Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs, Etc.? -Yes. There is defrag, a Linux file +Yes. There is defrag, a Linux file system defragmenter for ext2, -Minix, and old-style -ext file systems. +Minix, and old-style +ext file systems. It is available at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/defrag-0.70.tar.gz . -Users of the ext2 file system can probably +Users of the ext2 file system can probably do without defrag, because -ext2 contains extra code to keep +ext2 contains extra code to keep fragmentation reduced even in very full file systems. @@ -2790,13 +2786,13 @@ To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy: $ mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440 -For a 5.25 inch floppy, use fd0h1200 and +For a 5.25 inch floppy, use fd0h1200 and 1200 as appropriate. For the -B: drive use fd1 instead of +B: drive use fd1 instead of fd0. -The -m 0 option tells +The -m 0 option tells mkfs.ext2 not to reserve any space on the disk for the superuser—usually the last 10% is reserved for root. @@ -2807,16 +2803,16 @@ and simply cp and mv files, etc. Device naming conventions generally are the same as for other unices. -They can be found in Matt Welsh's Installation and Getting -Started guide. Refer to -(``Installation and Getting +Started guide. Refer to +(``'') -A more detailed and technical description is -Linux Allocated Devices by H. Peter Anvin, +A more detailed and technical description is +Linux Allocated Devices by H. Peter Anvin, hpa@zytor.com, which is included in LaTeX and ASCII form in the kernel source distribution -(probably in /usr/src/kernel/Documentation/), +(probably in /usr/src/kernel/Documentation/), as devices.tex and devices.txt. @@ -2864,7 +2860,7 @@ If you're lucky, the program fsck (or if you don't have the automatic fsck front-end) will be able to repair your file system. If you're unlucky, the file system is trashed, and you'll have to re-initialize it with mkfs (or -mke2fs, mkxfs, etc.), +mke2fs, mkxfs, etc.), and restore from a backup. @@ -2912,12 +2908,12 @@ If you see: Unable to find swap-space signature -you have forgotten to run mkswap. +you have forgotten to run mkswap. See the manual page for details; it works much like mkfs. -Running, free in addition to showing +Running, free in addition to showing free memory, should display: @@ -2934,7 +2930,7 @@ free memory, should display: How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space? In addition to a swap partition, Linux can also use a swap file. Some -programs, like g++, can use huge amounts of +programs, like g++, can use huge amounts of virtual memory, requiring the temporary creation of extra space. To install an extra 64 MB of swap space, for example, use the following shell commands: @@ -2945,9 +2941,9 @@ swap space, for example, use the following shell commands: # swapon /swap -The count= argument to dd +The count= argument to dd determines how big the swap file will be. In -this example the swap file's name is /swap, +this example the swap file's name is /swap, but the name and location are, generally, arbitrary, depending only on the file system's available space and your having write permissions in the @@ -2962,13 +2958,13 @@ following statements: # rm /swap -Take a look also at the Installation HOWTO -and Installation & Getting Started for +Take a look also at the Installation HOWTO +and Installation & Getting Started for detailed instructions. -If that still doesn't provide enough swap space, refer to -(``'') @@ -2977,26 +2973,26 @@ endterm="more-than-128mb-of-swap">'') How Do I Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again? -The lilo program (not the complete +The lilo program (not the complete LILO package), uses the command -line option -u to uninstall the +line option -u to uninstall the LILO boot loader. You have to supply -the device name of the device you installed +the device name of the device you installed LILO on, for example: lilo -u /dev/hda -This rewrites the original, pre-LILO +This rewrites the original, pre-LILO master boot record back to the -first hard drive, from the boot record saved in +first hard drive, from the boot record saved in /boot/boot.0300. If -you installed LILO to a partition +you installed LILO to a partition as a secondary boot loader, for -example, /dev/hda1, lilo +example, /dev/hda1, lilo re-installs the original boot sector from the -save file /boot/boot.0301. +save file /boot/boot.0301. Refer to the lilo manual page for details. Thanks to Villy Kruse for reminding me to update this answer. @@ -3019,7 +3015,7 @@ it. You did keep that file, didn't you? It's probably called dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1 -(or /dev/sda if you're using a SCSI disk). +(or /dev/sda if you're using a SCSI disk). This may also wipe out your partition table, so beware! If you're desperate, you could use @@ -3033,9 +3029,9 @@ render the contents of your disk inaccessible—you'll lose it all unless you're an expert. -Note that the DOS MBR boots +Note that the DOS MBR boots whichever (single!) partition is flagged -as ``active.'' You may need to use fdisk +as ``active.'' You may need to use fdisk to set and clear the active flags on partitions appropriately. @@ -3046,9 +3042,9 @@ flags on partitions appropriately. Why Can't I Use fdformat Except as Root? The system call to format a floppy can only be done as root, -regardless of the permissions of /dev/fd0*. +regardless of the permissions of /dev/fd0*. If you want any user to be -able to format a floppy, try getting the fdformat2 +able to format a floppy, try getting the fdformat2 program. This works around the problems by being setuid to root. @@ -3058,7 +3054,7 @@ around the problems by being setuid to root. The System Checks the Ext2fs Partitions Each Reboot. -Refer to (``) @@ -3067,14 +3063,14 @@ endterm="ext2-fs-warning-mounting">) My Root File System Is Read-Only! -Remount it. If /etc/fstab is correct, +Remount it. If /etc/fstab is correct, you can simply type: mount -n -o remount / -If /etc/fstab is wrong, you must give +If /etc/fstab is wrong, you must give the device name and possibly the type, too: e.g. @@ -3082,8 +3078,8 @@ type, too: e.g. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 / -To understand how you got into this state, see, -(``'') @@ -3092,13 +3088,13 @@ endterm="ext2-fs-warning-mounting">'') I Have a Huge <filename>/proc/kcore</filename>! Can I Delete It? -None of the files in /proc are really +None of the files in /proc are really there—they're all, ``pretend,'' files made up by the kernel, to give you information about the system and don't take up any hard disk space. -/proc/kcore is like an +/proc/kcore is like an ``alias'' for the memory in your computer. Its size is the same as the amount of RAM you have, and if you read it as a file, the kernel does memory reads. @@ -3121,12 +3117,12 @@ scanning the bus for bootable devices. Where Do I Find the Journalling File System? -The journalling file system, named Reiserfs +The journalling file system, named Reiserfs has just been released from testing. It is said to make Linux even faster than Linux with the Ext2 file system installed. -Complete information is available at +Complete information is available at http://devlinux.org/namesys/. @@ -3134,7 +3130,7 @@ Complete information is available at -Porting, Compiling and Obtaining Programs +Porting, Compiling and Obtaining Programs How Do I Compile Programs? @@ -3157,7 +3153,7 @@ GCC related code dependencies. Kernel versions 2.3 and 2.4 should compile correctly with more recent compilers. -Information on the EGCS compiler is at +Information on the EGCS compiler is at http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/gcc.html. @@ -3180,7 +3176,7 @@ requires four steps: -With the source.tar.gz archive in the +With the source.tar.gz archive in the /usr/src/ directory, or wherever you maintain your source files, untar and decompress the package with the command: @@ -3196,14 +3192,14 @@ The options that configure recognizes are usually contained in a file called INSTALL or README. -Run make. +Run make. This will build the source code into an executable program (or programs) and may take a few minutes or a few hours, depending on the speed of the computer and the size of the package. -Run make install. This will install the +Run make install. This will install the compiled binaries, configuration files, and any libraries in the appropriate directories. @@ -3217,13 +3213,13 @@ directories. The Sun Microsystems Java Developer's Kit (JDK) Version 1.2, is at http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/download-linux.html -. +. You can also get the source code, which is licensed by Sun Microsystems. -Kaffee, an Open-Source version of +Kaffee, an Open-Source version of Java, is at http://www.transvirtual.com/products/. @@ -3236,7 +3232,7 @@ The home page of IBM's Jikes Java compiler is There is a version of Sun's HotJava browser for Linux -at +at http://www.java.sun.com/products/hotjava/. @@ -3246,7 +3242,7 @@ version of the Java Runtime Environment, so if you need Java only to view Web graphics, you may already have the runtime version of the Java Virtual Machine and libraries that you need installed on your system. You can download -Communicator from +Communicator from http://www.netscape.com/. @@ -3263,9 +3259,9 @@ installation procedure, you can guess, but this tends to produce buggy programs. In this case, you're probably better off asking someone else to do the port. -If you have a BSD-ish program, you should try using +If you have a BSD-ish program, you should try using -I/usr/include/bsd -and -lbsd on the appropriate parts +and -lbsd on the appropriate parts of the compilation lines. @@ -3274,23 +3270,23 @@ of the compilation lines. What Is <application>ld.so</application> and Where Do I Get It? -ld.so is the dynamic library loader. +ld.so is the dynamic library loader. Each binary using shared libraries used to have about 3K of start-up code to find and load the shared libraries. Now that code has been put in a special shared -library, /lib/ld.so, where all binaries +library, /lib/ld.so, where all binaries can look for it, so that it wastes less disk space, and can be upgraded more easily. -ld.so can be obtained from +ld.so can be obtained from http://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ and mirror sites. The latest version at the time of writing is ld.so.1.9.5.tar.gz. -/lib/ld-linux.so.1 is the same thing for +/lib/ld-linux.so.1 is the same thing for ELF ("What's all this -about ELF? ") and comes in the same package as the +about ELF? ") and comes in the same package as the a.out loader. @@ -3304,11 +3300,11 @@ this procedure, in the likely event that something goes wrong! This procedure is especially difficult if you're upgrading very old -libraries like libc4. But you should be +libraries like libc4. But you should be able to keep libc4 on the same -system with libc5 libraries for the +system with libc5 libraries for the programs that still need them. The -same holds true for upgrading from libc5 to +same holds true for upgrading from libc5 to the newer-yet glibc2 libraries. @@ -3316,13 +3312,13 @@ The problem with upgrading dynamic libraries is that, the moment you remove the old libraries, the utilities that you need to upgrade to the new version of the libraries don't work. There are ways around around this. One is to temporarily place a spare copy of the run time -libraries, which are in /lib/, in -/usr/lib/, or /usr/local/lib/, -or another directory that is listed in the +libraries, which are in /lib/, in +/usr/lib/, or /usr/local/lib/, +or another directory that is listed in the /etc/ld.so.conf file. -For example, when upgrading libc5 libraries, +For example, when upgrading libc5 libraries, the files in /lib/ might look something like: @@ -3334,7 +3330,7 @@ look something like: These are the C libraries and the math libraries. Copy them to another -directory that is listed in /etc/ld.so.conf, +directory that is listed in /etc/ld.so.conf, like /usr/lib/: @@ -3343,7 +3339,7 @@ like /usr/lib/: $ ldconfig -Be sure to run ldconfig +Be sure to run ldconfig to upgrade the library configuration. @@ -3352,11 +3348,11 @@ are symbolic links to the actual library files. When you upgrade, the new links will not be created if the old links are still there, unless you use the -f flag with cp. The --d flag to cp will copy the +-d flag to cp will copy the symbolic link itself, and not the file it points to. -If you need to overwrite the link to the library directly, use the +If you need to overwrite the link to the library directly, use the -f flag with ln. @@ -3371,12 +3367,12 @@ and the links to /lib/, with the following commands. $ cp -df libc.so.5* /lib -Again, remember to run ldconfig after you copy +Again, remember to run ldconfig after you copy the libraries. If you are satisfied that everything is working correctly, you can -remove the temporary copies of the old libraries from +remove the temporary copies of the old libraries from /usr/lib/ or wherever you copied them. @@ -3388,7 +3384,7 @@ Can I Use Code or a Compiler Compiled for a 486 on My 386? Yes, unless it's the kernel. -The -m486 option to GCC, +The -m486 option to GCC, which is used to compile binaries for x486 machines, merely changes certain optimizations. This makes for slightly larger binaries that run somewhat faster on a 486. They still @@ -3400,11 +3396,11 @@ instructions if configured for a 486 or Pentium, thus making it unusable on a 386. -GCC can be configured for a 386 or +GCC can be configured for a 386 or 486; the only difference is that -configuring it for a 386 makes -m386 the default +configuring it for a 386 makes -m386 the default and configuring for a -486 makes -m486 the default. In either case, +486 makes -m486 the default. In either case, these can be overridden on a per-compilation basis or by editing /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/ @@ -3437,21 +3433,21 @@ same. -Where Are <filename>linux/*.h</filename> and +Where Are <filename>linux/*.h</filename> and <filename>asm/*.h</filename>? -The files /usr/include/linux/ and +The files /usr/include/linux/ and /usr/include/asm/ are often soft links to the directories where the kernel headers are. They are usually under /usr/src/kernel*/. If you don't have the kernel sources, download them. Refer to the answer: -(``'') -Then, use rm to remove any garbage, and +Then, use rm to remove any garbage, and ln to create the links: @@ -3461,7 +3457,7 @@ Then, use rm to remove any garbage, and /usr/src/linux/include/asm/ is a symbolic link to an -architecture-specific asm directory. If you have +architecture-specific asm directory. If you have a freshly unpacked kernel source tree, you must make symlinks. You'll also find that you may need to do `make config' in a newly-unpacked kernel source tree, @@ -3477,7 +3473,7 @@ See the previous question regarding the header files. Remember that when you apply a patch to the kernel, you must use the -``-p0'' or ``-p1'' option: otherwise, +``-p0'' or ``-p1'' option: otherwise, the patch may be misapplied. See the patch manual page for details. @@ -3502,7 +3498,7 @@ For ELF, For a.out, get tools-n.nn.tar.gz -from +from tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/. It comes with documentation that will tell you what to do. Note that @@ -3518,25 +3514,25 @@ shared libraries. See the ELF HOWTO, at My Executables Are (Very) Large. -With an ELF compiler -(``ELF compiler +(``''), the most common cause of large executables is the lack of an appropriate .so library link for