diff --git a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml index dfcdb624..d537a060 100644 --- a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml +++ b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml @@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ $Id$ + Notes: + 1. Commented out all entries and substituted + with with format better in the text version. + 2. Indented all text between and to match + the text version. This should be modified in the stylesheet. + 3. Need to substitute tags for where + appropriate. rkiesling@mainmatter.com @@ -22,10 +29,10 @@ computer systems. Linux uses free, GNU system utilities and application software, although commercial programs are available also. Originally written for 386/486/586 Intel/ISA bus machines, Linux versions exist for Alpha, Sparc, MIPS, ARM, 680x0, PPC, and many other -platforms. (``'') This FAQ is meant to be read in -conjunction with the Linux Documentation Project's HOWTO series. -(``'' below.) This FAQ is meant +to be read in conjunction with the Linux Documentation Project's HOWTO +series. (``'' and, ``'') The @@ -58,31 +65,39 @@ and TCP/IP networking. Most people, however, refer to the operating system kernel, system software, and application software, collectively, as "Linux," and -the convention is used in this FAQ as well. +that convention is used in this FAQ as well. -Linux ran originally on 386/486/586-based PC's, using the hardware -facilities of the 80386 processor family (TSS segments, et al.) to -implement its features. There are now many ports to other hardware -platforms. (``'') -Linus Torvalds is working on a Linux distribution specifically -designed for mobile computers and the Crusoe Smart Microprocessor -developed by Transmeta. There is a API specification and developer's -kit that are available from Transmeta. There is more information at +There are also Linux distributions specifically for mobile and +handheld platforms. An API specification and developers kit for the +Crusoe Smart Microprocessor developed by Transmeta Corporation are at -http://www.transmeta.com/. -The Crusoe is a microprocessor chip -that provides low power consumption, power management features, -workstation performance, and in-software configuration, but it's not a -complete system, so it's probably mostly harmless. +http://www.transmeta.com/. +Information on the Linux distribution for the Compaq iPAQ is at + +http://www.handhelds.org/ -See the Linux INFO-SHEET for more details. (``'') +Refer also to the Linux INFO-SHEET for more +details as well as the answers to ``'', +``'', and +``'', +below. + +A reasonably up-to-date archive of the major and more specialized +distributions is on-line at +ftp://ftp.tux.org/. The Linux kernel is distributed under the GNU General Public License. @@ -102,7 +117,8 @@ There is a historical archive of all versions of the Linux kernel at There are a handful of major Linux distributions. For information about them, and how they are installed, see Matthew Welsh's -Installation and Getting Started, or IGS for short. It's located at +Installation and Getting Started, or +IGS for short. It's located at the Linux Documentation Project Home Page, http://www.linuxdoc.org/ , and on the Linux FAQ home page, @@ -122,14 +138,14 @@ endterm="what-newsgroups">'') The information in IGS is somewhat dated now. More up-to-date information about first-time Linux installation is -located in the LDP's Installation HOWTO, also located at the LDP Home -Page. +located in the LDP's Installation HOWTO, also +located at the LDP Home Page. Commercial distributions have begun to appear on the shelves of many -book and electronics stores in the last six months, at least in the -U.S., and some hardware vendors now ship systems with Linux -pre-installed. +book and electronics stores in the last year, in the U.S., and they +have been available in many other countries for some time. Some +hardware vendors now ship systems with Linux pre-installed. There is a very thorough installation guide on line at @@ -143,8 +159,11 @@ distribution makes this impractical. (``'') There are also a large number of other releases which are distributed less globally that suit -special local and national needs. +special local and national needs. Many of them are archived at + +ftp://ftp.tux.org/ + @@ -259,12 +278,10 @@ platforms Linux has been ported to. <title id="what-ports-to-other-processors-are-there"> What Ports to Other Processors Are There? -There is a reasonably complete list of Linux ports at - - -http://www.ctv.es/USERS/xose/linux/linux_ports.html, and at - -http://www.linuxhq.com/dist-index.html. +At present there doesn't seem to be a definitive list of the Linux +ports that are in existence. The URL's below are simply the ones that +people have submitted for inclusion in the FAQ. If you do know of a +definitive list, please let the FAQ maintainer know. A project has been underway for a while to port Linux to suitable @@ -597,14 +614,13 @@ How Is the DocBook Version of the FAQ Produced? At present, the Linux FAQ uses the OASIS DocBook SGML DTD. HTML output is produced using James Clark's Jade DSSSL parser with modified versions of Norman Walsh's modular style -sheets. Question numbers are generated with -Perl. The text version is formatted with -lynx, and split in to segments using the standard GNU text utilities, -and are posted to Usenet. -The DocBook utilities are located at +sheets. Question numbers are generated with Perl. The text version +is formatted from HTML with lynx, and split +into segments using the standard GNU text utilities, and the segments +are posted to Usenet. The DocBook utilities are located at ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/sourceware/docbook-tools/ -. +. @@ -741,36 +757,47 @@ In addition, translations available from and mirrors worldwide. The HOWTO's and other documentation have been translated into the following languages: - - - - -Chinese (zh) -Croatian (hr) -French (fr) - - -German (de) -Hellenic (el) -Indonesian (id) - - -Italian (it) -Japanese (ja) -Korean (ko) - - -Polish (pl) -Slovenian (sl) -Spanish (es) - - -Swedish (sv) -Turkish (tr) - - - - + + + + Chinese (zh) Croatian (hr) French (fr) + German (de Hellenic (el) Indonesian (id) + Italian (it) Japanese (ja) Korean (ko) + Polish (pl) Slovenian (sl) Spanish (es) + Swedish (sv) Turkish (tr) + + Additional documents are always in preparation. Please get in touch with the coordinators if you are interested in writing one. @@ -1087,12 +1114,12 @@ the Subject: send giveaway_list. What News Groups Are There for Linux? -Comp.os.linux.announce -is the moderated announcements group; you -should read this if you intend to use Linux: it contains information -about software updates, new ports, user group meetings, and commercial -products. It is the ONLY newsgroup that may carry commercial postings. -Submissions for that group should be e-mailed to +Comp.os.linux.announce is the moderated +announcements group; you should read this if you intend to use Linux: +it contains information about software updates, new ports, user group +meetings, and commercial products. It is the only +newsgroup that may carry commercial postings. Submissions for that +group should be e-mailed to mailto:linux-announce@news.ornl.gov. @@ -1191,7 +1218,7 @@ recent for the documentation but are answered in the newsgroups. Remember that Linux is POSIX compatible, and most all of the material -in comp.unix.* and +in the comp.unix.* and comp.windows.x.* groups will be relevant. Apart from hardware considerations, and some obscure or very technical low-level issues, you'll find that these groups are good places to @@ -1228,8 +1255,22 @@ there is it.comp.linux. What Other FAQ's Are There for Linux? There are a number of special-interest FAQ's on different subjects -that are related to Linux administration and use. -Here are a few of them: +related to system administration and use, and also on unrelated topics +like Flying Saucer Attacks (the music) and support for recovering +sysadmins. + + +The official Usenet FAQ archives are at +ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/. The FAQ's +are on the Web at http://www.faqs.org/, +which also has a complete library of Usenet RFC's and other +references. + + +Here are some FAQ's that might be especially useful, and their +home pages: @@ -1279,6 +1320,7 @@ Here are a few of them: + Where Can I Get Linux Material by FTP? @@ -1749,7 +1791,7 @@ you use MS-DOS--or whatever--to format it. Type: -$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1 + $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1 @@ -1795,8 +1837,8 @@ How Do