LDP
/
LDP
mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
0
1
Fork 0
Code Releases Activity

More consolidation. 

Binh.
This commit is contained in:
binh 2005-02-18 11:04:44 +00:00
parent c72249d0d6
commit 14df4d2974
1 changed files with 71 additions and 98 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

169
LDP/guide/docbook/Linux-Networking/Glossary.xml
View File

@ -29,124 +29,97 @@ CLI
application in which the user responds to a visual prompt by typing in a command on a application in which the user responds to a visual prompt by typing in a command on a
specified line, receives a response back from the system, and then enters another command, specified line, receives a response back from the system, and then enters another command,
and so forth. The MS-DOS Prompt application in a Windows operating system is an example of and so forth. The MS-DOS Prompt application in a Windows operating system is an example of
the provision of a command line interface. Today, most users prefer the graphical user interface the provision of a command line interface. Today, most users prefer the graphical user
(GUI) offered by Windows, Mac OS, BeOS, and others. Typically, most of today's Unix-based systems interface (GUI) offered by Windows, Mac OS, BeOS, and others. Typically, most of today's
offer both a command line interface and a graphical user interface. Unix-based systems offer both a command line interface and a graphical user interface.
core
A core file is created when a program terminates unexpectedly, due to a bug, or a violation of
the operating system's or hardware's protection mechanisms. The operating system kills the
program and creates a core file that programmers can use to figure out what went wrong. It
contains a detailed description of the state that the program was in when it died. If would
like to determine what program a core file came from, use the file command, like this: $ file core
That will tell you the name of the program that produced the core dump. You may want to write
the maintainer(s) of the program, telling them that their program dumped core. To Enable or
Disable Core Dumps you must use the ulimit command in bash, the limit command in tcsh, or the
rlimit command in ksh. See the appropriate manual page for details. This setting affects all
programs run from the shell (directly or indirectly), not the whole system. If you wish to enable
or disable core dumping for all processes by default, you can change the default setting in
/usr/include/linux/sched.h. Refer to definition of INIT_TASK, and look also in
/usr/include/linux/resource.h. PAM support optimizes the system's environment, including the amount
of memory a user is allowed. In some distributions this parameter is configurable in the
/etc/security/limits.conf file. For more information, refer to the Linux Administrator's Security Guide.
daemon daemon
A process lurking in the background, usually unnoticed, until something triggers it into action. A process lurking in the background, usually unnoticed, until something triggers it into
For example, the \cmd{update} daemon wakes up every thirty seconds or so to flush the buffer cache, action. For example, the \cmd{update} daemon wakes up every thirty seconds or so to
and the \cmd{sendmail} daemon awakes whenever someone sends mail. flush the buffer cache, and the \cmd{sendmail} daemon awakes whenever someone sends mail.
DARPA DARPA
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is the central research and development organization The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is the central research and development
for the Department of Defense (DoD). It manages and directs selected basic and applied research organization for the Department of Defense (DoD). It manages and directs selected basic
and development projects for DoD, and pursues research and technology where risk and payoff are and applied research and development projects for DoD, and pursues research and
both very high and where success may provide dramatic advances for traditional military roles and technology where risk and payoff are both very high and where success may provide
missions. dramatic advances for traditional military roles and missions.
DHCP DHCP
Dynamic Host Control Protocol, is a protocol like BOOTP (actually dhcpd includes much of the Dynamic Host Control Protocol, is a protocol like BOOTP (actually dhcpd includes much
functionality of BOOTPD). It assigns IP addresses to clients based on lease times. DHCP is used of the functionality of BOOTPD). It assigns IP addresses to clients based on lease times.
extensively by Microsoft and more recently also by Apple. It is probably essential in any DHCP is used extensively by Microsoft and more recently also by Apple. It is probably
multi-platform environment. essential in any multi-platform environment.