one of the libraries you're using. There should be a -link like libc.so for every library like +link like libc.so for every library like libc.so.5.2.18. -With an a.out compiler the most common cause of +With an a.out compiler the most common cause of large executables is -the -g linker (compiler) flag. This produces +the -g linker (compiler) flag. This produces (as well as debugging information in the output file) a program which is statically linked—one which includes a copy of the C library instead of a dynamically linked copy. -Other things worth investigating are -O and +Other things worth investigating are -O and -O2, which enable optimization (check the GCC documentation), and -s (or the strip command) which strip the symbol information from the resulting binary @@ -3567,12 +3563,12 @@ is available from the same place as glibc2, ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ -In +In sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread/ or -ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. +ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. Documentation isn't in the package, but is available on the World Wide Web at @@ -3585,24 +3581,24 @@ contains binaries made from that source code. -In +In ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z is QuickThreads. More information can be found in the technical report, available on the same site is /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z. - + In gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk/rex/ is lwp, a very minimal implementation. - - In + + In ftp://ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART/, an Ada implementation. This is useful mainly because it has a lot of Postscript papers that you'll find useful in learning more about threads. This is not directly usable under Linux. - + Please contact the authors of the packages in question for details. @@ -3611,22 +3607,22 @@ Please contact the authors of the packages in question for details. Where Can I Get <literal>lint</literal> for Linux? -Roughly equivalent functionality is built into GCC. Use the +Roughly equivalent functionality is built into GCC. Use the -Wall option to turn on most of the useful extra warnings. See the GCC -manual for more details (type +manual for more details (type F1 i in Emacs and select the entry for GCC). -There is a freely available program called +There is a freely available program called lclint that does much the same thing as traditional lint. The announcement and source code are -available at on +available at on -ftp://larch.lcs.mit.edu/pub/Larch/lclint/; -on the World Wide Web, look at +ftp://larch.lcs.mit.edu/pub/Larch/lclint/; +on the World Wide Web, look at http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html. @@ -3638,7 +3634,7 @@ Where Can I Find Kermit for Linux? Kermit is distributed under a non-GPL copyright that makes its terms of distribution somewhat different. The sources and some binaries are -available on +available on ftp://kermit.columbia.edu. @@ -3693,10 +3689,10 @@ Linux port of the OpenBSD FTP server. The home page is: To install the BSD server, follow the installation instructions, and refer to the manual pages for inetd and inetd.conf. Be sure to tell -inetd to run the BSD daemon alone, not as a +inetd to run the BSD daemon alone, not as a subprocess of, for example, tcpd. Comment -out the line that begins ``ftp'' in the -/etc/inetd.conf file and replace it with a +out the line that begins ``ftp'' in the +/etc/inetd.conf file and replace it with a line similar to (if you install the new ftpd in /usr/local/sbin/): @@ -3711,7 +3707,7 @@ ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/sbin/ftpd -l The replacement daemon will become effective after rebooting -or sending (as root) a SIGHUP to +or sending (as root) a SIGHUP to inetd, e.g.: @@ -3722,9 +3718,9 @@ or sending (as root) a SIGHUP to Free Dumps Core. -In Linux 1.3.57 and later, the format of /proc/meminfo +In Linux 1.3.57 and later, the format of /proc/meminfo was changed in -a way that the implementation of free +a way that the implementation of free doesn't understand. Get the latest version, from metalab.unc.edu, in @@ -3741,7 +3737,7 @@ Some things to check: - + Make sure that the MOZILLA_HOME environment variable is correctly set. If you installed Netscape under /usr/local/netscape/, for example, that should be @@ -3751,24 +3747,24 @@ MOZILLA_HOME="/usr/local/netscape"'' under bash or add it to one your personal or system initialization files. Refer to the manual page for your shell for details. - - + + If you have a brand-new version of Netscape, try a previous version, in case the run-time libraries are slightly incompatible. For example, if Netscape version 4.75 is installed (type ``netscape --version'' at the shell prompt), try installing version 4.7. All versions are archived at -ftp://ftp.netscape.com/. +ftp://ftp.netscape.com/. Netscape uses its own Motif and Java Runtime Environment libraries. If -a separate version of either is installed on your system, ensure that +a separate version of either is installed on your system, ensure that they aren't interfering with Netscape's libraries; e.g., by un-installing them. -Make sure that Netscape can connect to its default name servers. The program +Make sure that Netscape can connect to its default name servers. The program will appear to freeze and time out after several minutes if it can't. This indicates a problem with the system's Internet connection; likely, the system can't connect to other sites, either. @@ -3813,7 +3809,7 @@ addresses using it. If the host machine doesn't respond to FTP or Telnet clients at all, then the server daemon is not installed correctly, or at all. Refer to the manual pages: inetd, -inetd.conf, ftpd, and +inetd.conf, ftpd, and telnetd. @@ -3853,19 +3849,19 @@ running. You can display the CMOS clock time, or set either clock from the -other, with /sbin/clock (now called +other, with /sbin/clock (now called hwclock in many -distributions). Refer to: man 8 clock or +distributions). Refer to: man 8 clock or man 8 hwclock. There are various other programs that can correct either or both clocks for system drift or transfer time across the network. Some of -them may already be installed on your system. Try looking for +them may already be installed on your system. Try looking for adjtimex -(corrects for drift), netdate, and +(corrects for drift), netdate, and getdate (get the time from the -network), or xntp +network), or xntp (accurate, full-featured network time daemon). @@ -3876,8 +3872,8 @@ Setuid Scripts Don't Seem to Work. That's right. This feature has been disabled in the Linux kernel on purpose, because setuid scripts are almost always a security hole. -Sudo and -SuidPerl can provide more +Sudo and +SuidPerl can provide more security than setuid scripts or binaries, especially if execute permissions are limited to a certain user ID or group ID. @@ -3934,7 +3930,7 @@ will solve this problem. If in doubt, check the manual. If you still can't fix it because the documentation is inadequate, you might like to post a message to -comp.os.linux.hardware +comp.os.linux.hardware giving all of the details—make, model number, date code, etc., so other Linux users can avoid it. @@ -3961,8 +3957,8 @@ programs in question. The shadow password suite can be found at Some Programs Let Me Log In with No Password. -You probably have the same problem as in -(``''), with an added wrinkle. @@ -3983,8 +3979,8 @@ programs you're running at once, Linux will swap to your hard disk instead and thrash horribly. The solution in this case is to not run so many things at once or buy more memory. You can also reclaim some memory by compiling and using a kernel with less options configured. -See -(``'') @@ -4026,7 +4022,7 @@ these