I Access Files on My DOS Partition Or Floppy? Use the DOS file system, type, for example: -$ mkdir /dos -$ mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos + $ mkdir /dos + $ mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos If it's a floppy, don't forget to umount it before ejecting it! @@ -1905,8 +1947,8 @@ endterm="upgrade-recompile-kernel">'') Then you can mount HPFS partition, using, for example: -$ mkdir /hpfs -$ mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs + $ mkdir /hpfs + $ mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs @@ -2146,16 +2188,16 @@ This config.sys file is one possible way to invoke LOADLIN.EXE and boot MS-DOS or Linux. -[menu] -menuitem=DOS, Dos Boot -menuitem=LINUX, Linux Boot + [menu] + menuitem=DOS, Dos Boot + menuitem=LINUX, Linux Boot -[LINUX] -shell=c:\redhat\loadlin.exe c:\redhat\autoboot\vmlinuz vga=5 root=/dev + [LINUX] + shell=c:\redhat\loadlin.exe c:\redhat\autoboot\vmlinuz vga=5 root=/dev -[DOS] -STACKS = 0,0 -rem all the other DOS drivers get loaded here. + [DOS] + STACKS = 0,0 + rem all the other DOS drivers get loaded here. This creates a menu where you can directly jump to @@ -2203,7 +2245,7 @@ put -boot = /dev/hda2 + boot = /dev/hda2 @@ -2293,7 +2335,7 @@ in as root to do this. But it can be done. Run grep on the raw device; e.g.: -grep -b 'bookmarks' /dev/hda + grep -b 'bookmarks' /dev/hda If the data has not been overwritten, you should be able to recover it @@ -2376,8 +2418,8 @@ How Do I Format and Create a File System on a Floppy? To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy: -$ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 -$ mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440 + $ fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 + $ mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440 For a 5.25 inch floppy, use fd0h1200 and @@ -2462,7 +2504,7 @@ NB: don't try to check a file system that's mounted read/write--this includes the root partition, if you don't see -VFS: mounted root ... read-only + VFS: mounted root ... read-only at boot time. @@ -2476,13 +2518,13 @@ My Swap Area Isn't Working. When you boot (or enable swapping manually) you should see -Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space + Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space If you don't see any messages at all you are probably missing -swapon -av + swapon -av (the command to enable swapping) in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/* @@ -2490,7 +2532,7 @@ swapon -av entry in /etc/fstab: -/dev/hda2 none swap sw + /dev/hda2 none swap sw for example. @@ -2499,7 +2541,7 @@ for example. If you see: -Unable to find swap-space signature + Unable to find swap-space signature you have forgotten to run mkswap. @@ -2511,8 +2553,8 @@ Running, free in addition to showing free memory, should display: - total used free -Swap: 10188 2960 7228 + total used free + Swap: 10188 2960 7228 [Andy Jefferson] @@ -2530,9 +2572,9 @@ the temporary creation of extra space. To install an extra 64 MB of swap space, for example, use the following shell commands: -# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=65535 -# mkswap /swap -# swapon /swap + # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=65535 + # mkswap /swap + # swapon /swap The count= argument to dd @@ -2548,8 +2590,8 @@ When you don't need the swap space any more, remove it with the following statements: -# swapoff /swap -# rm /swap + # swapoff /swap + # rm /swap Take a look also at the Installation HOWTO @@ -2575,7 +2617,7 @@ the device name of the device you installed LILO on, for example: -lilo -u /dev/hda + lilo -u /dev/hda This rewrites the original, pre-LILO @@ -2606,7 +2648,7 @@ it. You did keep that file, didn't you? It's probably called boot.0301 or some such. Type: -dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1 + dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1 (or /dev/sda if you're using a SCSI disk). @@ -2614,7 +2656,7 @@ This may also wipe out your partition table, so beware! If you're desperate, you could use -dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 + dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 This will erase your partition table and boot sector completely: you @@ -2661,7 +2703,7 @@ Remount it. If /etc/fstab is correct, you can simply