mirror of https://github.com/tLDP/LDP
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<title>Linux User Group HOWTO
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<author><url name="Rick Moen" url="mailto:%20rick@linuxmafia.com%20"></author>
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<date>v1.7.1, 2003-10-14
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<date>v1.7.2, 2003-10-22
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<abstract>
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The Linux User Group HOWTO is a guide to founding, maintaining, and
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@ -27,29 +27,105 @@ developed on the i386 and now supports a huge range of processors from
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tiny to colossal:
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<itemize>
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<item><bf>PDA/embedded/router:</bf> Hitachi H8 series, Motorola
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Dragonball, Motorola ColdFire family, Motorola QUICC,
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Motorola MPC family, Axis Communications ETRAX, Intel i960,
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NEC V850E, NEC VR series, MediaGX, STPC, Hitachi SH3/SH4
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"SuperH", Intel ARM/StrongARM, Intel Xscale family, AMD
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Elan SC520 and SC300, ZF Micro ZFx86, Samsung ARM7, Toshiba
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TMPR3912AU, Cirrus EP7211, and PRISMA
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embedded/microcontroller/PDA machines, as well as Cisco 2500,
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3000, and 4000 series routers.</item>
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<item><bf>IA32:</bf> i386, i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
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Pentium III, Xeon, and Pentium IV processors, as well as
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IA32 clones from AMD, Cyrix, VIA, IDT, Winchip, NexGen,
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Transmeta, VIA C3 Ezra "CentaurHauls", and others.</item>
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<item><bf>Other micro:</bf> Most PowerPC/PowerMac and G3/G4/G5, and
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the Motorola 68020-68040 series on Mac/Amiga/Atari ST.</item>
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<item><bf>IA64 and similar:</bf> AMD x86-64 "Hammer" family (including
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AMD Opteron), and Intel IA64/Itanium/Itanium2.</item>
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<item><bf>RISC workstations:</bf> Most MIPS, DEC Alpha, PA-RISC, and
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SPARC.</item>
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<item><bf>Mainframes:</bf> IBM S/390 and Fujitsu AP1000+.</item>
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<item><bf>Diverse <url name="PDA/embedded/microcontroller/router"
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url="http://www.uclinux.org/ports/"> devices:</bf>
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<url name="Hitachi H8 series"
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url="http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/ports/h8/">,
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<url name="Motorola Dragonball"
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url="http://www.linuxdevices.com/products/PD5338609592.html">,
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<url name="Motorola ColdFire family"
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url="http://www.uclinux.org/ports/coldfire/">,
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<url name="Motorola mc68360 QUICC"
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url="http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/ports/mc68360/README.html">,
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<url name="Axis Communications ETRAX"
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url="http://developer.axis.com/software/">,
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Intel i960,
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<url name="NEC V850E"
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url="http://www.ee.nec.de/_uclinux/">,
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<url name="NEC VR series (MIPS)"
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url="http://www.linux-vr.org/">,
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Cyrix MediaGX (x86 core),
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<url name="STMicroelectronics STPC (x86 core)"
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url="http://www.stmcu.com/forums-cat-132-6.html">,
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ZF Micro ZFx86 (x86 core),
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Hitachi SH3/SH4 (SuperH:
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<url name="link1" url="http://www.superhlinux.com/">
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<url name="link2" url="http://linuxsh.sourceforge.net/">),
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<url name="Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. ARM family"
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url="http://www.arm.uk.linux.org/">
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(StrongARM, XScale, ARM6, ARM7, ARM2, ARM250, ARM3i, ARM610,
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ARM710, ARM720T, ARM920T),
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Elan SC520 and SC300,
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Toshiba TMPR3912AU (MIPS),
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<url name="embedded Motorola PowerPC (including MPC family)"
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url="http://penguinppc.org/embedded/hardware/">,
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Motorola 68020-68040 -based VME boards and
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<url name="ISICAD Prisma"
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url="http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/way/fr30/"> machines,
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as well as Cisco 2500, 3000, and 4000 series routers.</item>
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<item><bf>IA32 family:</bf> i386, i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro,
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Pentium II, Pentium III, Xeon, and Pentium IV processors,
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as well as IA32 clones from AMD, Cyrix, VIA, IDT, Winchip,
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NexGen, Transmeta, VIA C3 Ezra "CentaurHauls", and others.</item>
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<item><bf>Motorola/IBM <url name="PowerPC family"
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url="http://linuxppc64.org/">:</bf> Most
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<url name="PowerMac (including G3/G4/G5)"