files, up to and including the root directory. My Screen Is All Full of Weird Characters Instead of Letters. You probably sent some binary data to your screen by mistake. Type -echo '\033c' to fix it. +echo '\033c' to fix it. Many Linux distributions have a command, reset, that does this. @@ -4039,7 +4035,7 @@ If that doesn't help, try a direct screen escape command. This resets the default font of a Linux console. Remember to hold down the Control key and type the letter, instead of, for example, -Ctrl, then +Ctrl, then V. The sequence @@ -4077,44 +4073,44 @@ Get to a shell prompt and mount your hard disk with something like $ mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt -Then your file system is available under the directory +Then your file system is available under the directory /mnt and you can fix the problem. Remember to unmount your hard disk before -rebooting (cd somewhere else +rebooting (cd somewhere else first, or it will say it's busy). -I Forgot the <literal>root</literal> Password. +I Forgot the root Password. -Note: Incorrectly editing any of the files in the +Note: Incorrectly editing any of the files in the /etc/ directory can severely screw up -a system. Please keep a spare copy of any files in case +a system. Please keep a spare copy of any files in case you make a mistake. If your Linux distribution permits, try booting into single-user -mode by typing ``single'' at the -BOOT lilo: prompt. With more recent +mode by typing ``single'' at the +BOOT lilo: prompt. With more recent distributions, you can boot into single-user mode when -prompted by typing ``linux 1'' or -``init=/bin/bash.'' +prompted by typing ``linux 1'' or +``init=/bin/bash.'' In that case, boot from the installation or rescue floppy, and switch to another virtual console with AltF1-- -AltF8, +AltF8, and then mount the root file system on /mnt. Then proceed with the steps below to determine if your system -has standard or shadow passwords, and how to remove the +has standard or shadow passwords, and how to remove the password. -Using your favorite text editor, edit the root entry of -the /etc/passwd file to remove +Using your favorite text editor, edit the root entry of +the /etc/passwd file to remove the password, which is located between the first and second colons. Do this only if the password field does not contain an ``x,'' in which case see @@ -4126,7 +4122,7 @@ below. -Change that to: +Change that to: @@ -4136,7 +4132,7 @@ Change that to: If the password field contains an ``x,'' then you must remove the password from the /etc/shadow -file, which roughly the same format. +file, which roughly the same format. [Paul Colquhuon, Robert Kiesling] @@ -4157,7 +4153,7 @@ files depends on permission to write in that directory. <command> lpr</command> and/or <command>lpd</command> Don't Work. -First make sure that your /dev/lp* port is +First make sure that your /dev/lp* port is correctly configured. Its IRQ (if any) and port address need to match the settings on the printer card. You should be able to dump a file directly to the @@ -4177,7 +4173,7 @@ host address is 127.0.0.1. If everything is configured correctly, you should be able to telnet to your own machine and get a login prompt. -Make sure that /etc/hosts.lpd contains the +Make sure that /etc/hosts.lpd contains the machine's host name. @@ -4185,7 +4181,7 @@ If your machine has a network-aware lpd, like the one that comes with LPRng, make sure that /etc/lpd.perms is configured correctly. -Also look at the Printing HOWTO. +Also look at the Printing HOWTO. "Where can I get the HOWTO's and other documentation? ". @@ -4194,7 +4190,7 @@ Also look at the Printing HOWTO. Timestamps on Files on MS-DOS Partitions Are Set Incorrectly -There is a bug in the program clock +There is a bug in the program clock (often found in /sbin). It miscounts a time zone offset, confusing seconds with minutes or something like that. Get a recent version. @@ -4205,12 +4201,12 @@ something like that. Get a recent version. How Do I Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image? ->From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is +From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is what LILO needs to find, is in arch/i386/boot/zImage, or -arch/i386/boot/bzImage when it is built, +arch/i386/boot/bzImage when it is built, and is normally stored in the -/boot/ directory. The -/etc/lilo.conf file should refer to the +/boot/ directory. The +/etc/lilo.conf file should refer to the vmlinuz symbolic link, not the actual kernel image. @@ -4221,11 +4217,11 @@ several different processors from one source tree. -How Do I Make Sure My System Boots after Re-Installing +<title>How Do I Make Sure My System Boots after Re-Installing the Operating System? -This should work whether you're re-installing Linux or some other, +This should work whether you're re-installing Linux or some other, commercial, operating system: @@ -4233,25 +4229,25 @@ commercial, operating system: Insert a blank, formatted floppy in drive A: -Save a copy of the boot hard drive's Master Boot Record to the -floppy, by executing the command: +Save a copy of the boot hard drive's Master Boot Record to the +floppy, by executing the command: #dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 count=1 -dd is a standard program on Linux systems. A -MS-Windows compatible version is available from +dd is a standard program on Linux systems. A +MS-Windows compatible version is available from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/ , as well as many MS software archives. Test that the floppy boots the system by rebooting with the floppy -in the A: drive. +in the A: drive. -Then you should be able to install the other operating system (on -a different hard drive and/or partition, if you don't want to +Then you should be able to install the other operating system (on +a different hard drive and/or partition, if you don't want to uninstall Linux). @@ -4278,7 +4274,7 @@ when you upgrade the kernel. When upgrading from older kernels, make sure that you have the most recent version of the run-time libraries, the modutils package, and so on. -Refer to the file Documentation/Changes +Refer to the file Documentation/Changes in the kernel source tree for details. @@ -4342,19 +4338,19 @@ your system currently uses. For example, part of the lp 2 0 -This tells you for example that the memory_cs +This tells you for example that the memory_cs module needs the ds -and pcmcia_core modules loaded first. +and pcmcia_core modules loaded first. What it doesn't say is that, in order to avoid recalculating the module dependencies, you may -also need to have the serial, +also need to have the serial, lp, psaux, and other standard modules available to prevent errors when installing the pcmcia -routines at boot time with insmod. +routines at boot time with insmod. A glance at the /etc/modules file will tell you what modules the system currently loads, and in what order. Save a copy of this file for future reference, until you have -successfully installed the new kernel's modules. Also save the +successfully installed the new kernel's modules. Also save the lsmod output to a file, for example, with the command: lsmod >lsmod.old-kernel.output. @@ -4362,10 +4358,10 @@ output to a file, for example, with the command: - Build the new kernel, and install the boot image, either + Build the new kernel, and install the boot image, either zImage or bzImage, to a floppy diskette. To do this, change to the -arch/i386/boot directory (substitute the +arch/i386/boot directory (substitute the correct architecture directory if you don't have an Intel machine), and, with a floppy in the diskette drive, execute the command: @@ -4374,9 +4370,9 @@ in the diskette drive, execute the command: $ dd