type: -mount -n -o remount / + mount -n -o remount / If /etc/fstab is wrong, you must give @@ -2669,7 +2711,7 @@ the device name and possibly the type, too: e.g. -mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 / + mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 / To understand how you got into this state, see, @@ -2776,7 +2818,7 @@ wherever you maintain your source files, untar and decompress the package with the command: -tar zxvf package-name.tar.gz + tar zxvf package-name.tar.gz @@ -2917,20 +2959,20 @@ the files in /lib/ might look something like: -libc.so.5 -libc.so.5.4.33 -libm.so.5 -libm.so.5.0.9 + libc.so.5 + libc.so.5.4.33 + libm.so.5 + libm.so.5.0.9 These are the C libraries and the math libraries. Copy them to another directory that is listed in /etc/ld.so.conf, -like /usr/lib/. +like /usr/lib/: -cp -df /lib/libc.so.5* /usr/lib/ -cp -df /lib/libm.so.5* /usr/lib/ -ldconfig + $ cp -df /lib/libc.so.5* /usr/lib/ + $ cp -df /lib/libm.so.5* /usr/lib/ + $ ldconfig Be sure to run ldconfig @@ -2955,10 +2997,10 @@ symbolic link to the new libraries first, then copy both the libraries and the links to /lib/, with the following commands. -ln -sf ./libm.so.5.0.48 libm.so.5 -ln -sf ./libc.so.5.0.48 libc.so.5 -cp -df libm.so.5* /lib -cp -df libc.so.5* /lib + $ ln -sf ./libm.so.5.0.48 libm.so.5 + $ ln -sf ./libc.so.5.0.48 libc.so.5 + $ cp -df libm.so.5* /lib + $ cp -df libc.so.5* /lib Again, remember to run ldconfig after you copy @@ -3097,9 +3139,9 @@ Then, use rm to remove any garbage, and ln to create the links: -rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm -ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux -ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm + $ rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm + $ ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux + $ ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm /usr/src/linux/include/asm/ is a symbolic link to an @@ -3138,8 +3180,8 @@ How Do I Make a Shared Library? For ELF, -gcc -fPIC -c *.c -gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o + $ gcc -fPIC -c *.c + $ gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o For a.out, get @@ -3364,7 +3406,7 @@ subdirectory. For example, if your login name is ``smith,'' set the home page to: -file://home/smith/.netscape/bookmarks.html + file://home/smith/.netscape/bookmarks.html Setting up your personal home page like this will present you with a @@ -3388,8 +3430,8 @@ running. You can display the CMOS clock time, or set either clock from the other, with /sbin/clock (now called hwclock in many -distributions)--see man 8 clock or -man 8 hwclock. +distributions)--see man 8 clock or +man 8 hwclock. There are various other programs that can correct either or both @@ -3525,7 +3567,7 @@ You can tell how much memory and swap you're using with the free command, or by typing: -cat /proc/meminfo + $ cat /proc/meminfo If your kernel is configured with a RAM disk, this is probably wasted @@ -3567,7 +3609,7 @@ Many Linux distributions have a command, If that doesn't help, try a direct screen escape command. -echo 'CtrlV CtrlO' + $ echo 'CtrlV CtrlO' This resets the default font of a Linux console. Remember to hold down @@ -3576,7 +3618,7 @@ the Control key and type the letter, instead of, for example, V. The sequence -echo 'CtrlV Esc C' + $ echo 'CtrlV Esc C' causes a full screen reset. If there's data left on the shell command @@ -3607,7 +3649,7 @@ don't run the risk of missing devices and file systems. Get to a shell prompt and mount your hard disk with something like -mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt + $ mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt Then your file system is available under the directory @@ -3650,7 +3692,7 @@ below. -root:Yhgew13xs:0:0: ... + root:Yhgew13xs:0:0: ... @@ -3658,7 +3700,7 @@ Change that to: -root::0:0: ... + root::0:0: ... @@ -3689,11 +3731,11 @@ printer card. You should be able to dump a file directly to the printer: -cat the_file >/dev/lp1 + $ cat the_file >/dev/lp1 If lpr gives you a message like -myname@host: host not found" it may mean that the +myname@host: host not found" it may mean that the TCP/IP loopback interface, lo, isn't working properly. Loopback support is compiled into most distribution kernels. Check that the interface is configured