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url="http://penguinppc.org/dev/pmac/"> /
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<url name="CHRP" url="http://penguinppc.org/dev/chrp/"> /
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<url name="PReP" url="http://penguinppc.org/dev/prep/"> /
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<url name="POP" url="http://penguinppc.org/dev/pop/">,
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<url name="PowerUP Amiga"
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url="http://linux-apus.sourceforge.net/">,
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and <url name="IBM PPC64 (AS/400, RS/6000"
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url="http://linuxppc64.org/">).</item>
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<item><bf>Digital <url name="VAX minicomputers and MicroVAXen"
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url="http://linux-vax.sourceforge.net/"></bf>.</item>
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<item><bf>Intel <url name="8086/80286"
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url="http://elks.sourceforge.net/"></bf>.</item>
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<item><bf>Motorola <url name="68020-68040 series"
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url="http://www.linux-m68k.org/"></bf>:
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<url name="m68k Mac" url="http://www.mac.linux-m68k.org/">,
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Amiga, Atari ST/TT/Medusa/Falcon, HP/Apollo Domain,
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<url name="HP9000/300"
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url="http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/linux-hp/">,
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<url name="sun3" url="http://sun3.sammy.net/sun3/">, and
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<url name="Sinclair Q40"
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url="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bay/2602/q40.html">.
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</item>
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<item><bf>IA64 and similar:</bf>
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<url name="AMD x86-64 Hammer family"
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url="http://www.x86-64.org/downloads"> (including
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AMD Opteron), and
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<url name="Intel/HP IA64/Trillian/Itanium/Itanium2"
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url="http://www.linuxia64.org/">.</item>
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<item><bf>Other RISC workstations:</bf> Most
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<url name="MIPS" url="http://www.linux-mips.org/">
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(SGI, Cobalt Qube,
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<url name="DECStation" url="http://decstation.unix-ag.org/">,
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<url name="Sony PlayStation2"
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url="http://playstation2-linux.com/">),
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<url name="DEC Alpha" url="http://www.alphalinux.org/">,
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<url name="PA-RISC" url="http://www.parisc-linux.org/">, and
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<url name="SPARC32 / SPARC64" url="http://www.ultralinux.org/">.
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</item>
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<item><bf>Mainframes:</bf> <url name="IBM S/390 / zSeries"
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url="http://www10.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/linux390/index.shtml"> and <url name="Fujitsu AP1000+ (SuperSPARC cluster)" url="http://cap.anu.edu.au/cap/projects/linux/">.</item>
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</itemize>
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Note that some items listed were probably one-time forks, little or not
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at all maintained since creation. On some of the rarer architectures,
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<url name="NetBSD" url="http://www.netbsd.org/"> may be more practical.
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If seriously interested in the subject of Linux ports, please see also
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<url name="Xose Vazquez Perez's Linux ports page"
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url="http://www.cyut.edu.tw/~ckhung/l/linux_ports.html">, if only because
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hardware support is more complex than just generic CPU functionality,
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encompassing support for myriad bus variations and other subtle hardware
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issues (especially for
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<url name="Linux PDA/embedded/microcontroller/router ports"
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url="http://www.linuxdevices.com/">).
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The above list aims mostly to generally illustrate the breadth of
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Linux's reach.
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<sect1>Other sources of information
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<p>
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@ -142,7 +218,10 @@ Linux's ability to be lawfully copied at will.
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(Caveat: A few Linux distributions bundle Linux with proprietary
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software packages whose terms don't permit public redistribution.
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Check licence terms, if in doubt.)
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Check licence terms, if in doubt. Offers or requests to copy
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distribution-restricted proprietary software of any sort should be
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heavily discouraged anywhere in LUGs, and declared off-topic for all
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Linux user group on-line forums, for legal reasons.)
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<sect1>Summary
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<p>
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@ -169,8 +248,9 @@ rather than founding one.</it>
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As of mid-2003, there are LUGs in all 50 US states plus the District of
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Columbia, nine of Canada's ten provinces, all six of Australia's states
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plus the Australian Capital Territory, and over 100 other countries,
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including India, Russia, China, and most of Western and Eastern Europe.