DNS DNS
Domain Name System translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS implements a Domain Name System translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS
distributed database to store name and address information for all public hosts on the Net. implements a distributed database to store name and address information for all
DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (i.e., are statically assigned rather than dynamically public hosts on the Net. DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (i.e., are
assigned). The DNS database resides on a hierarchy of special-purpose servers. When visiting a statically assigned rather than dynamically assigned). The DNS database resides
Web site or other device on the Net, a piece of software called the DNS resolver (usually built on a hierarchy of special-purpose servers. When visiting a Web site or other device
on the Net, a piece of software called the DNS resolver (usually built
into the network operating system) first contacts a DNS server to determine the server's IP into the network operating system) first contacts a DNS server to determine the server's IP
address. If the DNS server does not contain the needed mapping, it will in turn forward the address. If the DNS server does not contain the needed mapping, it will in turn forward the
request to a DNS server at the next higher level in the hierarchy. After potentially several request to a DNS server at the next higher level in the hierarchy. After potentially several
forwarding and delegation messages are sent within the DNS hierarchy, the IP address for the forwarding and delegation messages are sent within the DNS hierarchy, the IP address for the
given host eventually is delivered to the resolver. DNS also includes support for caching requests given host eventually is delivered to the resolver. DNS also includes support for caching
and for redundancy. Most network operating systems allow one to enter the IP addresses of requests and for redundancy. Most network operating systems allow one to enter the
primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS servers, each of which can service initial requests from IP addresses of primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS servers, each of which can service
clients. Many ISPs maintain their own DNS servers and use DHCP to automatically assign the initial requests from clients. Many ISPs maintain their own DNS servers and use DHCP
addresses of these servers to dial-in clients, so most home users need not be aware of the to automatically assign the addresses of these servers to dial-in clients, so most
details behind DNS configuration. Registered domain names and addresses must be renewed home users need not be aware of the details behind DNS configuration. Registered
periodically, and should a dispute occur between two parties over ownership of a given name, domain names and addresses must be renewed periodically, and should a dispute occur
such as in trademarking, ICANN's Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy can be invoked. between two parties over ownership of a given name, such as in trademarking, ICANN's
Also known as Domain Name System, Domain Name Service, Domain Name Server. Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy can be invoked. Also known as Domain
Name System, Domain Name Service, Domain Name Server.
environment variable environment variable
A variable that is available to any program that is started by the shell. A variable that is available to any program that is started by the shell.
ESD
Enlightened Sound Daemon. This program is designed to mix together several digitized audio streams
for playback by a single device.
filesystem
The methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a
disk or partition; the way the files are organized on the disk. Also used to describe a
partition or disk that is used to store the files or the type of the filesystem.
FSSTND
Often the group, which creates the Linux File System Structure document, or the document itself,
is referred to as the 'FSSTND'. This is short for "file system standard". This document has
helped to standardize the layout of file systems on Linux systems everywhere. Since the original
release of the standard, most distributors have adopted it in whole or in part, much to the benefit
of all Linux users.
GUI GUI
Graphical User Interface. The use of pictures rather than just words to represent the input and Graphical User Interface. The use of pictures rather than just words to represent the input and output of a program. A program with a GUI runs under some windowing system (e.g.
output of a program. A program with a GUI runs under some windowing system (e.g. The X Window The X Window System, Microsoft Windows, Acorn RISC OS, NEXTSTEP). The program displays
System, Microsoft Windows, Acorn RISC OS, NEXTSTEP). The program displays certain icons, buttons, certain icons, buttons, dialogue boxes etc. in its windows on the screen and the user
dialogue boxes etc. in its windows on the screen and the user controls it mainly by moving a pointer controls it mainly by moving a pointer on the screen (typically controlled by a mouse) and
on the screen (typically controlled by a mouse) and selecting certain objects by pressing buttons selecting certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse while the pointer is pointing
on the mouse while the pointer is pointing at them. Though Apple Computer would like to claim they at them. Though Apple Computer would like to claim they invented the GUI with their
invented the GUI with their Macintosh operating system, the concept originated in the early 1970s Macintosh operating system, the concept originated in the early 1970s at Xerox's PARC
at Xerox's PARC laboratory. laboratory.