with the ifconfig command. By @@ -3810,18 +3852,18 @@ your system currently uses. For example, part of the lsmod output might look like this: -Module Pages Used by -memory_cs 2 0 -ds 2 [memory_cs] 3 -i82365 4 2 -pcmcia_core 8 [memory_cs ds i82365] 3 -sg 1 0 -bsd_comp 1 0 -ppp 5 [bsd_comp] 0 -slhc 2 [ppp] 0 -serial 8 0 -psaux 1 0 -lp 2 0 + Module Pages Used by + memory_cs 2 0 + ds 2 [memory_cs] 3 + i82365 4 2 + pcmcia_core 8 [memory_cs ds i82365] 3 + sg 1 0 + bsd_comp 1 0 + ppp 5 [bsd_comp] 0 + slhc 2 [ppp] 0 + serial 8 0 + psaux 1 0 + lp 2 0 This tells you for example that the memory_cs @@ -3853,7 +3895,7 @@ directory if you don't have an Intel machine), and, with a floppy in the diskette drive, execute the command: -dd if=bzImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 + $ dd if=bzImage of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 if you built the kernel with the make bzImage @@ -4200,7 +4242,7 @@ host name is ``bilbo'' and the domain is -192.168.0.1 bilbo.bag-end.com bilbo + 192.168.0.1 bilbo.bag-end.com bilbo @@ -4208,7 +4250,7 @@ And make sure that either the /etc/host.conf or /etc/resolv.conf file contains the line: -order hosts,bind + order hosts,bind Caution: Do not change the @@ -4270,8 +4312,8 @@ in this directory (or a subdirectory), and one called localtime. For example: -ln -sf US/Mountain localtime -ln -sf localtime posixrules + $ ln -sf US/Mountain localtime + $ ln -sf localtime posixrules This change will take effect immediately--try date. @@ -4354,37 +4396,38 @@ secondary Domain Name Server IP addresses in the notation, with the nameserver label. For example: -order hosts,bind -nameserver 199.182.101.103 -nameserver 199.182.101.104 + order hosts,bind + nameserver 196.182.101.103 + nameserver 196.182.101.104 -This tells your networking software, when it resolves network -domain addresses, to first look in the -/etc/hosts file, and then -use the bind service; i.e., the DNS servers, which are specified -on the lines that begin with nameserver. - - -Locate the chat script that PPP will use to dial the modem and -connect to your ISP. In many systems, this is either in the -/etc/chatscripts or -/etc/ppp directory, and will be called -provider or something similar. -You can store a chat script -anywhere, provided that you tell pppd to use it rather -than the default script. Refer to the chat and -pppd manual pages, and the information below, for details. -Here is a sample chat script: +The nameserver addresses in the example above are examples only. They +don't correspond to actual network hosts. + + +The first line, order hosts,bind, tells your +networking software, when it resolves network domain addresses, to +first look in the /etc/hosts file, and then use +the bind service; i.e., the DNS servers, which are specified on the +lines that begin with nameserver. +Locate the chat script that PPP will use to dial the modem and connect +to your ISP. In many systems, this is either in the +/etc/chatscripts or /etc/ppp +directory, and will be called provider or +something similar. You can store a chat script +anywhere, provided that you tell pppd to use it +rather than the default script. Refer to the chat +and pppd manual pages, and the information below, +for details. Here is a sample chat script: -ABORT BUSY -ABORT "NO CARRIER" -ABORT VOICE -ABORT "NO DIALTONE" -"" ATDT<your_isp's_phone_number> -ogin <your_user_name> -word <your_password> + ABORT BUSY + ABORT "NO CARRIER" + ABORT VOICE + ABORT "NO DIALTONE" + "" ATDT<your_isp's_phone_number> + ogin <your_user_name> + word <your_password> This is a chat @@ -4420,15 +4463,15 @@ generally.) Here is a sample /etc/ppp/options file: -# /etc/ppp/options + # /etc/ppp/options -asyncmap 0 -auth -crtscts -lock -noipx + asyncmap 0 + auth + crtscts + lock + noipx -# ---<End of File>--- + # ---<End of File>--- The options may be given on one line or each on a separate line. @@ -4452,12 +4495,12 @@ of the default provider file: -noauth -connect "/usr/sbin/chat -v -f /etc/chatscripts/provider" -defaultroute -/dev/ttyS1 -38400 -persist + noauth + connect "/usr/sbin/chat -v -f /etc/chatscripts/provider" + defaultroute + /dev/ttyS1 + 38400 + persist There might be an explanation of these and other options in the @@ -4485,7 +4528,7 @@ stop PPP, there are often /usr/bin/pon and and only contain the