if=bzImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 -if you built the kernel with the make bzImage +if you built the kernel with the make bzImage command, and if -your floppy drive is /dev/fd0. +your floppy drive is /dev/fd0. This results in a bootable kernel image being written to the floppy, and allows you to try out the new kernel without replacing the existing one that LILO boots on @@ -4418,11 +4414,11 @@ kernel. Reboot the system, and note which, if any, of the PCMCIA devices work. Also make sure that the non-PCMCIA hardware devices are working. It's likely that some or all of them won't work. Use -lsmod to determine which modules the kernel +lsmod to determine which modules the kernel loaded at boot time, and compare it with the module listing that the old kernel loaded, which you saved from the first step of the procedure. (If you -didn't save a listing of the lsmod output, +didn't save a listing of the lsmod output, go back and reboot the old kernel, and make the listing now.) @@ -4430,14 +4426,14 @@ go back and reboot the old kernel, and make the listing now.) When all modules are properly loaded, you can replace the old kernel image on the hard drive. This will most likely be the file -pointed to by the /vmlinuz symlink. +pointed to by the /vmlinuz symlink. Remember to update the boot -sector by running the lilo command after +sector by running the lilo command after installing the new kernel image on the hard drive. - + Also look at the questions, How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel? and Modprobe can't locate module, "XXX," and similar messages. @@ -4445,13 +4441,13 @@ and Modprobe can't locate module, "XXX," and similar messages. -How Do I Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the +How Do I Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the <application>ls</application> Display? The shell command, ``unalias ls,'' should completely unset the configuration that some distributions provide as -standard. To change the colors, refer to the +standard. To change the colors, refer to the ls man page (``man ls''). @@ -4470,7 +4466,7 @@ execute it if the directory were in the search path. The solution to this is to include the directory in the command; e.g., ``./myprog,'' instead of ``myprog.'' Or add the current directory to your -PATH environment variable; e.g., +PATH environment variable; e.g., ``export PATH=".:"$PATH'' using bash, although this is discouraged for the reasons mentioned above. @@ -4498,8 +4494,8 @@ proprietary hardware interfaces. Even notebooks which are certified as ``Linux compatible,'' may not be completely compatible. -Information about installing Winmodems in general is contained -in the Winmodems-and-Linux HOWTO. (Refer +Information about installing Winmodems in general is contained +in the Winmodems-and-Linux HOWTO. (Refer to ``'') @@ -4518,9 +4514,9 @@ A mailing list for Linux on IBM Thinkpads has its home page at Another Thinkpad mailing list is hosted by -http://www.bm-soft.com/. +http://www.bm-soft.com/. Send E-mail with the word ``help'' in the -body of the message to +body of the message to majordomo@www.bm-soft.com. @@ -4538,17 +4534,17 @@ The Linux Laptop home page is at For information about interfacing peripherals like Zip and CD-ROM drives through parallel ports, refer to the Linux Parallel Port Home -Page, at +Page, at http://www.torque.net/linux-pp.html. If you need the latest version of the PCMCIA Card Services package, it -is (or was) located at +is (or was) located at ftp://cb-iris.stanford.edu/pub/pcmcia/, but that host no longer seems to be available. Recent distributions -are on +are on ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/pcmcia/. You will also need to have the kernel source code installed as @@ -4577,9 +4573,9 @@ is necessary however, for practical everyday use. -Connect using anonymous FTP to ftp.debian.org +Connect using anonymous FTP to ftp.debian.org and cd to the -pub/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-i386/current/ +pub/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-i386/current/ subdirectory. @@ -4592,28 +4588,28 @@ system diskettes. Note that there are 7 base system images in the 1.44-Mb set (which have a "14" in their names) , and 9 in the 1.2-Mb set of images (which have a "12" in their names). You will use these to create the basic installation diskettes. If you have -a Linux machine, you can use dd +a Linux machine, you can use dd to write the images to the diskettes. If you are creating the installation diskettes on a -MS-DOS machine, also download the +MS-DOS machine, also download the RAWRITE.EXE MS-DOS utility, which will copy the raw binary images to floppy disks. Also -download the install.en.txt +download the install.en.txt document, which contains the detailed installation instructions. -Create the installation disk set on floppies using either the +Create the installation disk set on floppies using either the dd -program under Linux (e.g.: +program under Linux (e.g.: ``dd if=resc1440.bin of=/dev/fd0''), or -the RAWRITE.EXE +the RAWRITE.EXE utility under MS-DOS. Be sure to label each installation diskette. Insert the rescue diskette into the floppy drive and reboot the computer. If all goes well, the Linux kernel will boot, and you -will be able start the installation program by pressing +will be able start the installation program by pressing Enter at the boot: prompt. @@ -4624,24 +4620,24 @@ enter the network information when the system asks for it. To install additional software over the Internet, be sure that you -have installed the ppp +have installed the ppp module during the installation process, and -run (as root) the /usr/sbin/pppconfig +run (as root) the /usr/sbin/pppconfig utility. You will need to provide your user name with your ISP, your password, the ISP's dial-up phone number, the address(es) of the ISP's Domain Name Service, and the serial port that your modem is connected to, -/dev/ttyS0–/dev/ttyS3. +/dev/ttyS0–/dev/ttyS3. Be sure also to specify the -defaultroute +defaultroute option to the PPP system, so the computer knows to use the PPP connection for remote Internet addresses. You may have to perform additional configuration on the PPP -scripts in the /etc/ppp +scripts in the /etc/ppp subdirectory, and in particular, the -ISP-specific script in the /etc/ppp/peers +ISP-specific script in the /etc/ppp/peers subdirectory. There are basic instructions in each script. For detailed information, refer to the Debian/GNU Linux installation instructions that you @@ -4655,9 +4651,9 @@ HOWTO from the Linux Documentation project, Once you have a PPP connection established with your ISP (it will be displayed in the output of ifconfig), use the dselect program to specify which additional software you want to install. Use the -apt [A]ccess +apt [A]ccess option to retrieve packages via anonymous FTP, -and make sure to use the [U]pdate +and make sure to use the [U]pdate option to retrieve a current list of packages from the FTP archive. @@ -4669,7 +4665,7 @@ list of packages from the FTP archive. How Do I Resume an Interrupted Download? -Use the ``reget'' command of the +Use the ``reget'' command of the standard ftp client program. @@ -4700,7 +4696,7 @@ append="parport=0x3bc,none serial=0x3f8,4 serial=0x2f8,3" If you modify the /etc/lilo.conf file, be sure -to run the lilo command to install the new +to run the lilo command to install the new configuration. @@ -4722,11 +4718,11 @@ endterm="howtos-and-other-documentation">''), and the documentation in -How Do I View Manual Pages without <command>man</command> or +How Do I View Manual Pages without <command>man</command> or <command>groff</command>? The man2html program translates groff -text to HTML, which you can view with a Web browser. The +text to HTML, which you can view with a Web