hard link hard link
A directory entry, which maps a filename to an inode, number. A file may have multiple names or A directory entry, which maps a filename to an inode, number. A file may have multiple
hard links. The link count gives the number of names by which a file is accessible. Hard links names or hard links. The link count gives the number of names by which a file is
do not allow multiple names for directories and do not allow multiple names in different filesystems. accessible. Hard links do not allow multiple names for directories and do not allow
multiple names in different filesystems.
init init
'init' process is the first user level process started by the kernel. init has many important 'init' process is the first user level process started by the kernel. init has many
duties, such as starting getty (so that users can log in), implementing run levels, and taking important duties, such as starting getty (so that users can log in), implementing
care of orphaned processes. This chapter explains how init is configured and how you can make run levels, and taking care of orphaned processes. This chapter explains how init
use of the different run levels. init is one of those programs that are absolutely essential to is configured and how you can make use of the different run levels. init is one of
the operation of a Linux system, but that you still can mostly ignore. Usually, you only need those programs that are absolutely essential to the operation of a Linux system,
to worry about init if you hook up serial terminals, dial-in (not dial-out) modems, or if you but that you still can mostly ignore. Usually, you only need to worry about init
want to change the default run level. When the kernel has started (has been loaded into memory, if you hook up serial terminals, dial-in (not dial-out) modems, or if you want to
has started running, and has initialized all device drivers and data structures and such), it change the default run level. When the kernel has started (has been loaded into memory,
finishes its own part of the boot process by starting a user level program, init. Thus, init has started running, and has initialized all device drivers and data structures and
is always the first process (its process number is always 1). The kernel looks for init in a such), it finishes its own part of the boot process by starting a user level program,
few locations that have been historically used for it, but the proper location for it is init. Thus, init is always the first process (its process number is always 1). The
/sbin/init. If the kernel can't find init, it tries to run /bin/sh, and if that also fails, kernel looks for init in a few locations that have been historically used for it,
the startup of the system fails. When init starts, it completes the boot process by doing a but the proper location for it is /sbin/init. If the kernel can't find init, it
number of administrative tasks, such as checking filesystems, cleaning up /tmp, starting various tries to run /bin/sh, and if that also fails, the startup of the system fails.
services, and starting a getty for each terminal and virtual console where users should be able When init starts, it completes the boot process by doing a number of administrative
to log in. After the system is properly up, init restarts getty for each terminal after a user tasks, such as checking filesystems, cleaning up /tmp, starting various services,
has logged out (so that the next user can log in). init also adopts orphan processes: when a and starting a getty for each terminal and virtual console where users should be able
process starts a child process and dies before its child, the child immediately becomes a child to log in. After the system is properly up, init restarts getty for each terminal
of init. This is important for various technical reasons, but it is good to know it, since it after a user has logged out (so that the next user can log in). init also adopts
makes it easier to understand process lists and process tree graphs. init itself is not allowed orphan processes: when a process starts a child process and dies before its child,
to die. You can't kill init even with SIGKILL. There are a few variants of init available. Most the child immediately becomes a child of init. This is important for various
Linux distributions use sysvinit (written by Miquel van Smoorenburg), which is based on the technical reasons, but it is good to know it, since it makes it easier to understand
System V init design. The BSD versions of Unix have a different init. The primary difference is process lists and process tree graphs. init itself is not allowed to die. You can't
run levels: System V has them, BSD doesn't. kill init even with SIGKILL. There are a few variants of init available. Most
Linux distributions use sysvinit (written by Miquel van Smoorenburg), which is based
on the System V init design. The BSD versions of Unix have a different init. The
primary difference is run levels: System V has them, BSD doesn't.
inode inode
An inode is the address of a disk block. When you see the inode information through ls, ls An inode is the address of a disk block. When you see the inode information through ls, ls