command: -/usr/sbin/pppd call ${1:-provider} + $ /usr/sbin/pppd call ${1:-provider} This will start pppd and use the @@ -4508,7 +4551,7 @@ pppd logs the connection's status information. To do this, use the command (again, as root): -tail -f /var/log/ppp.log + $ tail -f /var/log/ppp.log On some systems the PPP output is directed to @@ -4550,7 +4593,7 @@ What Version of Linux and What Machine Name Am I Using? Type: -uname -a + $ uname -a @@ -4572,7 +4615,7 @@ If would like to determine what program a core file came from, use the -file core + $ file core @@ -4641,13 +4684,13 @@ targets. Don't forget that you can specify multiple targets with one command. -make clean dep install modules modules_install + $ make clean dep install modules modules_install Also remember to update the module dependencies. -depmod -a + $ depmod -a This command can be run automatically at boot time. On Debian/GNU @@ -4673,7 +4716,7 @@ Makefile in some kernels have a special zlilo target for this; try: -make zlilo + $ make zlilo On current systems, however, you can simply copy the @@ -4721,157 +4764,6 @@ possible solutions and workarounds for this problem. - -How Do I Update (For Example) the System's Perl Documentation? - -Because program source and documentation files accumulate on machines -that have been in operation for a long time (like McGee's closet), -it's a good idea to get acquainted with the ``*nix way of doing -things'' (TM) to make sure that you know what's on your system. In -short, let the computer do it for you in the background. - - -The following bash shell script uses the -programs find, egrep, and -sed -to search directory hierarchies for the text string -=head1, which -signals the start of a Perl POD (Plain Old Documentation) module. It -then constructs and executes a shell script to generate the formatted -documentation from those files. - - -The programs that do the actual formatting are pod2man -and pod2text. -They are Perl scripts that call Perl library modules. The programs -pod2latex and pod2html -can also be added to the script, if they're -present on the system. Place the shell script below in a file called -makepods, and then make the file executable with the shell -command: - - -chmod +x makepods - - -Then you should be able to execute it in the current directory with -the command: - - -./makepods - - - -snip here -................................................................... -#!/bin/sh -rm -f /tmp/find.tmp -# -# makepods (C) 1999 by Robert Kiesling -# This program is free software; it is distributed under the -# terms of the GNU General Public License, available at -# http://www.gnu.org/. This software comes with no warranty, -# and the author disclaims any responsibility for its (mis)use -# on your system. -# -# WARNING: -# This program can overwrite Perl library files if you are not -# careful! You have been warned! -# -# End of legal. -# Now back to the program: -# -# List of the top-level directories that you want to search, -# separated by spaces: -# -directories='/usr /var' -# -# Extension that the formatted output files should have. -ext="txt" -# -# Program that does the actual formatting. Possible values are -# "pod2man" and "pod2text." Your system may have others... -# -converter="pod2text" -# -# Generate a list of files in the 'directories' hierarchy(s) -# that contain the POD format string '=head1'. -# -for i in $directories ; do - find $i -type f -exec grep -l '=head1' {} \; >/tmp/find.tmp -done -# -# Remove from the list the files we're not interested in; -# e.g., man pages, html pages, vim and Emacs scripts.... -# -egrep -v -E '*\.([1-9]|html|vim|el?)' /tmp/find.tmp >/tmp/eg1.tmp -# -# Generate a shell script from the commands, so that stdout is in -# the current directory. In this example, pod2man and pod2text are -# the commands used to format each input file from the list generated -# above, and the output files are given the extension defined by the -# variable "ext." -# -if [ $converter = "pod2man" ] ; then -sed -e "s/^/$converter --section=$ext /g" \ - -e "s^\(/.*\)^\1 >\1^g" \ - -e "s^>/.*/\([^\.]*\).*$^>\1.$ext^g" </tmp/eg1.tmp >/tmp/sed1.tmp -fi -if [ $converter = "pod2text" ] ; then -sed -e "s/^/$converter /g" \ - -e "s^\(/.*\)^\1 >\1^g" \ - -e "s^>/.*/\([^\.]*\).*$^>\1.