browser. The man2html program, and many like it, are availble on the Web. Look for them with your favorite search engine. @@ -4737,7 +4733,7 @@ The unformatted manual pages are stored in subdirectories of If you want to view text, use nroff and less. Both of these programs have MSDOS -versions with an implementation of the man +versions with an implementation of the man macro package available as well. An example would be: @@ -4747,12 +4743,12 @@ $ nroff -man /usr/man/man1/ls.1 | less If the manual page filename ends in ``.gz,'' then -you'll need to uncompress it before formatting it, using +you'll need to uncompress it before formatting it, using gzip -d or gunzip. A one-line example would be: -$ gzip -dc /usr/man/man1/ls.1.gz | nroff -man | less +$ gzip -dc /usr/man/man1/ls.1.gz | nroff -man | less @@ -4763,10 +4759,10 @@ How Can I Get Scrollback in Text Mode? With the default US keymap, you can use Shift with the PgUp and PgDn keys. (The gray ones, not the ones on the numeric keypad.) With other keymaps, look -in /usr/lib/keytables. -You can remap the ScrollUp and +in /usr/lib/keytables. +You can remap the ScrollUp and ScrollDown keys -to be whatever you like. +to be whatever you like. The screen program, @@ -4810,7 +4806,7 @@ mail to you. Information about Internet hosting, and News and E-mail in general, is -available on the Usenet News group +available on the Usenet News group news.announce.newusers, and those FAQ's are also archived at ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/. @@ -4819,16 +4815,17 @@ also archived at -How Do I Prevent Sendmail from Pausing for Up to a Minute at -Each Command? +How Do I Prevent <application>sendmail</application> from Pausing for +Up to a Minute at Each Command? -Make sure that Sendmail can resolve your hostname to a valid (i.e., -parsable) domain address. If you are not connected to the Internet, -or have a dial-up connection with dynamic IP addressing, add the fully -qualified domain name to the /etc/hosts file, -in addition to the base host name; e.g., if the -host name is ``bilbo'' and the domain is +Make sure that sendmail can resolve your +hostname to a valid (i.e., parsable) domain address. If you are not +connected to the Internet, or have a dial-up connection with dynamic +IP addressing, add the fully qualified domain name to the +/etc/hosts file, in addition +to the base host name; e.g., if the host name is +``bilbo'' and the domain is ``bag-end.com:'' @@ -4849,6 +4846,30 @@ And make sure that either the /etc/host.conf or /etc/hosts, because many programs depend on it for internal message-passing. + +Sendmail takes many factors into account +when resolving domain addresses. These factors, collectively, are +known as, ``rulesets,'' in sendmail jargon. +The program does not require that a domain +address be canonical, or even appear to be canonical. In the example +above, ``bilbo.'' (note the period) would work just +as well as ``bilbo.bag-end.com.'' This and other +modifications apply mainly to recent versions. + + +Prior to version 8.7, sendmail required +that the FQDN appear first in the /etc/hosts +entry. + + +Finally, FEATURE configuration macro options like +nodns, always_add_domain, and +nocanonify, control how +sendmail interprets host names. + + +[Chris Karakas] + @@ -4858,32 +4879,32 @@ How Do I Switch Virtual Consoles? How Do I Enable Them? In text mode, press the left AltF1 - to + to AltF12 to select the consoles tty1 to -tty12; Right +tty12; Right AltF1 gives tty13 and so on. To -switch out of X you must press +switch out of X you must press CtrlAltF1 -, etc; +, etc; AltF5 or whatever will switch back. -However, If you have a non-PC compatible system, please see +However, If you have a non-PC compatible system, please see the note below. If you want to use a VC for ordinary login, it must be listed in -/etc/inittab, +/etc/inittab, which controls which terminals and virtual consoles have login prompts. The X Window System needs at least one free VC in order to start. @@ -4907,17 +4928,17 @@ a similar application.] How Do I Set the Time Zone? -Change directory to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/. +Change directory to /usr/lib/zoneinfo/. Get the time zone package if you don't have this directory. The source is available in ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/admin/time/. -Then make a symbolic link named localtime +Then make a symbolic link named localtime pointing to one of the files -in this directory (or a subdirectory), and one called -posixrules pointing to +in this directory (or a subdirectory), and one called +posixrules pointing to localtime. For example: @@ -4928,20 +4949,20 @@ in this directory (or a subdirectory), and one called This change will take effect immediately—try date. -If the system uses Red Hat-style configuration files, the respective +If the system uses Red Hat-style configuration files, the respective time zone info files are /usr/share/zoneinfo and /etc/localtime. The manual pages for tzset or tzselect describe setting the time zone. Some -programs recognize the ``TZ'' environment variable, but +programs recognize the ``TZ'' environment variable, but this is not POSIX-correct. You should also make sure that your Linux kernel clock is set to the -correct GMT time. Type date -u and check that the -correct UTC time is displayed. +correct GMT time. Type date -u and check that the +correct UTC time is displayed. (``'') @@ -4952,14 +4973,14 @@ endterm="computer-has-wrong-time">'') How Do I Get Dial-up PPP to Work? This information is mainly for people who do not have a wrapper -utility like kppp or +utility like kppp or pppconfig, or are not able to get those utilities to work correctly. If you need to manually configure PPP to dial in to your ISP, you will need the following information: -The port that your modem is connected to: +The port that your modem is connected to: /dev/ttyS0–/dev/ttyS3, which correspond to COM1-COM4 under MS-DOS. @@ -4976,17 +4997,17 @@ that you will not be using a DNS that you installed on your system. - + When you have all of this information, make sure that the programs -pppd and chat, +pppd and chat, at the very minimum, are installed correctly. In most -current distributions, they are installed in the +current distributions, they are installed in the /usr/sbin/ directory, and you will need to be logged in as root to use them. In addition, -the following programs are also useful for configuring network +the following programs are also useful for configuring network connections, determining network status, and diagnosing problems: /sbin/ifconfig, -/sbin/route, /bin/ping, +/sbin/route, /bin/ping, /usr/sbin/traceroute. @@ -5006,8 +5027,8 @@ notation, with the nameserver label. For example: order hosts,bind - nameserver 196.182.101.103 - nameserver 196.182.101.104 + nameserver 196.182.101.103 + nameserver 196.182.101.104 The nameserver addresses in the example above are examples only. They @@ -5039,20 +5060,20 @@ for details. Here is a sample chat script: word <your_password> -This is a chat +This is a chat program for a simple, script based login. The chat program uses the pair of strings on each line as a match/response pair. When it starts, it sends the string -``ATDTyour_isp's_phone_number,'' +``ATDTyour_isp's_phone_number,'' where you have substituted the actual phone number of course. It then waits for the string -ogin +ogin (a substring of the word login) and sends your user -name. It then waits for word +name. It then waits for word (a substring of password) and sends your password. If your ISP uses a different login and password prompts, and any additional prompts, you will need to edit the -script accordingly. Again, refer to the chat +script accordingly. Again, refer to the chat manual page for details. @@ -5094,12 +5115,12 @@ use the IPX network protocol. For connection set-up on each individual serial port or PPP host, -there will either be an /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1, +there will either be an /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1, for example, -options file for /etc/ttyS1, or a file for -your ISP in the /etc/ppp/peers directory. +options file for /etc/ttyS1, or a file for +your ISP in the /etc/ppp/peers directory. The default is often called -/etc/ppp/peers/provider. Here is a sample +/etc/ppp/peers/provider. Here is a sample of the default provider file: @@ -5113,25 +5134,25 @@ file: There might be an explanation of these and other options in the -/etc/ppp/peers/provider file itself. You +/etc/ppp/peers/provider file itself. You can also refer to the -pppd manual page for details. +pppd manual page for details. Briefly, they mean: do not use PAP -authentication for this connection; use the chat +authentication for this connection; use the chat program and the -/etc/chatscripts/provider script, which is +/etc/chatscripts/provider script, which is described above, to dial the phone and log in; set the network default route to the PPP connection (so when your network software needs to resolve an network address that is not on your local machine(s), it will use -the PPP connection to the Internet); use /dev/ttyS1 +the PPP connection to the Internet); use /dev/ttyS1 as the serial port for the connection; set the modem speed to 38400; and keep the pppd daemon running even if the connection fails. That is all of the configuration you need. To actually start and -stop PPP, there are often /usr/bin/pon and +stop PPP, there are often /usr/bin/pon and /usr/bin/poff scripts (in Debian), or something similar, and they are usually very simple, and only contain the command: @@ -5140,19 +5161,19 @@ and only contain the command: $ /usr/sbin/pppd call ${1:-provider} -This will start pppd and use the +This will start pppd and use the call option to call the server that you type on the command line, or the provider given in -the /etc/ppp/peers/provider file if you +the /etc/ppp/peers/provider file if you do not specify a remote server. After making the call and logging in (about 30 seconds), -you should be able to use the /sbin/ifconfig +you should be able to use the /sbin/ifconfig program to determine that the connection really did establish a PPP interface (the -first will be ppp0, the second will be +first will be ppp0, the second will be ppp1, etc., depending on how many simultaneous PPP connections you have. If something goes -wrong, you can look at the /var/log/ppp.log +wrong, you can look at the /var/log/ppp.log file to determine what happened. You can also view the log as the connection is being made, by ``tailing'' it in another window; that is, viewing it as @@ -5163,14 +5184,14 @@ command (again, as root): $ tail -f /var/log/ppp.log -On some systems the PPP output is directed to +On some systems the PPP output is directed to /var/log/messages, in which case your system may not have a dedicated PPP log file. - + -You should be also able to ping +You should be also able to ping one of your ISP's domain names (e.g., mail.isp.com) and receive a response. @@ -5187,10 +5208,10 @@ have to do to log in, then duplicate that in the PPP scripts. Most Linux documentation also has additional instructions for -configuring PPP connections. Refer to -(``'') -(``'') @@ -5242,10 +5263,10 @@ them that their program dumped core. How Can I Enable or Disable Core Dumps? -By using the ulimit command in -bash, the limit command in +By using the ulimit command in +bash, the limit command in tcsh, or the -rlimit command in ksh. +rlimit command in ksh. See the appropriate manual page for details. @@ -5254,9 +5275,9 @@ indirectly), not the whole system. If you wish to enable or disable core dumping for all processes by -default, you can change the default setting in -linux/sched.h. Refer to -definition of INIT_TASK, and look also in +default, you can change the default setting in +linux/sched.h. Refer to +definition of INIT_TASK, and look also in linux/resource.h. @@ -5264,8 +5285,8 @@ PAM support optimizes the system's environment, including the amount of memory a user is allowed. In some distributions this parameter is configurable in the /etc/security/limits.conf file. For more information, refer to the Linux Administrator's -Security Guide. (``. (``'') @@ -5276,7 +5297,7 @@ How Do I Upgrade/Recompile My Kernel? See the Kernel HOWTO or the README files which come with the kernel release -on +on ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Software/Linux/Kernel/ and mirrors. @@ -5303,25 +5324,25 @@ Also remember to update the module dependencies. This command can be run automatically at boot time. On Debian/GNU -Linux systems, the command is part of the +Linux systems, the command is part of the /etc/init.d/modutils script, -and can be linked appropriately in the -/etc/rcx.d/ +and can be linked appropriately in the +/etc/rcx.d/ directories. For more information on depmod, see the manual page. Make sure you are using the most recent version of the modutils utilities, as well as all other supporting packages. Refer to the file -Documentation/Changes in the kernel source +Documentation/Changes in the kernel source tree for specifics, and be -sure to consult the README file in the +sure to consult the README file in the modutils package. Remember that to make the new kernel boot you must run lilo after copying the kernel into your root partition. The -Makefile in some kernels have a special zlilo +Makefile in some kernels have a special zlilo target for this; try: @@ -5339,22 +5360,22 @@ question, How do I get LILO to boot the kernel image? Kernel version numbers with an odd minor version (ie, 1.1.x, 1.3.x) are the testing releases; stable production kernels have even minor versions (1.0.x, 1.2.x). If you want to try the testing kernels you -should probably subscribe to the linux-kernel mailing list. -(``'') -The Web site +The Web site http://www.kernelnotes.org/ has lots of information and links to other sites that provide information about Linux kernel updates. -Also refer to the questions, -``'' -and ``'' @@ -5367,7 +5388,7 @@ Yes, but you won't be able to use simultaneously two ordinary ports which share an interrupt (without some trickery). This is a limitation of the ISA Bus architecture. -See the Serial HOWTO for information about +See the Serial HOWTO for information about possible solutions and workarounds for this problem. @@ -5376,23 +5397,23 @@ possible solutions and workarounds for this problem. How Do I Configure Emacs to Start with My Default Settings? -Create a file in your home directory named +Create a file in your home directory named .emacs with the Emacs Lisp commands that you want to run every time Emacs starts up. You won't -see the file in the directory listing. (The leading '.' tells +see the file in the directory listing. (The leading '.' tells ls not to -display it, unless you use the -a command +display it, unless you use the -a command line switch with ls.) -Any kind of Emacs Lisp statement will work in the +Any kind of Emacs Lisp statement will work in the .emacs file, -including entire defuns. -Emacs uses lisp variables and statements extensively, and +including entire defuns. +Emacs uses lisp variables and statements extensively, and many of the editing functions are written in Emacs Lisp. For example, to enable word wrapping whenever -you edit a file that ends with .txt, -add the following statement. This is from the Emacs +you edit a file that ends with .txt, +add the following statement. This is from the Emacs Texinfo help document ( F1i, then m Emacs Return): @@ -5406,7 +5427,7 @@ then m Emacs Return): This adds a statement that calls a