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plus the Australian Capital Territory, in 76 locations in India, and
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over 100 other countries, including Russia, China, and most of Western
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and Eastern Europe.
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<itemize>
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<item><url name="Groups of Linux Users Everywhere (GLUE)" url="http://www.ssc.com:8080/glue/groups/"></item>
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@ -182,6 +262,7 @@ including India, Russia, China, and most of Western and Eastern Europe.
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<item><url name="LUG Webring" url="http://nlug.org/webring/"></item>
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<item><url name="CLUE: the Canadian Linux Users' Exchange" url="http://www.linux.ca/"></item>
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<item><url name="Linux Australia" url="http://www.linux.org.au/"></item>
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<item><url name="LUGs in India" url="http://nt.linuxforu.com/lfyusergroup/lfyusergroup.asp"></item>
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</itemize>
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<p>
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@ -456,7 +537,8 @@ url="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"> and <url name="Linux Gazette"
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url="http://www.linuxgazette.com/"> (on-line). More recently, they've
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been joined by <url name="Linux Format" url="http://www.linuxformat.co.uk/">,
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<url name="LinuxUser and Developer" url="http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/">,
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and <url name="Linux Magazine" url="http://linux-magazine.com/">.
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<url name="Linux Magazine" url="http://linux-magazine.com/">,
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and <url name="Linux For You" url="http://www.linuxforu.com/">.
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Standout on-line magazines with weekly or better publication cycles
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include <url name="Linux Weekly News" url="http://lwn.net/">,
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@ -1017,7 +1099,7 @@ There are several organisations offering assistance to LUGs.
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<item>Archive everything the LUG does for the Web site.</item>
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<item>Solicit "door prizes" from Linux vendors, VARs, etc. to give away at meetings.</item>
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<item>Give credit where due.</item>
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<item>Join SSC's GLUE (Groups of Linux Users Everywhere), but be aware they charge a membership fee.</item>
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<item>Join SSC's GLUE (Groups of Linux Users Everywhere).</item>
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<item>Submit your LUG's information to all the LUG lists.</item>
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<item>Publicise your meetings on appropriate Usenet groups and in local computer publications and newspapers.</item>
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<item>Compose promotional materials, like Postscript files, for instance, members can use to help publicise the LUG at workplaces, bookstores, computer stores, etc.</item>
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@ -1036,7 +1118,7 @@ There are several organisations offering assistance to LUGs.
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<sect>Legal and political issues
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<p>
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<sect1>Legal issues
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<sect1>Organisational legal issues
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<p>
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The case for formal LUG organisation can be debated:
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@ -1128,6 +1210,28 @@ Correspondent <htmlurl name="Thomas Kappler" url="Thomas.Kappler@stud.uni-karlsr
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is a bit complicated, but comprehensively covered at <url
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name="http://www.wegweiser-buergergesellschaft.de/praxishilfen/arbeit_im_verein/vereinsrecht/vereinsgruendung_1.php" url="http://www.wegweiser-buergergesellschaft.de/praxishilfen/arbeit_im_verein/vereinsrecht/vereinsgruendung_1.php">.
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<sect1>Other legal issues
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<p>
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<sect2>Bootlegging
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<p>
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As a reminder, it's vital that offers or requests to copy
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distribution-restricted proprietary software of any sort be heavily
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discouraged anywhere in LUGs, and banned as off-topic from all Linux user
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group on-line forums. This is not generally even an issue -- much less
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so than among proprietary-OS users -- but (e.g.) one LUG of my
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acquaintance briefly used a single LUG-owned copy of PowerQuest's
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Partition Magic on all NTFS-formatted machines brought to its
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installfests for dual-boot Linux installation, on a very dubious theory
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of legality.
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If it smells unlawful, it almost certainly is. Beware.
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<sect2>Antitrust
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<p>
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It's healthy to discuss the Linux consulting business in general in user
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group forums, but for antitrst legal reasons it's a bad idea to get into
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"How much do you charge to do [foo]" discussions, there.
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<sect1>Software politics
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<p>
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@ -1386,6 +1490,7 @@ and elections.</item>
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<item>1.7.0: Caught up with GLUE membership having become free
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of charge.</item>
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<item>1.7.1: Added a bunch more newly supported embedded CPUs.</item>
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<item>1.7.2: Added more on processor support; furnished matching URLs. Added details about Linux in India, and Linux For You magazine. Expanded legal issues section.</item>
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</itemize>
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