$ext^g" </tmp/eg1.tmp >/tmp/sed1.tmp -fi - -# Run the script that we've constructed. -sh /tmp/sed1.tmp - -# -# Now we're done. Clean up after ourselves. -# -rm /tmp/find.tmp /tmp/eg1.tmp /tmp/sed1.tmp - -# End of makepods script - -.................................................................... - - - -Because the shell script searches entire directory hierarchies, it may -take a while to run. - - -If you're the system administrator, the shell script can be made part -of a cron job to be run weekly, monthly, or at some other interval, -and inform you by E-mail of any errors that occurred. If the -makepods -script is in /usr/local/sbin/, for example, -and you want the formatted -documentation to be saved in a subdirectory of -/usr/local/doc/, then -the following shell script can be called by cron if you save it (on -this system) in /etc/cron.d/Weekly/: - - - -#!/bin/sh -cd /usr/local/doc/perl/formatted-pods -/usr/local/sbin/makepods 2>/tmp/mpds.err -mail -s 'Error output of makepod ' root </tmp/mpds.err -rm -f /tmp/mpds.err - - - -Remember to run chmod +x to make this -shell script executable as well. -This is an example only; it is not the only way that cron jobs can be -configured. Please consult your local documentation, YMMV (your -mileage may vary), the author assumes no responsibility for its use, -misuse, or abuse, etc. - - - - How Do I Configure Emacs to Start with My Default Settings? @@ -4942,7 +4834,7 @@ other FAQ's are there for Linux? ). - + How Do I Make a Rescue Floppy? @@ -4961,7 +4853,7 @@ See the Bootdisk HOWTO. - + How Do I Remap My Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.? @@ -4985,7 +4877,7 @@ Console HOWTO, by Andries Brouwer, at - + How Do I Get NUM LOCK to Default to On? @@ -5013,7 +4905,7 @@ to be defined to (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) when compiling - + How Do I Set (Or Reset) My Initial Terminal Colors? @@ -5053,7 +4945,7 @@ exec /sbin/mingetty $@ - + How Can I Have More Than 128Mb of Swap? @@ -5145,11 +5037,11 @@ is ELF you can pick a representative program, like --chiark:~> file /bin/ls -/bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped + -chiark:~> file /bin/ls + /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped -valour:~> file /bin/ls -/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped + valour:~> file /bin/ls + /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped @@ -5177,7 +5069,7 @@ For distributions that use RPM format packages, use the command: -# rpm -qa + $ rpm -qa @@ -5186,7 +5078,7 @@ file for future reference, a command like: -# rpm -qa >installed-packages + $ rpm -qa >installed-packages @@ -5194,7 +5086,7 @@ For Debian systems, the equivalent command is: -# dpkg -l + $ dpkg -l @@ -5276,7 +5168,7 @@ floppy disk drive. -VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0 + VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0 @@ -5299,162 +5191,200 @@ calibration, used for very short delay loops by some device drivers. According to the BogoMips mini-HOWTO, the rating for your machine will be: + -Common BogoMips Ratings - - - - - - - - -System -BogoMips -Comparison - - - - -Intel 8088 -clock * 0.004 -0.02 - - -Intel/AMD 386SX -clock * 0.14 -0.8 - - -Intel/AMD 386DX -clock * 0.18 -1 (definition) - - -Motorola 68030 -clock * 0.25 -1.4 - - -Cyrix/IBM 486 -clock * 0.34 -1.8 - - -Intel Pentium -clock * 0.40 -2.2 - - -Intel 486 -clock * 0.50 -2.8 - - -AMD 5x86 -clock * 0.50 -2.8 - - -Mips R4000/R4400 -clock * 0.50 -2.8 - - -Nexgen Nx586 -clock * 0.75 -4.2 - - -PowerPC 601 -clock * 0.84 -4.7 - - -Alpha 21064/21064A -clock * 0.99 -5.5 - - -Alpha 21066/21066A -clock * 0.99 -5.5 - - -Alpha 21164/21164A -clock * 0.99 -5.5 - - -Intel Pentium Pro -clock * 0.99 -5.5 - - -Cyrix 5x86/6x86 -clock * 1.00 -5.6 - - -Intel Pentium II/III -clock * 1.00 -5.6 - - -Intel Celeron -clock * 1.00 -5.6 - - -Mips R4600 -clock * 1.00 -5.6 - - -Alpha 21264 -clock * 1.99 -11.1 - - -AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-III -clock * 2.00 -11.1 - - -UltraSparc II -clock * 2.00 -11.1 - - -Pentium MMX -clock * 2.00 -11.1 - - -PowerPC 604/604e/750 -clock * 2.00 -11.1 - - -Motorola 68060 -clock * 2.01 -11.2 - - -Motorola 68040 -Not enough data (yet). - - -AMD Athlon -Not enough data (yet). - - -IBM S390 -Not enough data (yet). - - - -