hook function whenever a text editing mode is entered for that -buffer. The value of text-mode-hook, +buffer. The value of text-mode-hook, which is a variable, to auto-fill-mode, which is a function. @@ -5421,10 +5442,10 @@ add this statement: And if you want to include an Emacs Lisp program that someone has -written, like msb.el +written, like msb.el (an enhanced, pop-up buffer menu), make sure the lisp file is in a directory where Emacs can find it (usually it will -be named Site-lisp), and add these statements in the +be named Site-lisp), and add these statements in the .emacs file: @@ -5435,9 +5456,9 @@ be named Site-lisp), and add these statements in the Most tasks have several possible solutions in Emacs Lisp. Any task -that can be programmed in Emacs Lisp is valid in the +that can be programmed in Emacs Lisp is valid in the .emacs file. For -more information, consult the Texinfo documentation. +more information, consult the Texinfo documentation. There is also a FAQ list for Emacs (refer to: What other FAQ's are there for Linux? ). @@ -5466,11 +5487,11 @@ See the Bootdisk HOWTO. How Do I Remap My Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.? -For recent kernels, get +For recent kernels, get /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz -from +from -ftp://metalab.unc.edu/. +ftp://metalab.unc.edu/. Make sure you get the appropriate version; you have to use the right keyboard mapping package for your kernel version. @@ -5490,7 +5511,7 @@ Console HOWTO, by Andries Brouwer, at How Do I Get NUM LOCK to Default to On? -Use the setleds program, for +Use the setleds program, for example (in /etc/rc.local or one of the /etc/rc.d/* files): @@ -5503,11 +5524,11 @@ done -setleds is part of the kbd package +setleds is part of the kbd package ("How do I remap my keyboard to UK, French, etc.? "). -Alternatively, patch your kernel. You need to arrange for +Alternatively, patch your kernel. You need to arrange for KBD_DEFLEDS to be defined to (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) when compiling drivers/char/keyboard.c. @@ -5528,7 +5549,7 @@ for n in 1 2 4 5 6 7 8; do -Substitute your favorite colors, and use +Substitute your favorite colors, and use /dev/ttyS$n for serial terminals. @@ -5536,10 +5557,10 @@ To make sure they are reset when people log out (if they've been changed): -Replace the references to getty +Replace the references to getty (or mingetty or uugetty or -whatever) in -/etc/inittab with references to +whatever) in +/etc/inittab with references to /sbin/mygetty. @@ -5568,7 +5589,7 @@ Very old kernels only supported swap partition sizes up to 16Mb. Linux on machines with 8KB paging, like Alpha and Sparc64, support a swap partition up to 512MB. The 128MB limitation comes from -PAGE_SIZE*BITSPERBYTE +PAGE_SIZE*BITSPERBYTE on machines with 4KB paging, but is 512KB on machines with 8KB paging. The limit is due to the use of a single page allocation map. @@ -5589,11 +5610,11 @@ The file mm/swapfile.c has all of the gory details. How Do I Program <emphasis>XYZ</emphasis> Under Linux? -Read the manuals, or a good book on Unix and the manual pages -(type man man). +Read the manuals, or a good book on Unix and the manual pages +(type man man). There is a lot of GNU Info documentation, which is often more -useful as a tutorial. Run Emacs and type -F1i, +useful as a tutorial. Run Emacs and type +F1i, or type info info if you don't have or don't like Emacs. Note that the Emacs libc node may not exactly describe the latest Linux libc, or GNU glibc2. But the GNU @@ -5612,7 +5633,7 @@ itself. The latest release of the Linux manual pages, a collection of useful GNU Info documentation, and various other information related to -programming Linux, can be found on +programming Linux, can be found on metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/man-pages/. @@ -5621,9 +5642,9 @@ programming Linux, can be found on What's All This about ELF? glibc? -See the ELF HOWTO +See the ELF HOWTO by Daniel Barlow. Note that this is not the file -move-to-elf, +move-to-elf, which is a blow-by-blow account of how to upgrade to ELF manually. @@ -5656,17 +5677,17 @@ is ELF you can pick a representative program, like There is a patch to get 1.2.x to compile using the ELF compilers, and -produce ELF core dumps, at +produce ELF core dumps, at ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/packages/GCC/. You do not need the patch merely to run ELF binaries. 1.3.x and later do not need the patch at all. -The GNU glibc2 libraries are essentially more recent versions of -ELF libraries that follow most of the same processes for dynamic +The GNU glibc2 libraries are essentially more recent versions of +ELF libraries that follow most of the same processes for dynamic linking and loading. Upgrade information is contained in -(``'') @@ -5703,12 +5724,12 @@ For Debian systems, the equivalent command is: -What Is a <literal>.gz</literal> File? And a <literal>.tgz</literal>? +What Is a <literal>.gz</literal> File? And a <literal>.tgz</literal>? And <literal>.bz2</literal>? And... ? -.gz (and .z) files +.gz (and .z) files are compressed using GNU gzip. You need to use -gunzip (which is a symlink to the +gunzip (which is a symlink to the gzip command that comes with most Linux installations) to unpack the file. @@ -5721,42 +5742,42 @@ Linux installations) to unpack the file. equivalents like ncompress exist. -.tgz (or .tpz) is a +.tgz (or .tpz) is a tar file compressed with gzip. -.bz2 is a file compressed by the more +.bz2 is a file compressed by the more recently introduced (and efficient) bzip2. -.lsm is a -Linux Software Map entry, +.lsm is a +Linux Software Map entry, in the form of a short text file. -Details about the LSM project and the LSM itself are available in the -subdirectory on +Details about the LSM project and the LSM itself are available in the +subdirectory on ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/. -.deb is a Debian Binary Package—the binary +.deb is a Debian Binary Package—the binary package format used by -the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. It is manipulated using +the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. It is manipulated using dpkg and -dpkg-deb (available on -Debian systems and from +dpkg-deb (available on +Debian systems and from ftp://ftp.debian.org//). -.rpm is a +.rpm is a Red Hat RPM package, which is used in the Red Hat -and similar distributions. +and similar distributions. .sit is a compressed Macintosh archive made with StuffIt, a commercial program. Aladdin Systems Inc., the manufacturer of StuffIt, has a free expander utility that will -uncompress these archives. You can download it at +uncompress these archives. You can download it at http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/. @@ -5775,10 +5796,10 @@ mistake. You must download most things in binary mode: What Does VFS Stand For? -Virtual File System. +Virtual File System. It's the abstraction layer between the user and -real file systems like ext2, -Minix and MS-DOS. +real file systems like ext2, +Minix and MS-DOS. Among other things, its job is to flush the read buffer when it detects a disk change on the floppy disk drive. @@ -5793,10 +5814,10 @@ floppy disk drive. What is a BogoMip? -``BogoMips'' is a combination of Bogus and -Mips. +``BogoMips'' is a combination of Bogus and +Mips. MIPS stands for -(depending on who you ask) +(depending on who you ask) Millions of Instructions per Second, or Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed. @@ -5805,10 +5826,10 @@ The number printed at boot time is the result of a kernel timing calibration, used for very short delay loops by some device drivers. -According to the BogoMips mini-HOWTO, +According to the BogoMips mini-HOWTO, the rating for your machine will be: -