+ + Common BogoMips Ratings + + Processor BogoMips Comparison + --------- -------- ---------- + Intel 8088 clock * 0.004 0.02 + Intel/AMD 386SX clock * 0.14 0.8 + Intel/AMD 386DX clock * 0.18 1 (definition) + Motorola 68030 clock * 0.25 1.4 + Cyrix/IBM 486 clock * 0.34 1.8 + Intel Pentium clock * 0.40 2.2 + Intel 486 clock * 0.50 2.8 + AMD 5x86 clock * 0.50 2.8 + Mips R4000/R4400 clock * 0.50 2.8 + Nexgen Nx586 clock * 0.75 4.2 + PowerPC 601 clock * 0.84 4.7 + Alpha 21064/21064A clock * 0.99 5.5 + Alpha 21066/21066A clock * 0.99 5.5 + Alpha 21164/21164A clock * 0.99 5.5 + Intel Pentium Pro clock * 0.99 5.5 + Cyrix 5x86/6x86 clock * 1.00 5.6 + Intel Pentium II/III clock * 1.00 5.6 + Intel Celeron clock * 1.00 5.6 + Mips R4600 clock * 1.00 5.6 + Alpha 21264 clock * 1.99 11.1 + AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-III clock * 2.00 11.1 + UltraSparc II clock * 2.00 11.1 + Pentium MMX clock * 2.00 11.1 + PowerPC 604/604e/750 clock * 2.00 11.1 + Motorola 68060 clock * 2.01 11.2 + Motorola 68040 Not enough data (yet). + AMD Athlon Not enough data (yet). + IBM S390 Not enough data (yet). + If the number is wildly lower, you may have the Turbo button or CPU @@ -5595,7 +5525,7 @@ If you have a sound card or the PC-speaker audio driver you can hear them by typing -cat english.au >/dev/audio + $ cat english.au >/dev/audio The difference isn't in the pronunciation of Linux but in the language @@ -5611,20 +5541,6 @@ much shorter version of the French ``eu'' sound in ``peur'' - -Where Is the Linux Food Page? - -It's at - -http://members.xoom.com/gnulix_guy/geek-gourmet/. -It contains recipes for dishes like Fusili Chicken Marinara, Speedy -Guacamole, and Idiot-proof pilaf, as well as hints for cooking things -in a hurry. At the time of this writing, no recipes for penguin, -though. - - - - Where Can I Find Out about Free Software Projects? @@ -5656,7 +5572,7 @@ module, add the following to the /etc/modules.conf or file, whichever is present on your system. -alias <module-name> off + $ alias <module-name> off And use the name of the module that appears in the error message. @@ -5676,33 +5592,33 @@ must edit /etc/termcap to change the line reading: -console|con80x25:\ + console|con80x25:\ to -linux|console|con80x25:\ + linux|console|con80x25:\ (there may be an additional ``dumb'' in there--if so it should be removed.) -To get the editor to work you may need say +To get the editor to work you may need type: -TERM=console + $ TERM=console (for bash and ksh), or -setenv TERM console + $ setenv TERM console - + for csh or tcsh. - + Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap. For these @@ -5717,7 +5633,7 @@ to a generic value from the command line: -# TERM="xterm"; export TERM + $ TERM="xterm"; export TERM @@ -5831,7 +5747,7 @@ No Utmp Entry. You Must Exec ... when Logging in. Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up. You should have -> /var/run/utmp + /var/run/utmp in your /etc/rc.local or @@ -5901,7 +5817,7 @@ NB: don't try to check a file system that's mounted read/write--this includes the root partition if you don't see -VFS: mounted root ... read-only + VFS: mounted root ... read-only at boot time. You must arrange to mount the root file system read/only @@ -5961,7 +5877,7 @@ be emptied or deleted at boot time (in using something like -rm -f /etc/mtab* + $ rm -f /etc/mtab* Some old Linux distributions have an entry for the root partition in @@ -5975,7 +5891,7 @@ Some old distributions also have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like: -/dev/sdb1 /root ext2 defaults + /dev/sdb1 /root ext2 defaults The entry for /root should read simply @@ -6151,6 +6067,26 @@ in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a funny way). + + + +``<literal>Operation not permitted</literal>.'' + +One or more of the file's or directory's attribute bits are set +incorrectly. If the ``I'' bit is set, for +example, you won't be able to change file permissions with +chmod. + + +The solution is to use lsattr to display file and +directory attributes, and chattr to set and unset +them. The programs' documentation is contained in their manual pages. + + +[Paul Campbell] + + + @@ -6620,7 +6556,7 @@ E-mail, send the following in the body of an E-mail message to mailto:mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu: -send faqs/linux/faq + send faqs/linux/faq Text, HTML, and SGML versions are available from the